INFORMATION SHEET 2.

2-3

OSI Layers

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, STUDENT(S) MUST be able to:

• Identify OSI layers

• Enumerate and explain different OSI layers.

INTRODUCTION

All People Seem To Need Data Processing is not only a fact of life, it’s also a mnemonic
to help computer network technicians remember the OSI model and help isolate
problems when troubleshooting networks.
Even though the OSI model utilizes the TCP/IP protocol, the model was originally
designed by the Open Systems Interconnection group to promote the OSI protocol in
its attempt to create a standardized network architecture for network
communications. Unfortunately, though the OSI protocol supported more virtual
addresses, its complexity made the TCP/IP protocol the more popular choice among
network technicians. Ironically, the simplicity of the TCP/IP protocol has led to IPv4
address exhaustion and its newer IPv6 protocol very much resembles the original OSI
protocol in complexity.

The Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI Reference Model or OSI
Model) is an abstract description for layered communications and computer network
protocol design. It was developed as part of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
initiative. In its most basic form, it divides network architecture into seven layers
which, from top to bottom, are the Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,
Network, Data-Link, and Physical Layers. It is therefore often referred to as the OSI
Seven Layer Model.

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APPLLICATION LAYER
The application layer is the user interface that internet users interact with to send or
receive data through email, online games, peer to peer file transfer, and other
applications.

Clicking on a link on an internet browser is akin to a customer dialing on their

phone to order a pizza.
Common protocols associated with the application layer: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(TTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), Network Time Protocol (NTP).

PRESENTATION LAYER
The presentation layer translates the commands received from the application layer
into universal, well-known networking formats. Think of the presentation layer as a
more effective version of Google Translate but for networks. This is the layer where
data encryption and character set conversion occur.

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Common protocols: Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), Graphics Interchange
Format (GIF),(Tagged Image Format File (TIFF), Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG),
American Standards Code for Information Interchange [ASCII], Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code [EBCDIC], Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Hyperxt Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), HyperText MarkUp Language (HTML), File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
AppleTalk Filing Protocols, JAVA

SESSION LAYER
In order for a packet to reach its destination, the session layer establishes a
“mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session between end-user
application processes and responses”. The session layer makes it possible to establish
an open communication line to send the requested packets.

This layer can be compared to making a phone call and having the other person pick
up the phone. Without another party on the line, no food-related or network-related
conversation would occur.

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TRANSPORT LAYER

The transport layer not only defines how data is sent, but also provides validation and
firewall security.

You can think of the transport layer as quality control. Suspicious packets will not
make it past a firewall. Similarly, suspicious looking pizzas will not go out for delivery.

Other Functions:

• Flow control
• Error detection
• Correction
Common protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX), Name-Binding Protocol (NBP)

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NETWORK LAYER
The network layer seeks for the best-known path to route information to reach its
destination similar to searching for an address on a GPS.

In the same way that the network layer determines the best way to route information,
our pizza delivery person will rely on a GPS to map out a customer’s location.

DATA LINK LAYER

The Data Link Layer ensures that a transmission occurs without any errors. The Data
Link Layer consists of two sub-layers, Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media Access
Control (MAC), that ensure a successful transmission across different mediums.

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One of the major functions of the data link layer is to provide a physical MAC address
so that requested information can find its destination. Without a physical address, our
pizza delivery man would not be able to complete his delivery.

Preparing network layer packets for delivery:

Common protocols: Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI),
and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Frame Relay, and Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detect (CSMA/CD)
PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer consists of the physical components in a Local Area Network (LAN)
such as networking hardware and Ethernet cables. Cabling issues in the physical
layer sometimes emerge due to the wrong types of cables (straight through vs. cross
over cables) used or faulty cables.

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The physical layer comprises of the physical hardware components in a network. In
this final step, our now starving customer will receive her delivery.

Common protocols: Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM

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REFERENCES

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/heritagebranch/heritage/maintenanc
e21risingdamp.pdf

https://www.scribd.com/document/317539266/computer-science-competence-
based-syllabus-final-printing-version

https://www.scribd.com/document/317079621/Network-pdf
https://www.versatek.com/blog/you-wont-believe-what-the-osi-model-and-pizza-
have-in-common/
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Network_Plus_Certification/Management/OSI_Model

http://www.gargasz.info/osi-model-how-internet-works/
https://blog.dotnetframework.org/2015/05/21/wireshark-supported-protocols-how-
many-have-you-heard-of/
https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-tutorials/types-of-network-
protocols-explained-with-functions.html
https://quizlet.com/15370736/networknetwork-exam-flash-cards/
1% - https://help.sygic.com/en/sygic-gps-navigation-for-ios-regional/tips-
tricks/searching-for-an-address-or-gps-coordinates
http://cpassignments.blogspot.com/2015/05/introduction-data-link-layer-is-layer-
2.html
http://www.academia.edu/6090284/Relationship_of_English_language_proficiency_to
_the_students_academic_performance

https://patents.google.com/patent/US9459859B2/en
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978192899445950008X

https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/what-is-half-duplex-and-full-duplex-operation-and-
how-does-it-affect-your-router/

https://www.scribd.com/document/243208490/nism
http://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_interconnected_power_system

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 SELF CHECK 2.3-1

Learner’s Name: ____________________________ Date: ______________

Direction: Encircle the best answer. If you chose the wrong answer, don’t fight for
it, instead let go and moved on, or else you’ll get hurt. Don’t play with questionnaire,
it did nothing to you. Answer according to your mind and heart’s content, and pray
that this test will love you back. 

1. It is the user interface that internet users interact with to send or receive
data through email, online games, peer to peer file transfer, and other
applications.

a. Application layer
b. data link layer
c. presentation layer
d. network layer

2. It establishes a “mechanism for opening, closing and managing a session

between end-user application processes and responses”.

a. Application layer
b. data link layer
c. presentation layer
d. session layer

3. One device transmits at a time until all the information has been
completely sent

a. single mode
b. half duplex mode
c. full-duplex mode
d. half and full duplex mode

4.It seeks for the best-known path to route information to reach its
destination similar to searching for an address on a GPS.

a. Application layer
b. data link layer
c. presentation layer
d. network layer

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5. When the device can transmit and receive information simultaneously, such
as in phone conversation

a. single mode
b. half duplex mode
c. full-duplex mode
d. half and full duplex mode

6. not only defines how data is sent, but also provides validation and firewall
security.

a. Application layer
b. Transport layer
c. presentation layer
d. network layer

7. It is layer that ensures that a transmission occurs without any errors.

a. Application layer
b. data link
c. presentation layer
d. network layer

8. It is also known as the physical address of a computer 48-bit address burnt

onto the network interface card (nic).

a. MAC Address
b. IP address
c. TCP/IP
d. HTTP

9. IT consists of the physical components in a Local Area Network (LAN) such

as networking hardware and Ethernet cables.

a. Application layer
b. data link
c. presentation layer
d. network layer

10. is an abstract description for layered communications and computer

network protocol design.

a. Open System Interconnection

b. Operating System Interconnection
c. Open System Interconnect
d. Open Systematized Interconnection

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 ANSWER KEY 2.3-1

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. A

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