2 - Romanesque Architecture

ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE
11th Century – 12th Century
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of
Ar. Robert Z. Salonga.
For questions, contact the author
rhobiesalonga03@gmail.com and
robertsalonga_03@yahoo.com.
Creative Commons
This presentation is licensed under the Creative
Common Attributions-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International Licensed . To view a copy of this license,
visit http://creativecommon.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
CONTENTS:
1. HISTORY
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
3. CLIMATE
4. RELIGIOUS
5. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
The Historical Architecture Timeline
HOA1
Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine
Romanesque
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The History of Romanesque Architecture:

• Emerge during the Decline of Rome and the
beginning of the Dark Ages.
• The style emerging in Western Europe based on
Roman and Byzantine elements last until the
Advent of Gothic Architecture in the Mid-12th
Century.
• Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive
style to spread across Europe since the Roman
Empire.
The History of Renaissance Architecture:

• (Italian: Rinascimento, from ri- "again"and
nascere "be born")
• started 14th to 17th century in Italy and later
spread to the rest of Europe
• “Early Modern” - it falls between the medieval
period and the industrial revolution
• Florence – birthplace of Renaissance
The History of Romanesque Architecture:

• Immense relief that the world had not ended at the
turn of the millennium
• The resurgence of cities and trade
• The emergence of Europe as we know it
• The strengthened authority of the Pope
• The emergence of a middle class and merchant class
• The evolution of the Romance languages
• The peak of feudalism as a political system
What is Romanesque Architecture?

• "Romanesque" means "descended from Roman" .
• The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to
designate a style of architecture grew in those countries
of Western Europe which had been under the rule of
Rome.
• With the church as the unifying force, this period was
devoted to the glorification of Christianity and the
church was the predominant building type..
Typologies
• There are three main architectonical typologies:
Churches Monasteries Castles

A. Monastery
• It was designed as a microcosm, as the city of God
• They had several dependencies:
– Church
– Cloister
– Chapter room
– Abbot’s house
– Monks/ nuns rooms
– Refectory
– Hospital
B. Church
• It was the main building
• It symbolized God’s kingdom
• The holiest part was the apse
• It had cross shape
• Symbolism was important:
– Circular parts reflect perfection so they were
linked to God.
– Squared parts are related to the human.
Characteristics
Plan
• In churches they used
Latin Cross Plan.
• It faces the East.
• Multiple units
• Several shapes
Characteristics
Plan
• Multiple units
• Several shapes
Characteristics
Dome
• Used the dome which is
normally found at the
intersection of the nave
and trancept (crossing).
• The central could stand
on pendentives or
Squinches.
Characteristics
Dome
• Used the dome which is
normally found at the
intersection of the nave and
trancept (crossing).
Characteristics
Interior Facade
• Interiors tend to be
dark because of the
massive walls that
dictate small windows
• Growing
sophistication in
vaulting to span the
large spaces
Characteristics
Interior Facade
• Interiors tend to be
dark because of the
massive walls that
dictate small windows
• Growing
sophistication in
vaulting to span the
large spaces
Characteristics
Barrel Vaults
• A vault having a
Semicircular cross section
supported by heavy thick
walls and buttresses.
• Also called cradle vault,
tunnel vault, wagon vault
Characteristics
Barrel Vaults
• They use Barrel Vault and
Groin vault which made up
of stones supported by
heavy thick walls and
buttresses.
Characteristics
Barrel Vaults
• They use Barrel Vault and
Groin vault which made up
of stones supported by
heavy thick walls and
buttresses.
Characteristics
Groin Vaults
• A Groin, or Cross vault is a
combination of two barrel
vaults at intersecting
angles.
• The advantage of the groin
vault is that its weight and
thrusts are concentrated at
the four corners.
Characteristics
Column
• Used variation of Corinthian
and the Ionic capital with a
twisted shaft known as the
“scallop”.
• Developed the cushion/
cubiforal capital- simple
cube-like capital with bottom
corners tapered.
Characteristics
Column
“scallop” leaving the shaft
smooth without sculptures.
cubiforal type and the
scalloped capital
Characteristics
Column
scalloped capital
Characteristics
Column
scalloped capital
Characteristics
Column
scalloped capital
Characteristics
Piers
• an upright support generally
square or rectangular in plan
is a better solution for heavy
masonry walls than the
column.
• It can be serve as support or
just a decorative element.
Characteristics
Piers
• an upright support generally
square or rectangular in plan
is a better solution for heavy
masonry walls than the
column.
• It can be serve as support or
just a decorative element.
Characteristics
Arches
• Use of corbelled Arches
found underneath the
eaves of a church.
• Semicircular, Segmented,
Stilted, and Horshoe Arch
was developed.
Characteristics
Trumeau
• the center post supporting
the lintel in the middle of
the doorway.
Characteristics
Trumeau
the doorway.
Characteristics
1.Semi Circular Arch
• A round arch whose
intrados is a full
semicircular
• Also called the “Roman
Arch”
Characteristics
1.Semi Circular Arch
• A round arch whose
intrados is a full
semicircular
Characteristics
2. Segmented Arch
• A shallow arch
• An arch that is less than a
semicircle.
Characteristics
2. Segmented Arch
• A shallow arch
semicircle.
Characteristics
2. Segmented Arch
• A shallow arch
semicircle.
Characteristics
3. Stilted Arch
• An arch whose curve
begins above the impost
line
Characteristics
3. Stilted Arch
line
Characteristics
3. Stilted Arch
line
Characteristics
4. Horsehoe Arch
• Also called the Moorish
Arch and the Keyhole Arch.
Characteristics
4. Horsehoe Arch
• Also called the Moorish
Arch and the Keyhole Arch.
Characteristics
Exterior Facade
• Predominance of walls
with few windows.
• Simple geometric masses,
reflects Horizontalism
• Blocky, earthbound
appearance.
Characteristics
Exterior Facade
• Predominance of
walls with few
windows.
• Horizontalism
• Use of round arches
Characteristics
Exterior Facade
• Predominance of
walls with few
windows.
• Horizontalism
• Use of round arches
Characteristics
Doorways
• Recessed round
arch entrances.
• Also called
“Romanesque
Portal”
Characteristics
Doorways
• Recessed round arch
entrances.
• Also called “Romanesque
Portal”
Characteristics
Doorways
• Recessed round arch
entrances.
• Also called “Romanesque
Portal”
Characteristics
Tympanum
• the prominent
semicircular lunette
above the doorway
proper, comparable
in importance to the
triangular pediment
of a Greco-Roman
temple.
Characteristics
Trumeau
the doorway.
Characteristics
Trumeau
the doorway.
Characteristics
Windows
• The window openings
of Romanesque
Architecture castles
had to be small to keep
the strength of the
walls strong
Characteristics
Windows
• The window openings of
Romanesque Architecture
castles had to be small to keep
the strength of the walls strong.
• Wars and invasions were
commonplace, so windows and
doors were kept to a minimum.
Characteristics
Windows
of Romanesque
the strength of the
walls strong
Characteristics
Windows
of Romanesque
the strength of the
walls strong
Characteristics
Buttress
• Because of the massive
nature of Romanesque
walls, buttresses are not a
highly significant feature.
• are generally of flat square
profile and do not project
a great deal beyond the
wall.
Characteristics
Buttress
• Because of the massive
nature of Romanesque
walls, buttresses are not a
highly significant feature.
• are generally of flat square
profile and do not project a
great deal beyond the wall.
Characteristics
Arcade
• A series of arches
supported by
columns, piers, or
pillars, either
freestanding or
attached to a wall
to form a gallery.
Characteristics
Column
scalloped capital
Characteristics
Blind Arcade
• A series
a series of blind arches
of arches
that are filled-ininstead
supported by
of being left open
columns, as or
piers,
with traditional
pillars, either
arcades.
freestanding or
attached to a wall
to form a gallery.
Characteristics
Blind Arcade
supported by
columns, piers, or
pillars, either
freestanding or
attached to a wall
to form a gallery.
Characteristics
Blind Arcade
supported by
columns, piers, or
pillars, either
freestanding or
attached to a wall
to form a gallery.
Characteristics
Blind Arcade
supported by
columns, piers, or
pillars, either
freestanding or
attached to a wall
to form a gallery.
Characteristics
Helm Roof
• A pyramidal roof
with gable ends;
often found on
church towers.
C. Castles
• “Castellum” means fortress.
• Castles were defensive constructions were wall was
one of the essential elements
• They were fortified for providing shelter.
• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to
defend.
C. Castles
• Other terms of castle:
-Alcazar –Spain castle
-Chateau Fort –French castle
-Shiro –Japanese castle
-Burg–Germany castle
C. Castles
• Castles were defensive
constructions.
• They were fortified for providing
shelter
• The wall was one of the
essential elements
• They tend to be build in stepped
areas, easier to defend.
Moat
Medieval Castles
Moat
• A broad deep ditch
usually filled with
water, surrounding
the rampart of a
fortified town,
fortress or castle
as protection
against assault.
Castles
Moat
usually filled with
water, surrounding
the rampart of a
fortified town,
fortress or castle
as protection
against assault.
Castles
Moat
usually filled with
water, surrounding
the rampart of a
fortified town,
fortress or castle
as protection
against assault.
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Drawbridge
Medieval Castles
Drawbridge
• A bridge that can be raised,
let down, or drawn aside to
prevent access or to permit
passage beneath it.
• Usually with strong grating
of iron/timber hung over the
gateway called portcullis.
Castles
Drawbridge
• A bridge that can be
raised, let down, or
drawn aside to prevent
access or to permit
passage beneath it.
• Usually with strong
grating of iron/timber
hung over the gateway
called portcullis.
Castles
Drawbridge
access or to permit
passage beneath it.
called portcullis.
Castles
Drawbridge
access or to permit
passage beneath it.
called portcullis.
C. Castles Keep
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Medieval Castles
Keep
• The innermost and strongest
structure or tower of a
Medeival castle, used as a
place of residence esp. in
times of siege.
• Also called “donjon”.
Castles
Drawbridge
passage beneath it.
Castles
Drawbridge
passage beneath it.
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Ward
Medieval Castles
Ward
• An open
space within
or between
the walls of a
castle.
Castles
Ward
• The innermost and strongest
structure or tower of a
Medeival castle, used as a
place of residence esp. in
times of siege.
• Also called “donjon”.
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Enciente
Medieval Castles
Enceinte
• A fortified
wall
enclosing a
castle or
town, or the
placed so
enclosed.
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Enciente
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
Enciente
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
areas, easier to defend. Loop Holes
Medieval Castles
Loop Hole
• A small or narrow
opening in a wall of a
fortification for the
discharge of
missiles/arrows.
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
areas, easier to defend. Loop Holes
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
areas, easier to defend. Battlement
Medieval Castles
Battlement
• A parapet having a regular
alternation of merlons &
crenels, originaly for
defense but later used as
decorative motif.
• Also called embattlement.
Castles
Battlement
• A parapet having a regular
alternation of merlons &
crenels, originaly for
defense but later used as
decorative motif.
• Also called embattlement.
Battlement
C. Castles
constructions.
shelter
essential elements
areas, easier to defend. Battlement
Castles
Machicolation
• A floor opening between
the supporting corbels of
a battlement, through
which stones or other
material, such as boiling
water or boiling oil,
could be dropped on
attackers at the base of a
defensive wall.
Castles
Machicolation
• A parapet having a
regular alternation of
merlons & crenels,
originaly for defense
but later used as
decorative motif.
• Also called
embattlement.
Castles
Machicolation
merlons & crenels,
but later used as
decorative motif.
• Also called
embattlement.
Castles
Machicolation
merlons & crenels,
but later used as
decorative motif.
• Also called
embattlement.
Castles
Dungeon
• A dark, often underground
prison or cell.
• Some have secret dungeon
having an opening only in
the ceiling through which
prisoners were dropped
called oubliette.
Castles
Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.
Castles
Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.
Castles
Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.
Motte & Bailey Castles

Dungeon
prison or cell.
having an opening only in Motte
called oubliette.
Bailey

Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.

Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.

Dungeon
prison or cell.
called oubliette.
ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
PREHISTORIC EGYPTIAN MESOPOTAMIAN GREEK ROMAN
ERA ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
MODERN NEO CLASSICM RENAISSANCE GOTHIC ROMANESQUE

ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE
1900 1700 1400 1200 1100

2000
FIRST
ROMANESQUE
ROMANESQUE
1200 1500 1100

ROMANESQUE
IN FRANCE
Lombard
Romanesque
• Architecture of this style also developed in the north of
Italy, parts of France in the 10th century.
• •The style, sometimes called “First Romanesque”.
Romanesque Architecture in France

• It was the original region of Romanesque art
• It appeared in Cluny’s abbey
• From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage
routes, specially to Santiago in Spain.
• It is characterized by various vaulted styles
CLUNY’S ABBEY
• Formerly the Benedictine
monastery in Cluny,
France that was dedicated
to St Peter.
• The abbey was
constructed in the
Romanesque architectural
style, with three churches
built in succession from
the 4th to the early 12th
centuries.
CLUNY’S ABBEY
PLAN
PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.
CLUNY’S ABBEY
Cluny, France

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
CLUNY’S ABBEY
Cluny, France

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
CLUNY’S ABBEY
Cluny, France
VEZELAY
ABBEY
• Officially the Basilica of
St. Magdalene also
known as “La Madeleine”
• The largest
Romanesque church in
France and only 10 yards
shorter than the Notre-
Dame Cathedral in Paris.
VEZELAY ABBEY
PLAN

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
VEZELAY ABBEY
Vezelay, France

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
VEZELAY ABBEY
Vezelay, France
ROMANESQUE
IN ITALY
PISA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
CATHEDRAL
COMPLEX
• Formerly “Piazza del
Duomo ” is the largest
Romanesque church in
Tuscany.
• Composed of the
cathedral, its
freestanding bell tower,
and the baptistery.
• The main architect was
Buscheto.
PISA COMPLEX
PLAN

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.

Tuscany, Italy

Tuscany, Italy
PISA COMPLEX
THE CATHEDRAL
• At first glance, the cathedral
resembles an Early
Christian basilica with a
timber roof, columnar
arcade, and clerestory but
the broadly projecting
transept with apses, the
crossing dome, and the
facade’s multiple arcaded
galleries distinguish it as
Romanesque.

The cathedral
• At first glance, the cathedral
resembles an Early Christian
basilica with a timber roof,
columnar arcade, and clerestory
but the broadly projecting
transept with apses, the crossing
dome, and the facade’s multiple
arcaded galleries distinguish it as
Romanesque.
PISA COMPLEX
THE CAMPANILE
• A circular tower, 16m in diameter
rising in eight storeys, detached
in the standard Italian fashion, is
Pisa’s famous Leaning tower.
• Graceful arcaded galleries
mark the tower’s stages and
repeat the cathedral’s facade
motif.
• The tilted vertical axis of the
tower is the result of a settling
foundation.
• Architect - Bonanno Pisano

The Campanile
• The cathedral’s campanile, detached
• Graceful arcaded galleries mark the
tower’s stages and repeat the
cathedral’s facade motif.
• The tilted vertical axis of the tower is the
result of a settling foundation.

The Campanile

The Campanile
PISA COMPLEX
THE BAPTISTERY
• Designed by Dhoti Salve,
on a circular plan, with a
central space or nave.
• 18.3m in diameter,
separated by four piers and
eight columns from the
surrounding two-storey
aisle, which makes the
building nearly 39.3m in
diameter.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
ROMANESQUE
IN GERMANY
Ottonian
Architecture
• The term "Pre-romanesque" is sometimes applied to
architecture in Germany of the Carolingian and
Ottonian periods and Visigothic, Mozarab and Asturian
constructions between the 8th and the 10th centuries
in the Iberian Peninsula.
Romanesque Architecture in Germany

• Churches were planned on a large scale
• They used to be very high
• They had an apse or sanctuary at each end.
• Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred
them a picturesque silhouette.
• The three famous Romanesque cathedrals of the
northwestern Upper Rhine area are called Rhenish
Imperial Cathedrals includes: Mainz, Worms and
Speyer cathedral.
RHENISH IMPERIAL CATHEDRAL
Worms Mainz Speyer

WORMS
CATHEDRAL
• Also known as the “St Peter's

Cathedral” is a Roman
Catholic church and former
cathedral in Worms, southern
Germany.
• The smallest of the three
Rhenish imperial cathedrals.
WORMS CATHEDRAL
PLAN
WORMS CATHEDRAL
Worms, Germany
WORMS CATHEDRAL
Worms, Germany
WORMS CATHEDRAL
Worms, Germany
WORMS CATHEDRAL
Worms, Germany
MAINZ CATHEDRAL
• Officially the St. Martin’s
Cathedral
MAINZ CATHEDRAL
PLAN
MAINZ CATHEDRAL
Mainz, Germany
MAINZ CATHEDRAL
Mainz, Germany
MAINZ CATHEDRAL
Mainz, Germany
SPEYER
CATHEDRAL
• Officially the Basilica of the

Assumption and St Stephen.
• The largest Romanesque
cathedral in the world and is
the burial site for eight different
German emperors and kings.
SPEYER CATHEDRAL
PLAN
SPEYER CATHEDRAL
Rhineland, Germany
SPEYER CATHEDRAL
Rhineland, Germany
SPEYER CATHEDRAL
Rhineland, Germany
SPEYER CATHEDRAL
Speyer, Germany
ROMANESQUE
IN ENGLAND
Norman
Architecture
• A Romanesque styles originated in Normandy and
became widespread in north western Europe,
particularly in England.
Romanesque Architecture in England

• Before the 10th century were made of wood
• Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed
• The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in
11th century.
• Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy
walls and piers, rectangular apses, double transepts
and deeply recessed portals
• Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by
vaults, and side aisles were covered with groined
vaults.
DURHAM
CATHEDRAL
• Formerly known as the

Cathedral Church of Christ,
Blessed Mary the Virgin
and St Cuthbert of Durham.
• It is the largest and most
perfect monument of
'Norman' style architecture
in England"
DURHAM
CATHEDRAL
PLAN
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
DURNHAM CATHEDRAL
Durnham, England
ROMANESQUE
IN SPAIN
Mudejar
Architecture
• Mudajjan , meaning "domesticated", in a reference to
the Muslims who submitted to the rule of the Christian
kings.
• Also called as the called brick romanesque style.
• A truly hybrid movement, a result of the blending of
Moorish and European styles.
Romanesque Architecture in Spain

• First Romanesque: Catalonia
• In the 11th century the region was almost
assimilated to France and due to this they receive the
art early.
• The rest of the Spain would receive it with the
pilgrimage.

• Buildings are simple and small
• It created a contrast in relation to the refined
Hispano Muslim architecture.
• They frequently have a covered area in the outside
for the meetings of the councils.
• There are polygonal buildings too
• They are related to the Temple
• They are inspired in Jerusalem’s

Characteristics of pilgrimage
churches:
• Plan with three to five aisles and a
transept
• In the transept there are radial
chapels
• Inside there is a tribune
• The head has ambulatory and
radial chapels
SANT CLIMENT DE
TAÜLL
• Also known as the Church of
St. Clement of Tahull, is a
Roman Catholic church that
contains magnificent
Romanesque art.
• Influences include the
Lombard and Byzantine
styles.
MUDEJAR
• Mudajjan , ‫مدجن‬meaning "domesticated", in a reference
to the Muslims who submitted to the rule of the
Christian kings.
• A truly hybrid movement, a result of the blending of Moorish
and European styles.
• Use of BRICKS instead of stone.
SANT CLIMENT DE TAÜLL

Catalonia, Spain
ROYAL ALCAZAR
OF SEVILLE
• A royal palace built for the
Christian king Peter of Castile.
• It is the oldest royal palace
still in use in Europe, and was
registered in 1987 by
UNESCO as a World Heritage
Site.
• Preeminent example of
Mudéjar architecture.
MUDEJAR
Christian kings.
ROYAL ALCÁZAR OF SEVILLE

Seville, Spain
MUDEJAR
Christian kings.
ROYAL ALCÁZAR OF SEVILLE

Seville, Spain
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE
 Spread by Constantine.  Spread by Charlemagne King.

Factors : -Feudalism, Crusades, Pilgrims,
Monasticism
 Inspired by Roman + Moorish  Inspired by Roman + Byzantine
Architecture  Architecture
characterized by the use of dome. characterized by
 Onion dome (addition of  thick walls, sturdy piers, groin vaults, Barrel
pinnacles, turrets and colored vaults, large towers
mosaics) simple dome melon-  Round arches, Recessed arch, decorative
shaped dome arcading, Blind arcades.
 Columns –paired, attached,decorated
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE
 Churches  Churches
 Monastries
 Castles
 Fortified towns
 Eastern Emperor Leo III made  Animal or Vegetable form
strict prohibition of  Frescoes Painting
worshipping any human or  Sculpture
animal form of sculpture. Since  Metalwork
no statues were permitted,
painted figures supplemented Not only architecture, this style
as a decorative feature in all encouraged art too.
the eastern churches.
End of PPT

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ROMANESQUE

Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine

The History of Romanesque Architecture:

The History of Renaissance Architecture:

The History of Romanesque Architecture:

What is Romanesque Architecture?

Churches Monasteries Castles

Motte & Bailey Castles

Motte & Bailey Castles

Motte & Bailey Castles

Motte & Bailey Castles

MODERN NEO CLASSICM RENAISSANCE GOTHIC ROMANESQUE

1900 1700 1400 1200 1100

1200 1500 1100

Romanesque Architecture in France

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

Romanesque Architecture in Germany

RHENISH IMPERIAL CATHEDRAL

Worms Mainz Speyer

• Also known as the “St Peter's

• Officially the Basilica of the

Romanesque Architecture in England

• Formerly known as the

Romanesque Architecture in Spain

Romanesque Architecture in Spain

Romanesque Architecture in Spain

SANT CLIMENT DE TAÜLL

ROYAL ALCÁZAR OF SEVILLE

ROYAL ALCÁZAR OF SEVILLE

 Spread by Constantine.  Spread by Charlemagne King.

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