INDUSTRIAL

ARCHITECTURE
1750 – present
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of
Ar. Robert Z. Salonga.
For questions, contact the author
rhobiesalonga03@gmail.com and
robertsalonga_03@yahoo.com.
Creative Commons
This presentation is licensed under the Creative
Common Attributions-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0
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visit http://creativecommon.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
 CONTENTS:

1. HISTORY
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
4. ARCHITECTS
5. BUILDINGS & LANDMARKS
 The Historical Architecture Timeline
HOA1

Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine

Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Industrial

 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

Industrial
Architecture
• Industrial revolution (1750-1850), vast economic and
social upheavals, stemming from mechanization and
mass production, required new building types for
industry, commerce, and transportation.
• Material innovations: cast iron, steel, reinforced
concrete, and cheaper manufacturing of glass.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

NEW BUILDING MATERIALS

• With the growing understanding of the uses for iron
and the introduction of steel in the mid-19th century, a
whole new vocabulary of buildings took shape.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

NEW BUILDING MATERIALS

• Cast iron, an essentially brittle material, approximately four
times as resistant to compression as stone
• Wrought iron, which is forty times as resistant to tension and
bending , only four times heavier. It can be form and molded into
shape
• Glass, can be manufactured in larger sizes and volumes
• Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures,
making it possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted height
• Buildings could be constructed into any shape and in short time
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

POLITICAL SITUATION
• The Industrial Revolution started in the north of England
with the introduction of the new source of power –coal.
• The Causey Bridge (the first major civil engineering feat of
the time)- helped to supply London with coal for heating
and train engines.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

POLITICAL SITUATION
• The other natural resource that was
exploited during this era was water.
• The steam engine was a major
development in train travel and
watermills were used more and more
for the production of flour, lumber, and
metal.
• These innovations in England quickly
took form not just in Europe but also in
the expanding colonies throughout the
world.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

POLITICAL SITUATION
 As coal power and later steam power began to drive
factories and mills:
 people started moving from the country to the cities to
find work.
 As the country villages emptied, the brick and stone
masons, carpenters and tradesmen moved with them to
the growing urban developments.
Railways allowed for this migration
A Virtual overnight change –social and economic fabric of the
British and international society.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

POLITICAL SITUATION
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

Phases of Industrial Architecture

The industrial age can be divided into two parts:
• Iron and steam phase (ca. 1750-1900)
-1850: The process of brick manufacturing was
revolutionized.
-Buildings were constructed using an iron skeleton
with a brick veneer instead of using brick as a
structural element.
• Steel and electricity phase (ca. 1900-present).
-1940: saw an advancements in plate-glass
manufacture that revolutionized the way light was
incorporated into the design of buildings.
• /
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

COMPARISON

Age of iron and steam Age of steel and electricity

(aka age of iron-frame architecture) (aka age of steel-frame architecture)
ca. 1750-1900 ca. 1900-present

steel framing and reinforced concrete

iron-frame masonry buildings, serve as the
iron-and-glass buildings, iron bridges primary structural materials of large-
scale architecture
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

COMPARISON
 A cast iron frame must use arched construction.
 The alternative, post-and-beam construction, is not
feasible due to the brittleness of cast iron. (The term
"brittle" is equivalent to "lacking in tensile strength
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

COMPARISON
 The familiar post-and-beam metal frames of today's
architecture only became possible with the mass-production
of steel, which has immense tensile strength.
 During the "steel and electricity phase" of the industrial age,
steel and Reinforced concrete became the predominant
structural materials of large-scale architecture.
 Reinforced concrete is simply concrete filled with
reinforcing steel bars ("rebars"), thus combining the tensile
strength of steel with the compressive strength of concrete
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN
• This is referred to as the
Birthplace of the Industrial
Revolution because of the
“first iron bridge ever
constructed in the world”.
• The bridge was built by
Abraham Darby III to
demonstrate the quality of the
iron produced by his
grandfathers' process.
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN

• The bridge changed the nature

of the surrounding county by
bringing prosperity to the
region.
• The village of Ironbridge grew
up around the bridge and the
gorge itself became known as
Ironbridge Gorge.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
 IRONBRIDGE
OVER RIVER SEVERN
• The bridge had been in a
perilous state, cracking due to
stresses in the ironwork dating
from the original construction,
ground movement over the
centuries, and an earthquake at
the end of the 19th century.
• English Heritage has now
conserved and cleaned the iron
radials and braces holding the
bridge together, the deck plates
and wedges, the main iron arch,
and the stone abutments either
side of the Severn.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

IRONBRIDGE GORGE
River Severn in Shropshire, England
GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMMANUEL II
• Designed by Giuseppe
Mengoni.
• The most spectacular steel
and glass structure making
large lit areas and
greenhouse-like roofs which
created covered streets, just
through the large triumphal
arch across from the cathedral.
• One of the world's
oldest shopping malls,
housed within a four-story
double arcade in central Milan.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II

Milan, Italy
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II

Milan, Italy
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II

Milan, Italy
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II

Milan, Italy
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

GALLERIA VITTORIO EMMANUEL II

Milan, Italy
CRYSTAL PALACE
• Designed by Joseph Paxton
• A cast-iron and plate-glass
structure originally built in
Hyde Park, London, to house
the Great Exhibition of 1851.
• The exhibition took place more
than 14,000 exhibitors from
around the world gathered in
exhibition space to display
examples of technology
developed in the Industrial
Revolution.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

THE CRYSTAL PALACE

• After the Great Exhibition, it
was disassembled (at great
cost) and moved from Hyde
Park to an affluent South
London suburb, where it
stayed until it accidentally
burned down in 1936.
• The glass itself didn’t burn, but inside the Palace were
tons of dry timber flooring and various flammable
exhibitions, which burned like crazy.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

CRYSTAL PALACE
London, England
 EIFFEL TOWER
• A wrought-iron lattice tower on
the Champ de Mars in Paris,
France.
• It is named after the engineer
Gustave Eiffel, whose
company designed and built
the tower.
• tallest structure in Paris.
• The tower has three levels for
visitors, with restaurants on the
first and second levels.
•
 GUSTAV EIFFEL
• was a French civil engineer.
• He is best known for the world-
famous Eiffel Tower, built for
the 1889 Universal Exposition in
Paris, and his contribution to
building the Statue of Liberty in
New York.
• After his retirement from
engineering, Eiffel focused on
research into meteorology and
aerodynamics, making
significant contributions in both
fields.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

EIFFEL TOWER
Paris, France
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

Arts & Crafts

Movement
• (early 1900)
• movement for aesthetic and moral crusade
• escape from the Industrial World
• John Ruskin(1819-1900) and William Morris(1834-
1896) were the key figures
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT

• An international trend in the decorative and fine arts that
began in Britain and flourished in Europe and North
America between about 1880 and 1920, emerging in Japan
in the 1920s as the Mingei movement.
• It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms,
and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of
decoration.
• It advocated economic and social reform and was
essentially anti-industrial.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT

• It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin,
writer John Ruskin, and designer William Morris.

Augustus Pugin John Ruskin William Morris

 JOHN RUSKIN
• The leading English art critic of
the Victorian era, as well as an
art patron, draughtsman,
watercolorist, a prominent social
thinker and philanthropist.
• He wrote on subjects as varied
as geology, architecture, myth,
ornithology, literature,
education, botany and political
economy.
 WILLIAM MORRIS
• a British textile designer, poet,
novelist, translator, and socialist
activist associated with the
British Arts and Crafts
Movement.
• He was a major contributor to
the revival of traditional British
textile arts and methods of
production.
• His literary contributions helped
to establish the modern fantasy
genre, while he played a
significant role propagating the
early socialist movement in
Britain.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

• a British textile designer, poet,

novelist, translator, and socialist
activist associated with the
British Arts and Crafts
Movement.
• He was a major contributor to
the revival of traditional British
textile arts and methods of
production.
• His literary contributions helped
to establish the modern fantasy
genre, while he played a
significant role propagating the
early socialist movement in
Britain.
 INDUSTRIAL ARCHITECTURE

• a British textile designer, poet,

novelist, translator, and socialist
activist associated with the
British Arts and Crafts
Movement.
• He was a major contributor to
the revival of traditional British
textile arts and methods of
production.
• His literary contributions helped
to establish the modern fantasy
genre, while he played a
significant role propagating the
early socialist movement in
Britain.
End of PPT