INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2
ACENA
BALDANO
CASTILLO
IBARRA
LAZO
MONDRAGON

A52
Background
•
2
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development
in the latter half of the 18th century in Britain that
transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and
America into industrialized, urban ones.

• The development of the spinning machine by Sir Richard

Arkwright in England led directly to the rise of the Industrial
Revolution, and a new world of manufactured products.

• Goods that had once been crafted by hand started to be

produced in mass quantities by machines in factories,
thanks to the introduction of new machines and
techniques in textiles, iron making and other industries.

• An icon of the Industrial Revolution broke onto the scene in

the early 1700s, when Thomas Newcomen designed the
prototype for the first modern steam engine which was
originally applied to power the machines used to pump
water out of mine shafts.
•
6
• The beginning of industrialization in the United
States is usually pegged to the opening of a textile
mill in 1793 by the recent English immigrant Samuel
Slater. Slater had worked at one of the mills
opened by Richard Arkwright (inventor of the
water frame) mills, and despite laws prohibiting FATHER OF
the emigration of textile workers, he brought THE
Arkwright’s designs across the Atlantic. AMERICAN
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• By the end of the 19th century, with the so-called Second Industrial
Revolution underway, the United States would also transition from a largely agrarian
society to an increasingly urbanized one.
• By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western
part of Europe and America’s northeastern region.
• By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation.
.
 • Though many people in Britain had begun moving to the cities from
rural areas before the Industrial Revolution, this process accelerated
dramatically with industrialization, as the rise of large factories
turned smaller towns into major cities over the span of decades. This
rapid urbanization brought significant challenges, as overcrowded
cities suffered from pollution, inadequate sanitation and a lack of
clean drinking water.

• Meanwhile, even as industrialization increased economic output

overall and improved the standard of living for the middle and
upper classes, poor and working class people continued to
struggle. The mechanization of labor created by technological
innovation had made working in factories increasingly tedious and
dangerous, and many workers were forced to work long hours for
pitifully low wages. Such dramatic changes fueled opposition to
industrialization, including the “Luddites”, known for their violent
REVOLUTION resistance to changes in Britain’s textile industry.

NOT
EVOLUTION
• Industrial revolution changed everything and including architecture as well.

• The growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building materials—such as cast iron, steel,
and glass—with which architects and engineers devised structures hitherto undreamed of in
function, size, and form.

• There was no need of fancy architecture anymore. People started design more industrial type,
which is more useful rather than Gothic buildings.

• Steel has tremendous strength to weight and allowed to engineers to design increasingly bigger,
lighter, more open spaces even while architecturally the traditional style was informed by the
limitations of brick and masonry, as found in curious case of the popular Gothic Revival, with its
claustrophobic feel.

• They introduced a design of lightweight and low-cost buildings. This was the step when
architecture of industrial period marked the beginning of new kind of architecture.
ARCHITECTURAL
INFLUENCES
• Due to the rapid growth in England’s
population between 1801 and 1841 (9.3
million to 15.9 million), and the exponential
growth of urban cities, buildings were
erect to facilitate this mass migration.
• Cheap housing systems were then
developed to host a suddenly larger
population, and thus the evolution of
tenants. As a result of the lack of most
modern day building regulations and the
motivation of easy profit, builders were at
liberty to design and build as they pleased.
• The landscape of the architecture
changed to accommodate the urban
fabric, unlike the days of old, where the
cities were placed closest to the streams
for fortification; factories were placed
closest to streams for hydro electricity.
• Cast iron and steel production had a
great influence in the “Modern
Architecture”. England was able to
achieve a purer, lighter, and less
expensive metal.
• France had taken on the challenge
soon after realizing Great Britain’s lead
in technology. Through this influence,
‘La Familistere’ or ‘The Social Palace’
was built.
 • After the Baroque faded slowly away, eighteenth-century
architecture consisted primarily of revivals of previous periods.
Industrial Revolution changed everything about the world as it was
then, including architecture.
• Previously, building materials had been restricted to a few manmade
materials along with those available in nature. Metals were not
ARCHITECTURAL available in sufficient quantity to be used as anything more than
CHARACTER ornamentation. Structures was limited to natural materials.
• During the industrial revolution, worldwide production of iron came in
full swing. There were three forms of iron available—cast iron,
wrought iron, and steel.
• Prior to the introduction of bulk iron, architecture relied on
compressive strength to hold buildings up. Architects were
accustomed to thinking of certain ways of creating structure using
the possibilities of the new materials, the first applications were made
using the old ideas.
 • Prior to the late 19th century, the weight of a multistory building had
to be supported principally by the strength of its walls; the taller the
building, the more strain this placed on the lower sections.
• Forged iron and milled steel began to replace wood, brick and
stone as primary materials for large buildings.
• The Industrial Revolution provided more than just ferrous building
ARCHITECTURAL materials. A stronger, more durable and fire resistant type of cement
CHARACTER called Portland Cement was developed in 1824 and later on came
up with the idea of reinforced concrete. Steel framing was set into
foundations of reinforced concrete, concrete poured around a grid
of steel rods (re-bar) or other matrices to increase tensile strength in
foundations, columns and vertical slabs.
• The result was a strong, economical, easily produced structural
member that could take almost any form imaginable, including
columns, beams, arches, vaults, and decorative elements. It is still
one of the most common building materials used today.
• The rest of the building's elements — the walls, floors, ceilings, and windows were suspended from the
load-bearing steel. This new way of constructing buildings, so-called "column-frame" construction,
pushed them up rather than out.
• The steel weight-bearing frame allowed not just for taller buildings, but much larger windows, which
meant more daylight reaching interior spaces.
• Interior walls became thinner creating more usable floor space.
Development in Transportation System
 Railway lead to the construction of stations,
bridges, and tunnels

 Steam Boat had consequences for the mass

migration from across the globe

 Canals were built to link manufacturing centers

 Railroad

Invention of Building Materials

 Cast Iron
- Brittle material
- 4x more compression resistant compared to stone
 Wrought iron
- 40x resistant to tension and bending compared to
stone
- 4x heavier
 Glass
PROPONENTS
John Augustus Roebeling Sir Horace Jones William Henry Barlow
 George H. Wyman

Giuseppe Mengoni Hendrik Petrus Berlage

 Alfred Waterhouse
Charles Garnier Joseph Paxton
PROMINENT
EXAMPLES
Crystal Palace
(1850-1851)
•Architect Joseph Paxton
•London
 The Iron Bridges

Brooklyn Bridge
(1869-1883)
• Brooklyn, New York
• John Augustus Roebling
• Suspension Bridge

Clifton Suspension Bridge

(1836-1864)

• Bristol, England
The Iron Bridges

Tower Bridge
(1886-1894)
• Sir Horace Jones
 The Iron Rail Road Station

Central Railroad Station

(1846-1855)
• Tyne England
• John Dobson

St. Pancreas Station

(1863-1868)
• London
• William H. Barlow
The Iron Market Place

Covered Market
(1865-1868)

• Berlin
• Friedrich Hitzig
The Iron Market Place

Galleria Vittoro
Emmanuel II
(1865-1867)

• Milan
• Guiseppe Megoni
 The Iron Commercial Buildings

Menier Factory
 Noisel-sur-marne, France
 Jules Saulnier
 (1871-1872)

Bradbury Building, Los Angeles,

California
(1889-1893)
 George H Wyman
 Italian Renaissance revival, Romanesque Revival
The Iron Commercial Buildings

Commodities Exchange
1897-1909

• Amsterdam, Netherlands
• Hendrik Petrus Berlage
The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings

Paris Opera
(1857-1874)

• Charles Garnier
• Theater opera house
The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings

Museum of Natural
History (1860-1880)
• England
• Alfred Waterhouse
The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings

Corn Exchange
(1860-1864)
• Leeds, West Yorkshire, England
• Cuthbert Brodick