JULIANA BEDIS

RONELYN BON
JAMES DREXLER
GUILLERMO
DARLENE DELGADO
• French Revolution in 1789
• born in Britain in about 1760
• Industrialization changed urban
settings and
activities
• Manmade and natural materials to
heavy industry
such as iron, steel and glass
• Architects sought for a style that fit the
period of
changes
• Selective borrowing from another time
and place
• The biggest impact of the Industrial Revolution on
19th cent architecture was the mass-production of
iron and later steel in quantities where it became an
economically plausible building material (as opposed
a limited material for weapons and tools).
• This magical material, steel, was a game changer in
architecture. It's hard to overstate the importance
of it in modern life. Only plastics and silicon since
the Industrial Revolution can be said to rival it in
importance to contemporary civilization.
• The application of iron, and particularly steel, to
architecture greatly expanded the structural
capabilities of existing materials, and created new
ones. Steel has tremendous strength to weight and
allowed to engineers to design increasingly bigger,
lighter, more open spaces even while architecturally
the traditional style was informed by the limitations
of brick and masonry, as found in curious case of the
popular Gothic Revival, with its claustrophobic feel.
Why England?
 • NATURAL RESOURCES -
COAL, IRON ORE AND
DEVELOPED FARMLANDS
... because England had • NEW TECHNOLOGIES -
STEAM ENGINE AND
TEXTILE MACHINES
• POPULATION GROWTH
• NEW BUSINESS
VENTURES
WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
FIRST START IN
ENGLAND BY THE 1780S?
 AS AN ISLAND SEPARATED
GEOGRAPHIC FROM, AND YET CLOSE
FACTOR TO, THE EUROPEAN
CONTINENT, ENGLAND
ENJOYED A
GEOGRAPHICAL
SITUATION THAT WAS
FAVORABLE IN SEVERAL
WAYS.
 GOVERNMENT WAS READY TO
PROVIDE CONDITIONS IN
POLITICAL WHICH TRADE, INDUSTRY,
FACTOR BANKING AND FARMING FOR
PROFIT COULD
FLOURISH. THE BEST SINGLE
CONDITION IT PROVIDED WAS
LAISSEZ-FAIRE -
NO GOVERNMENT
INTERFERENCE WITH PRIVATE
BUSINESSES.
 INTERNALLY, THE
PURCHASING POWER OF THE
ECONOMIC PEOPLE WAS
FACTOR GENERALLY GREATER THAN
THAT OF OTHER PEOPLES.
EXTERNALLY, THE RAPIDLY
INCREASING TRADE
STIMULATED THE
PRODUCTION OF CHEAP
MANUFACTURED GOODS IN
ENGLAND.
 BEFORE AND DURING THE
TECHNOLOGICAL INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,
FACTOR SEVERAL TECHNOLOGICAL
PROCESSES CONVERGED:
TOOL IMPROVEMENT,
USE OF COAL AS FUEL,
GREATLY INCREASED USE
OF IRON, AND USE OF
STEAM POWER.
STEAM
ENGINE
THE STEAM ENGINE WAS ALSO INTEGRAL
TO INDUSTRIALIZATION. IN 1712,
ENGLISHMAN THOMAS NEWCOMEN (1664-
1729) DEVELOPED THE FIRST PRACTICAL
STEAM ENGINE (WHICH WAS USED
PRIMARILY TO PUMP WATER OUT OF
MINES). BY THE 1770S, SCOTTISH
INVENTOR JAMES WATT (1736-1819) HAD
IMPROVED ON NEWCOMEN’S WORK, AND
THE STEAM ENGINE WENT ON TO POWER
MACHINERY, LOCOMOTIVES AND SHIPS
DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
TEXTILE
MACHINE
TEXTILE MACHINES ARE USED
IN THE FABRICATION AND
PROCESSING OF FABRICS,
TEXTILES, AND OTHER WOVEN
AND NON-WOVEN MATERIALS.
 • ROADS, RAILWAYS AND
DEVELOPMENT IN CANALS WERE BUILT.
• CANALS- CANALS BEGAN TO
TRANSPORTATION BE BUILT IN THE LATE
SYSTEM EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO
LINK MAJOR MANUFACTURING
CENTRES
• RAIL ROAD - THE
CONSTRUCTION OF MAJOR
RAILWAYS CONNECTING THE
LARGER CITIES AND TOWNS
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
 IRON - mostly in pots, pans, and
fireplaces
- least processed, 3 – 4.5% Carbon,
Cast Iron or brittle
- Advantage: cheap, high
Pig Iron compressive
strength to weight ratio compared
to
masonry, reusable mould,
flexibility
- Disadvantage: poor working
conditions
 IRON - developed in 1850
- used in ironclad ships and railways
Wrought Iron - 0.1 – 0.25% carbon content
- malleable, but low tensile strength
- Advantages: allowed fireproofing
systems, increased beam span,
creation
of sections (I, L and T sections)
- Disadvantages: could only be made
into small section (up to 50kg)
STEEL
- strongest, most versatile and
has the most tensile and
compressive strength than any
previous available materials
- contains 0.5 – 1.5% Carbon
- efficient yet costly
GLASS - made by blowing cylinders as large as
possible, cutting off the ends, then
splitting them longitudinally
- rippled surfaces, approx. 1.5 X 2.3 m
sheet
- Advantages: larger panels, more even
surface
- Disadvantages: bad visibility through
panes
GLASS • Taxes against glass, windows and bricks
were repealed which saw a new interest in
using these building materials.
• Factory made plate glass was developed
and complex designs in iron grillwork were
a popular decoration for the classical and
Gothic buildings.
• There were also terracotta manufacturing
improvements, which allowed for more of
its use in construction.
• Steel skeletons were covered with masonry
and large glass skylights were popular.
 BRIDG X
ES

Presented by:

James Drexler D. Guillermo

B.S. ARCHITCTURE 2A
 X

The Iron
Bridge
• The Iron Bridge is a cast iron
arch bridge that crosses the
River Severn in Shropshire.

• Opened in 1781, it was the

first major bridge in the world
to be made of cast iron

• The bridge is celebrated as a

symbol of the Industrial
Revolution.
 X
DESIGN
• The bridge is built from five sectional cast-iron ribs
that give a span of 100 feet 6 inches (30.6 m).

• Decorative rings and ogees between the structural

ribs of the bridge suggest that the final design was
Pritchard's, as the same elements appear in a
gazebo he rebuilt.

• The construction of the bridge used 378 long tons

10 cwt (847,800 lb or 384.6 t) of iron, and there
are almost 1,700 individual components, the
heaviest weighing 5 long tons 5 cwt (11,800 lb or
5.3 t).
• Two supplemental arches, of similar cast iron
construction, carry a towpath on the southern
bank and also act as flood arches. A stone arch
with a brick vault carries a small path on the
northern (town side) bank
 X
Thomas Farnolls
Pritchard (also known as
Farnolls Pritchard; baptised 11 May
1723 – 23 December 1777)

• was an English architect

and interior decorator who
is best remembered for his
design of the first cast-iron
bridge in the world.
 X

I.K. Brunel, Clifton

Suspension Bridge
• The Clifton Suspension Bridge is a
suspension bridge spanning the
Avon Gorge and the River Avon,
linking Clifton in Bristol to Leigh
Woods in North Somerset

• Since opening in 1864, it has been

a toll bridge, the income from
which provides funds for its
maintenance.

• The bridge is built to a design by

William Henry Barlow and John
Hawkshaw, based on an earlier
design by Isambard Kingdom
Brunel. It is a Grade I listed
building and forms part of the
B3129 road.
 X
• In 1831, an attempt to build
Brunel's design was halted
by the Bristol riots, and the
revised version of his
designs was built after his
death and completed in
1864.
• Although similar in size and
design, the bridge towers
are not identical, the Clifton
tower having side cut-outs,
the Leigh tower more
pointed arches atop a 110-
foot (34 m) red sandstone-
clad abutment.

• Roller-mounted "saddles" at
the top of each tower allow
movement of the three
independent wrought iron
chains on each side when
loads pass over the bridge.
 X
• The bridge has three independent wrought iron chains per side,
from which the bridge deck is suspended by eighty-one
matching vertical wrought-iron rods ranging from 65 feet (20
m) at the ends to 3 feet (0.91 m) in the centre.

It has a total span of 214 m (702 ft).

It has a total length of 412 m (1351 ft).

It has a total width of 9.4 m (31 ft).

It has a 26 m (86 ft) heigth of piers .

X Isambard
Kingdom
Brunel (9 April
1806 – 15 September
1859)
was a British civil engineer and
mechanical engineer, who is
considered "one of the most
ingenious and prolific figures in
engineering history", "one of the
19th-century engineering giants",
and "one of the greatest figures of
the Industrial Revolution, [who]
changed the face of the English
landscape with his
groundbreaking designs and
ingenious constructions". Brunel
built dockyards, the Great
Western Railway (GWR), a series
of steamships including the first
purpose-built transatlantic
steamship, and numerous
important bridges and tunnels.
His designs revolutionised public
transport and modern
engineering.
 Menai
Suspension
Bridge
• is a suspension bridge spanning the
Menai Strait between the island of
Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.

• Designed by Thomas Telford and

completed in 1826, it was the world's
first major suspension bridge.

• The bridge still carries road traffic and

is a Grade I listed structure.
X
In 1800, Ireland joined Great Britain in the Act of
Union. This led rapidly to an increase in people
travelling between London and Holyhead en
route to Dublin. In 1815, the British Parliament
passed an Act to build the Holyhead Road with
responsibility for the project given to civil
engineer Thomas Telford. Despite some difficult
geographical obstacles to overcome (e.g.
Snowdonia and the Menai Strait), the route was
chosen because Holyhead was the principal port
for ferries to Dublin as it was the closest point to
Ireland. After Telford had completed a survey of
the route from London to Holyhead, he
proposed that the best option was to build a
bridge over the Menai Strait from a point near
Bangor on the mainland to the village of
Porthaethwy (now commonly known as Menai
Bridge) on Anglesey.
The site for the bridge was chosen because it
had tall banks that would be high enough to
allow the passage of sailing ships to pass
underneath. Telford proposed that a suspension
bridge would be the best option because it
would have a span wide enough to cross the
fast flowing waters of the Strait at this point. His
recommendation was accepted by Parliament.
 Thomas Telford X
(9 August 1757 – 2
September 1834)

was a Scottish civil engineer.

After establishing himself as an
engineer of road and canal
projects in Shropshire, he
designed numerous infrastructure
projects in his native Scotland, as
well as harbours and tunnels.
Such was his reputation as a
prolific designer of highways and
related bridges, he was dubbed
the Colossus of Roads (a pun on
the Colossus of Rhodes), and,
reflecting his command of all
types of civil engineering in the
early 19th century, he was elected
as the first president of the
Institution of Civil Engineers, a
post he held for 14 years until his
death.

The town of Telford in Shropshire

was named after him.
X • The bridge was opened
for passenger traffic on
First Tay 1 June 1878. Collapsed
on the night of 28
Rail Bridge December 1879 at
7.15pm
• The original Tay Bridge was
designed by noted railway
engineer Thomas Bouch,
who received a knighthood
when the bridge was
completed.

• It was a lattice-grid
design, combining cast
and wrought iron.

• Proposals for
constructing a bridge
across the River Tay
date back to at least
1854. The North British
Railway (Tay Bridge) Act
received the Royal
Assent on 15 July 1870
and the foundation
stone was laid on 22
The Tay Bridge X
Disaster
On the night of 28
December 1879 at
7.15pm, the bridge
collapsed after its
central spans gave way
during high winter
gales. A train with six
carriages carrying
seventy-five
passengers and crew,
crossing at the time of
the collapse, plunged
into the icy waters of
the Tay. All seventy-five
were lost. The disaster
stunned the whole
country and sent shock
waves through the
Victorian engineering
community.
Sir Thomas X
• He was knighted

Bouch (25 after the successful

completion of the
February 1822 – 30 first Tay Railway
October 1880) Bridge, but his
reputation was
destroyed by the
• Was a British subsequent Tay
railway engineer. Bridge disaster, in
which 75 people are
• As manager of the believed to have died
Edinburgh and as a result of defects
in design,
Northern Railway
construction and
he introduced the maintenance, for all
first roll-on/roll-off of which Bouch was
train ferry service held responsible.
in the world.

• As a consulting • He died within 18

engineer, he months of being
helped develop knighted.
the caisson and
popularised the
use of lattice
girders in railway
The Second X
Tay Rail
Bridge
• A new double-track
bridge was designed
by William Henry
Barlow

• It was built by
William Arrol & Co.
18 metres (59 ft)
upstream of, and
parallel to, the
original bridge.

• The second bridge

opened on 13 July
1887 and is still in
use.
 In 2003, a £20.85 million strengthening and
refurbishment project (£NaN as of 2023),[12] on the

The Second bridge was completed. More than 1,000 metric tons (1,
100 short tons) of bird droppings were scraped off the
ironwork lattice of the bridge using hand tools, and

Tay Rail bagged into 25 kilograms (55 lb) sacks. Hundreds of

thousands of rivets were removed and replaced. All

Bridge work was done in very exposed conditions high over

fast-running tides in the river.

The foundation stone laid

on 6 July 1883.
Construction involved 25,
000 metric tons (28,000
short tons) of iron and steel,
70,000 metric tons (77,000
short tons) of concrete, ten
million bricks (weighing 37,
500 metric tons (41,300
short tons)) and three
million rivets. Fourteen men
lost their lives during its
construction, most by
drowning.
 X
William Henry
Barlow (10 May 1812 – 12
November 1902)

• was an English civil engineer of the 19th century,

particularly associated with railway engineering
projects and was involved in many engineering
enterprises.
• With John Hawkshaw, he completed Isambard
Kingdom Brunel's Clifton Suspension Bridge.
Following the Tay Bridge disaster he sat on the
commission which investigated the causes and
designed the replacement Tay Bridge.

• Barlow was also an inventor and experimenter,

patenting a design for a rail and carrying out
investigations on the use and design of steel
structures.
 X

Thank You!
 CANAL AQUEDUCT aqua + ducere, “to lead water”

refers to a system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting structures used to
convey water from its source to its main distribution point.
Examples

Ellesmere Canal
• was a waterway in England and Wales that was
planned to carry boat traffic between the rivers
Mersey and Severn.
• The proposal would create a link between the
Port of Liverpool and the mineral industries in
north east Wales and the manufacturing centres
in the West
Midlands.
Ellesmere Canal
• The Ellesmere Canal, which was first proposed in 1791,
would have operated as a waterway between Netherpool
and Shrewsbury. However, the parts which were completed
eventually became sections of the Chester Canal,
the Montgomery Canal and the Shropshire Union Canal main
line
• As part of the rebranding of Britain's industrial waterways
as leisure destinations, the surviving central section is now
called the Llangollen Canal; even though historically its
builders had no intention of sending boat traffic to
Llangollen.
Examples Title of your presentation.

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

• Pontcysyllte Aqueduct literally translates as “the bridge

that connects the river”.
• a remarkable example of the construction of a human-
engineered waterway in a difficult geographical
environment, at the end of the 18th century and the start
of the 19th century
• a pioneering masterpiece of engineering and
monumental architecture by the famous civil engineer
Thomas Telford and approved by William Jessop
• It was constructed using metal arches supported by tall,
slender masonry piers.
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
• 11 feet (3.6m) wide, 1,007 feet
(307m) long cast iron trough,
supported by 18 stone towers
some 127 feet (39m) above the
River Dee
• The upper walls of the tapering
piers were designed to be hollow
in order to reduce the structural
loading on the lower sections.
• The stones were bound together
with a mortar of lime, water and
ox blood.
Side view of Cast Iron Trough Section of Top of Pont-Cyslltau Aqueduct.
 Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

• William Hazledine purpose-built the Plas Kynaston Foundry at nearby

Cefn Mawr, in order to provide many of the cast iron sections for the
aqueduct.
• Telford ensured that the trough was watertight by developing a strange
combination of Welsh flannel and a lead, iron and sugar concoction.
• The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct was finally opened on 26th November 1805,
having taken ten years to design, build and test.
• The total cost for the project was £47,000 (close to £3,000,000 in
today’s money).
X

Train
Stations

Railways had a major impact on
farming, as perishable goods
such as dairy products could now
be moved long distances before
they were inedible. The standard
of living rose as a result.
X
Railways and
Economic
Development
At the height of the railway boom,
massive amounts of Britain’s
industrial output were funneled
into the construction, boosting
industry, and when the British
boom subsided these materials
were exported to build railways
abroad.
X
Social
Impact of
Railways
In order for trains to be
timetabled, a standardized time
was introduced across Britain,
making it a more uniform place.
Suburbs began to form as white
collar workers moved out from
the inner cities, and some
working-class districts were
demolished for new rail buildings.
Opportunities for travel
broadened as the working class
could now travel further and
more freely, although some
conservatives worried this would
cause a revolt. Communications
were vastly sped up, and
regionalization began to break
down.

The effect of railways in the
Industrial Revolution is often
exaggerated. They did not cause
industrialization and had no
impact on the changing locations
of industries as they only
developed after 1830 and were
initially slow to catch on.
X
Importance
of the
Railways
What they did do was allow the
revolution to continue, provide
further stimulus, and help to
transform the mobility and diets
of the population.
I.K. Brunel
• Bristol Temple Meads is
the oldest and largest X
railway station in Bristol,
Temple Meads England. It is located
118 miles 31 chains
Railway Station, (118.39 mi; 190.5 km)
away from London
Bristol 1840 Paddington.[2] It is an
important transport hub
for public transport in
the city; there are bus
services to many parts
of the city and
surrounding districts,
with a ferry to the city
centre. Bristol's other
major station, Bristol
P a r k w a y, i s a m o r e
recent station on the
northern outskirts of the
conurbation.

• Te m p l e M e a d s w a s
o pe n e d o n 3 1 Au g u s t
1840, as t h e w e s t e r n
terminus of the Great
Western Railway. The
railway, including Temple
Meads, was the first to
be designed by the
British engineer
Isambard Kingdom
Brunel.
X
• It was built to
a c c o m m o d a t e
Brunel's 7 ft 1⁄4 in
(2,140 mm) broad
gauge. Th e s tation
was on a viaduct to
raise it above the
level of the Floating
Harbour and River
Avon, the latter being
crossed via the Grade
I listed Avon Bridge.

• The station was

covered by a 200-
foot (60 m) train
shed, extended
beyond the platforms
by 155 feet (47 m)
into a storage area
and engine shed,
fronted by an office
building in the Tudor
style.
 X
I.K. Brunel Temple Meads
Railway Station, Bristol 1840

• The roof of • The train shed

Bristol Temple features a
Meads Railway series of curved
S t a t i o n ' s and glazed
platforms is arches made of
often described cast iron,
as having a allowing natural
d e s i g n light to enter
reminiscent of a the station and
c o n s e r va t o r y. creating a
T h i s i s bright and airy
particularly atmosphere for
evident in the passengers.
train shed,
which covers
the platforms
and tracks.
 X
I.K. Brunel Temple Meads
Railway Station, Bristol 1840

• The primary
r a i l r o a d
structure is
made of brick
with stone
accents. The
iron joists
running the
length of the
ceiling are then
connected to
this using cast
i r o n r i b s .
There's glass
between the
joists. The
bricks and
stonework have
m e d i e v a l
detailing.
 X
I.K. Brunel Temple Meads
Railway Station, Bristol 1840

• O n t h e
e x t e r i o r, i t
resembles a
castle-like
appearance
with turrets,
castellation,
iron cresting,
and classic
medieval
elements.
JOHN X
DOBSON'S
CENTRAL
STATION,
NEWCASTLE
John X
Dobson (9
November 1787 –
8 January 1865)
- He was a 19th- - Other notable
century English structures include
neoclassical Nunnykirk Hall,
architect. During his Meldon Park, Mitford
life, he was the Hall, Lilburn Tower,
most noted architect St John the Baptist
in Northern England. Church in Otterburn,
He designed more Northumberland,
than 50 churches and Beaufront
and 100 private Castle.
houses, but he is
best known for
designing Newcastle
railway station and
his work with
Richard Grainger
developing the
neoclassical centre
of Newcastle.
 JOHN DOBSON'S CENTRAL
STATION, NEWCASTLE
Newcastle station (also
known as Newcastle
Central and locally as
Central Station) is a
railway station in
Newcastle upon Tyne,
England.
It is the primary national
rail station serving
Newcastle upon Tyne and
is an interchange for local
services provided by the
Tyne and Wear Metro
network whose Central
Station is situated
beneath the national rail
station.
X
The station opened in
August 1850, as part of
the then Newcastle &
Carlisle Railway and York,
Newcastle & Berwick
Railway. Now a Grade I
listed building, it is
located in the city's
Grainger Town area, to
the west of the Castle
Keep.
In Simon Jenkins'
Britain's 100 Best Railway
Stations, the station was
one of only ten to be
awarded five stars.
JOHN DOBSON'S CENTRAL X
STATION, NEWCASTLE
• In 1847-1849, the planning and design phase for
Newcastle Central Station took place. The project
involved architects John Dobson and engineer Robert
Stephenson.
• In August 29, 1850, Newcastle Central Station officially
opened to the public. The station played a crucial role in
the expanding railway network of the time, connecting
Newcastle and the surrounding regions.

• The station underwent an extension in 1858, indicating

the need for additional capacity to accommodate the
growing demands of railway travel.

• A significant renovation took place in 1863, involving

the replacement of the original roof with a more
modern design using wrought iron. This renovation
contributed to the station's distinctive and innovative
architectural features.
• Newcastle Central Station experienced further
expansion in 1877, reflecting the continuous growth
and importance of railway transportation in the region.
 Build in gs
a nd
lan d m ar k s
Prepared By:
Delgado Darlene Jane
BS ARCHITECTURE 2A
CRYSTAL PALACE
_Designed by Joseph Paxton
-A cast iron and plate glass
structure originally built in Hyde
Park, London to house the great
exhibition in 1851 in England
which dazzled the millions of
visitors who passed through its
doors. Built by Joseph Paxton
within six months, its design
mimicked the greenhouses that
were his customary stock in
trade. It was spacious enough to
enclose mature existing trees
within its walls
 Ridge and furrow Roof
Design
New innovations of architectural style in the Crystal
Palace were not limited to the materials used to build
the gigantic structure. The ridge-and-furrow roof
design was an invention by Paxton that was “used [in
his architectural designs] from Chatsworth to the
Crystal Palace.” It was a design that provided
“maximum light yet prevent[ed] the glass from being
perpendicular to the sun at midday.” With two plates
of glass creating a triangle with a forty-five degree
angle at the apex, light could stream into the
greenhouse while not overheating the area. This was
because there was no direct sunlight hitting the glass,
overheating the structure of the air inside it. This
ridge-and-furrow design was patented in 1851 and
used in the Crystal Palace. To control the Crystal
Palace from over-heating with all of the people inside
of it, additional provisions were installed as well.
Canvas was suspended inside the roof to control the
amount of heat the sun’s rays generated. The Canvas
combined with the ridge-and-furrow design kept the
Crystal Palace at the correct temperature.
Paxton’ design was based on a 10in x 49in
module, the size of the largest glass sheet
available at the time. The modular system
consisted of right-angled triangles,
mirrored and multiplied, supported by a
grid of cast iron beams and pillars. These
basic units were extremely light and strong
and were extended to an incredible length
of 564 meters. The design was also
influenced by Paxton’s passion for
biomimicry; he drew inspiration from the
giant leaves of the Victoria Amazonica
waterlily.

When the exhibition was closed 6 months

later, the structure was disassembled and
Sir Joseph Paxton
then reassembled in the south London
English gardener, architect, engineer and
suburb of Sydenham Hill. Tragically, the Member of Parliament, best known for
building was destroyed in a fire in 1936. designing the Crystal Palace and for
cultivating the Cavendish banana, the most
consumed banana in the Western world.
Galleria Vittorio
Emmanuel II
Italy's oldest active shopping gallery
and a major landmark of Milan.
Housed within a four-story double
arcade in the centre of town,the
Galleria is named after Victor
Emmanuel II, the first king of the
Kingdom of Italy. It was designed in
1861 and built by architect Giuseppe
Mengoni between 1865 and 1877.

.
The iron-and-glass roof
The Milan gallery and its roof have been
acknowledged as an important reference
on 19th-century iron-and-glass
architecture by Pevsner and Hitchcock. As
one can still observe today, the roof
consists of four barrel vaults
(approximately 14.5 m in width and 8.5 m
in height) that are crowned with a huge
dome (around 37.5 m as internal diameter
and 17.10 m in height).Jorini pointed out the
accomplishments of this dome with
special regard to the large dimensions.
Each of the roof parts is topped with a
lantern.
The Galleria has a vast cruciform plan
with a spectacular glass dome at the
crossing. The four long arms meet in the
center with a 127 ft. diameter dome, also in
glass. The center of the dome reaches to
96 feet.
The construction of the whole Gallery was
the result of international collaboration.
This especially concerned the roof: the
ironwork was produced, transported and
installed by the French Atelier Henry Joret.
The glass plates were made of flat ribbed
glass by Saint-Gobain. The construction
technology of the roof employs primary
wrought-iron arches in order to support the
glazing. By contrast, arcades that were
built earlier were smaller and had simpler
roofs: the same components were used for
both load-bearing and glazing purposes.

The historical roof was heavily damaged

during the aerial bombings of World War II.
Before that, the roof had undergone
multiple maintenance interventions. Serious
problems in the roof were reported in the
1970s, and some of them were solved in the
1980s.
Giuseppe Mengoni
was an Italian architect. He designed the
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan. He also
designed the Palazzo di Residenza of Bologna
Saving Bank (Carisbo). He died by accident,
falling off the roof of the gallery he had built.
Menier Chocolate
Factory
The iron and brick chocolate factory at
Noisiel really was one of the iconic buildings
of the Industrial Revolution. Architect Jules
Saulnier was given the task of constructing
new buildings and improving the existing
premises, to modernise and improve the
chocolate-making process. In fact many
historians cite the building as the first true
skeleton structure. The old watermill building
had a visible iron structure and distinctive
industrial-looking ceramic tiles patterns, so
we can safely say that both the design and
the materials were impressive.

Jules Saulnier
was a French architect. He is best remembered for
his work on the Menier Chocolate Co. buildings in
Noisiel, France.
 Art history
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 Art history
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 Art history
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Art history
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 Art history
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 Art history
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A new Menier factory building was
positioned between the channel and
the Marne River bank. This new,
reinforced concrete structure was built
in the 1906-1908 era and was known as
la Cathédrale. The intention was to
create a public showcase for the
chocolate manufacturing process in
the double height internal spaces. The
project engineer was Armand
Considere.

The Menier chocolate factory is now

headquarters of Nestlé France. In 1992,
the factory was designated by the
French government as an official
historical monument and is today is
used as a museum.
Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève
Between 1838 and 1850, a building for the
Sainte-Geneviève Library was designed
and constructed under the direction of the
architect Henri Labrouste. He was given
the project in 1838, but construction did not
commence until 1843. The glass and iron
reading room has been described as
"magisterial" and the building itself as a
seminal work in the creation of the modern
library as "a temple of knowledge and
space for contemplation".The names of
810 famous authors are inscribed on the
building's facade.
 It was designed in the Neo-Greco style by
Henri Labrouste. The library is 282 feet long
and 95 feet wide. During this time, railways
and iron-roofed rail stations were becoming
popular in Europe, along with gaslights. The
roof and floors of this library were framed in
iron. The iron was not hidden by other
materials but instead was displayed. Sculpted
plinths support the iron columns.

The ground floor is used as storage, so it did

not need to have a big window. To reach the
reader room, the user needs to take a stairway
to the second floor. Once you reach the top of
the stairs, you come across the mural of
Raphaels’ School of Athens. The reading room
is the entire length of the building.

The room consists of two rows of cast iron

arches.An iron fence separates the books from
the users, and the galleries sit on top of the
bookcases.
Henri Labrouste
was a French architect from the
famous Écoledes Beaux-Arts school of
architecture. After a six-year stay in
Rome, Labrouste established an
architectural training workshop, which
soon became known for rationalism.
He became noted for his use of iron-
frame construction and was one of the
first to realize the importance of its
use.
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is a wrought iron lattice
tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris,
France. It is named after the engineer
Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed
and built the tower.

Constructed from 1887–89 as the entrance

to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially
criticized by some of France's leading
artists and intellectuals for its design.
However it has become a global cultural
icon of France and one of the most
recognizable structures in the world. The
Eiffel Tower is the most-visited paid
monument in the world; 6.91 million
people ascended it in 2015.
The tower is 324 metres (1,063ft) tall,
about the same height as an 81-storey
building, and the tallest structure in
Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125
metres (410ft) on each side. During its
construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed
the Washington Monument to become
the tallest man-made structure in the
world, a title it held for 41 years until the
Chrysler Building in New York Citywas
finished in 1930. Due to the addition of a
broadcasting aerial at the top of the
tower in 1957, it is now taller than the
Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17ft).
Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower
is the second-tallest structure in France
after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for
visitors, with restaurants on the first
and second levels. The top level's
upper platform is 276m (906ft) above
the ground –the highestobservation
deckaccessible to the public in
theEuropean Union. Tickets can be
purchased to ascend by stairs or lift
(elevator) to the first and second
levels. The climb from ground level to
the first level is over 300 steps, as is
the climb from the first level to the
second. Although there is a staircase
to the top level, it is usually only
accessible by lift.
The Eiffel Tower might be the greatest
building from the Industrial Revolution.It
has both the beautiful ornamentation of
older classical styles and the light and
simple shape of later modern
architecture.

To the architects and engineers it was a

new decorative art, such as ornamental
bolts, iron corners extending beyond the
main line, a sort of Gothic lacework of
iron. But it was heavily criticized by some
architects and artists who scorned it as
an example of the “blackness of industry”
and saw it as blight on the city’s skyline.
Alexandre
Gustave Eiffel
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (15 December
1832 –27 December 1923) was a French
civil engineer and architect. A graduate
of École Centrale Paris, he made his
name with various bridges for the
French railway network, most famously
the Garabit viaduct. He is best known
for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, built
for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris,
and his contribution to building the
Statue of Liberty in New York. After his
retirement from engineering, Eiffel
focused on research into meteorology
and aerodynamics, and making
significant contributions in both fields.
 Th an k
you fo r
lis ten i ng !!
TRAIN STATIONS
Examples

Paddington Station

The world’s first

underground complex and
a forerunner of modern
tube system.
Constructed in 1854; first
used in 1863
 The main lines and
213 m (699 ft) long
roof was designed
EllesmerebyCanal
Brunel.
The architectural
detailing was by his
associate Matthew
DigbyWyatt.
 The roof makes use of
cast iron ribs and
columnar supports.
Ellesmere Canal
The ribs spread across
the ceiling in a way that
is not dissimilar to the
fan vaulting of the late
Gothic period.
Ellesmere Canal
The detailing within the station is
distinctly Victorian in nature.
The first class lounge, with
crosetted arches, venetian
arch windows, ornate
copper awning, and highly
decorated balconies.
Sir Matthew DigbyWyatt (Juky 28,
1820 0 - May 21, 1877)
a British architect and art historian
who became Secretary of the Great
Exhibition.
A honorary secretay of British
Architects (1855 - 1859)
Received a Royal Gold Medal in 1866
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
a British mechanical and civil
engineer
built the Great Western
Railway
one of the most prolific figures
in engineering history
 York Railway Station

800 ft. long train-shed roof and 42 ft. above

platforms by iron columns
First opened in 1841
Accessible on 3 side from exterior
In 1877. the North Eastern Railway
architects Thomas Prosser and
William Peachey and built by Lucas
brothers designed the present
station/.
It had 13 platforms and was the
largest that time in the world.
 St. Pancras Railway Station

George Gilbert Scott

It was opened in 1868 and is wonders of
Victorian engineering.
A masterpiece of Victorian Gothic
Architecture and one of the most elegant
stations in the world.
The roof is made up of a series of
Ellesmere Canal
wrought iron ribs resulting in a space
100ft. high, 240ft. wide and 700ft.
long.
It was the largest single spanned roof
in the world.
Ellesmere Canal
Ellesmere Canal
Ellesmere Canal
Sir George Gilbert Scott
a prolific English Gothic revival
architect, chiefly associated with the
deign, building and renovation of
churches and cathedrals.
Over 800 buildings were designed or
altered
Other works: Midland Grand Hotel,
The Albert Memorial, St. Mary’s
Cathedral
Effects of Industrial
Revolution
 Social and Economic

People left farm and move to

cities
75% of factory workers were
women and children
Enriched middle class people
while pushed down working class
resulted to harder lifestyle
 Environmental

air pollution
deaths due to acid rain, soot
deposits
increase carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide
human and factory thrown to
rivers