Town planning

Industrial cities
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in
Great Britain
1760 AD – 1840 AD in England
1800s-1900s in France and Germany
1840s -1920s in United States
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
How did the world go from this?
To this?
Before the Industrial Revolution: Cottage Industry
After industrial revolution
Definitions of Industrial Revolution and Industrialization

• Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of

goods made by machines and new inventions; a series of
dramatic changes in the way work was done
• Industrialization: the process of developing machine
production of goods that led to a better quality of life for
people and also caused immense suffering
Location
• Industrial revolution started specifically in
Britain in 18th century.
• It swept across Western Europe and much of
North America.
• Late to Asian country's
 Origins---Why England?
• Agricultural Revolution
– Horse and steel plow
– Fertilizer use
– Yields improved 300% 1700-1850
• Growth of foreign trade for manufactured goods
– Foreign colonies
– Increase in ships and size
• Successful wars and foreign conquest
 Origins – Why England?
• Factors in England
– No civil strife
– Government favored trade
– Laissez-faire capitalism
– Large middle class
– Island geography
– Mobile population
– Everyone lived within 20 miles of
navigable river
– Tradition of experimental science
– Weak guilds
Life in England Before the Industrial Revolution?
• 8 out of 10 worked in countryside
• Subsistence farming
• Cottage industries - factories rarely employed more
than 50 people
• Handmade – buttons, needles, cloth, bricks, pottery,
bread etc.
• Developing towns – Liverpool,
Birmingham, Glasgow
How many objects do you have
about you or can you see in the
room that are handmade?
 A technological revolution
A series of inventions that built on principles of mass production, mechanization
and interchangeable parts

Josiah Wedgwood developed a mold for pottery that

replaced the potters wheel, making mass production
possible
 INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
• CAST IRON, AN ESSENTIALLY BRITTLE MATERIAL, IS
APPROXIMATELY FOUR TIMES AS RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION
AS STONE.
• WROUGHT IRON, WHICH IS FORTY TIMES AS RESISTANT TO
TENSION AND BENDING AS STONE, IS ONLY FOUR TIMES HEAVIER.
IT CAN BE FORM AND MOLDED INTO ANY SHAPE.
• GLASS CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN LARGER SIZES AND VOLUMES.
• SOLID STRUCTURES COULD BE REPLACED BY SKELETON
STRUCTURES, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT BUILDINGS OF
ALMOST UNRESTRICTED HEIGHT.
• BUILDINGS COULD BE CONSTRUCTED INTO ANY SHAPE AND IN
SHORT TIME.
Crystal palace

Eiffel tower
 The iron bridges
• Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York 1869-1883
• Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England 1836-1864
• Tower Bridge London
BROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN,
NEW YORK 1869-1883;
JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING
Length - 5,989 feet Distance of roadbed
above water - 135 feet Bridge
Style - Suspension Bridge. Tower Structure
- Stone masonry
 Conclusions
• Style=Gothic piers, Structural Expressionist cables and
bridge deck
• Date=1869 to 1883
• Location=East River. Park Row, Manhattan to Adams
Street, Brooklyn.
• Architect=John Augustus Roebling, completed by son,
Washington Augustus Roebling
TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON, 1886-1894, SIR HORACE JONES
 Conclusions
• It was opened by Edward 7th when he was Prince of
Wales
• 8 years in construction, using 5 major contractors and
over 400 labourers.
• completed and opened in the year 1894.
• two piers were sunk into the river bed to support the
weight of the bridge.
• A massive 11,000 tons of steel used for the walkways
and towers.
 the iron
railroad station

Central Railroad Station, New Castle on tyne, England,

1846-55
St. Pancreas Station, London
• CENTRAL RAILROAD STATION, NEW CASTLE ON TYNE, ENGLAND,
1846-55; JOHN DOBSON
• The National Rail station has 12 platforms
• ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON, 1864-68; WILLIAM H. BARLOW,
• R.M. ORDISH
• Height (architectural) = 82.30 m
• Floors above ground = 6
 Conclusions
• It was designed by William Henry Barlow and building
work started in 1863
• The station which has a single span roof of 243 feet
• length of 689 ft
• 100 ft above ground
• four Type AF High Friction Clamps fixing is used for roof
 The iron
market place

Covered Market , Berlin 1865-1868

City Market Hall, Paris
Galleria Vittoro Emmanuel II, Milan
GALLERIA
VITTOROEMMANU
EL II MILAN, 1865-
67, GUISEPPE
MEGONI
• GALLERIA VITTORO, EMMANUEL II MILAN, 1865-67,
GUISEPPE MEGNONI
 Conclusions
• it was originally designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe
Mengoni between 1865 and 1877.
• The street is covered over by an arching glass and cast
iron roof, a popular design for nineteenth-century arcades
• The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome
 The iron commercial buildings

MchierFactory, Noisel-sur-marne
Bradbury Building, Los Angles, California
Commodities Exchange, Amsterdam
• MENIER FACTORY, NOISEL-SUR-MARNE , FRANCE,
1871-1872, JULES SAULNIER
• THE BRADBURY BUILDING, LOS ANGELES,
CALIFORNIA, 1889-93; GEORGE H WYMAN
• THE BRADBURY BUILDING, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA,
1889-93; GEORGE H WYMAN
 Conclusions
• The Bradbury Buildingis an architectural landmark in Los Angeles,
California
• Built:1893
• Architect:George H. Wyman
• Architecturalstyle(s):Italian Renaissance Revival, Romanesque
Revival
 By 1850:
Zones of Industrialization
on the European Continent
• Northeast France.
• Belgium.
• The Netherlands.
• Western German states.
• Northern Italy
• East Germany  Saxony
TRANSPORT

Canal barges pulled Ships powered by sails Horse-drawn wagons,

by mules carts, and carriages

Automobiles Steamships Trains

TRANSPORT
•Rivers played a major role in the transportation of finished products from the
factories to the coast.
•The Severn, Thames, and the Trent were the most navigable rivers in England.

• RIVER- • CANAL-
•The main international seaports of England were London, Bristol, and Liverpool
•The British began to build canals in the late 18th Century.
•In 1720, roads gained importance for the Industrial Revolution.

•ROADS- •RAILWAYS-
•Railways meant the end for canals .Railways were to transform Britain in the
nineteenth century.
Geography/natural resources
• Wood was the main source of energy which was replaced by coal (morepotent)

• Coal mines were available near the sea.

Culture and it‘s impact on Architecture and City Planning
• Small industries and farming having very small amount of royal people
• After banks etc the lifestyle improved dramatically
• Middle class increased and this section also consumed most of the products and lived a
royal life style
• mass of the people to achieve the income, education and leisure time necessary to
enjoy fine books, good music, and beautiful sculptures and paintings.
• inventions such as the printing press, radio and television that enabled works of culture to
reach more people at lower cost, enabled men to acquire great wealth, part of which
they returned to society by financing libraries, symphony orchestras, museums and
scholarships for promising writers and artists, and encouraged the growth of democracy,
thus providing the atmosphere of freedom so necessary for writers and artists to produce
great works.

Increased work hours Living Standards Formation of Slums:

•Houses had to be in direct •Lack of sanitation gave
Insecure working vicinity to factories way to unhealthy living
Conditions •Lodging of workers in conditions
overcrowded houses.
PLANNING FOR HOUSES

•They are built in courts the principle is that 3

walls are shared with other houses reducing
the amount of materialsused,.

•it was very compact and streets were very tight

and would not allow for light or sufficient air to
enter the house.

•A lobby/living space and an upstairs room, the kitchen

and toilets were communal and often shared between
16 households.

•Each house could have from 1 to 3 families living inside

and even possible animals.

•The courtyards had privies (outdoor toilets) cooking,

storage areas and wastepool (hole to receive waste
from the house)
.
Back-back houses
•BUILT IN DOUBLE ROWS
•NO WINDOWS AT FRONT
• NO BACKYARDS
• A SEWER DOWN MIDDLE OF
STREET
•BUILT CRAMMED CLOSE
TOGETHER VERY NARROW
STREETS BETWEEN THEM.

The “Dark Days” of Industrialization

EVOLUTION OFPLANNING

The Middle Class

As the Working class struggled for a livelihood in the
slums, the middle
class factory owners lived in detached houses near the
countryside

City centre: Shops and

services

Suburbs: Parks & Inner City: Factories and

houses run down houses
LAND USE PATTERN

Pattern of land-use changed radically: It was determined by radial transport route beginning at town
centre

•Low rent residential area is near to industrial district (heavy and low industries and
warehouses)

•High rent residential areas are in the outskirts of cities (suburbs)

CITY PLANNING

1000 houses 20 feet wide

Arcades for workshops
560 houses 28 feet wide

Retail shops

296 houses 38 feet wide

Winter promenade arcade

Housing for worker with garden in front
120 houses 54 feet wide
Public buildings, churches

24 mansions 80 feet wide

Central square
URBAN DESIGN OBJECTIVES
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

•Character A distinct sense of place responding to the local context

•Continuity and enclosure Continuity of frontages, defined public &private spaces

•Quality of public realm safe, attractive, lively and functional public space

•Ease of movement An accessible, well connected, pedestrian friendly

•legilibility A readily understandable, easily navigable environment

•Adaptability flexible & adaptable public & private environment

•diversity A varied environment offering a range of experiences

 Industrial city jamshedpur

•The steel city of Jamshedpur originated in a small

company town in the backwaters of eastern India as a new
experiment in urbanism in 1907.

•When Delhi was being conceived in 1911 as imperial

capital, an industrial town with modern town planning
principles, new modes of spatiality and lifestyle associated
with industrialization was taking shape.

•Unlike Delhi and Chandigarh, Jamshedpur was an

Jamshetji Nusserwanji Tata indigenous industrial development initiated, financed and
(3rd Mar’1839- 19th May’ 1904) built by Indians using local resources albeit foreign
expertise.
origin

•J.N.Tata conceived the dream of this industrial township. He travelled to many of the industrial towns of North
America in pursuit of technology for setting up a steel plant.

•His efforts set in motion the search of sites rich in Iron ore and coal mines. Though he did not live to see his
dream come true, but his efforts culminated in the discovery of iron ore mines in GURUMAHISINI HILLS of
Mayurbhanj (presently a district of Odisha).

•Thus an iron and steel plant was perceived in Sakchi village (72 km from the hills).

•The site of the steel plant was well connected by Railways through the KALIMATI railway station on the
BOMBAY-CALCUTTA route.

•Sound business management policy, philanthropic motives and the desire to make Industrial township an
envied and emulated concept throughout India gave birth to JAMSHEDPUR.
 STAGES OF PLANNING

•Unlike the planning of Delhi and Chandigarh, which were planned

and conceived all at a single time, this town was planned in various
stages.

•The reason behind these several stages was growth in the

production of the steel plant due to World War I and World War II
and hence growth in population of workers.

Sahlin and Kennedy Plan 1912 Small industrial town

Temple Plan 1920 Full fledged industrial township

Stoke’s Plan 1936 Expansion of Temple plan with
emphasis on housing
Koenigsberger’s Plan 1944-45 Garden city+ neighbourhood unit
in planning circles.
SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN
 SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN

•The Pittsburgh firm of Julian Kennedy and Axel Sahlin was awarded the contract for the designing and
engineering works of Tata Steel Plant. They built the original colony between 1909-12 for housing
managers and skilled workers.

•There is a little influence of the garden city/suburb ideal of the ‘new’ American company.

•Site exigencies dictated the stratified pattern of housing on high ground

on the ridge spurs on the north-west and western fringes of the steel plant to ensure protection from the
factory dust carried by the prevailing western winds.

•The colony was laid out in the grid-iron (North American settlement pattern) with alphabetically named
‘roads’ running east-west and numbered ‘avenues’ running north-south.

•There is no evidence of a planned town centre or public park system

SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN

TOWNSHIP

NORTHERN SOUTHERN
TOWN(covenanted TOWN(Skilled
officers) workers)

G TOWN (middle R.N TOWN

income group ) (workers)

•The plan ignored the acute need for

housing laborers with the result that
clusters of mud huts sprang up around
the towns and close to the factory
gates.
FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN
 FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN

•As the Steel production of the plant grew (due to World War I), population of the township increased
and the old Kennedy plan became obsolete.

•Fredrick C. Temple, sanitary officer for Orissa and Bihar states was appointed as the Chief Engineer
for planning of Jamshedpur.

•Temple’s work was influenced by :

•Study of lifestyle of local tribal people.
•Concept of Garden city of Letchworth.
•Design of industrial village of New Earswick.

•The fact that “A township already existed around the steel plant” played a detrimental factor in the
planning thus making it somewhat different from other industrial townships of its time.
 FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN

•The principles of Temple’s planning were:

•Gravitational Sewerage system.
•Street system adapted to contours.
•Parkway system in natural drains.

•Temple proposed housing of 12 units per acre, balancing it with 1-1 ½ acre plots of bungalows
and ¼ acre plots quarters.

•He designed the quarters in 3 blocks with the 4th one serving as open space.

•He advocated that the problem of housing could be solved by improving the sanitation and
preserving the infrastructure of the squatter settlements and the lifestyle of the tribal people
respectively.
MAJOR P.G.W.STOKES PLAN
 MAJOR P.G.W.STOKES PLAN

•Due to the further expansion of Tata Steel in 1930, the township was in immediate need of
housing.

•Stokes strived a lot to propose an effective plan for this growing township.

•According to his report his work was very much influenced by Earnest Burges (1925) who
proposed that cities develop outward from central business and manufacturing districts with
working class population nearest to the core.

•Stokes did not have much to do beyond Temple’s plan. His main work was to quench the
shortage of housing.
MAJOR P.G.W.STOKES PLAN

•Constrained by the existing mixed and stratified

housing of Jamshedpur, Stoke had to conform to
Homer Hoyt’s wedge shaped urban model that
stipulated segmented growth along transport
arteries.

•Officers’ bungalows were made in North town

along the E-W straight mile road.

•Workers’ housing was provided in north and

west in Sakchi and Kadma respectively.

•To further satisfy the need, he had to provide

workers’ housing in Burma mines (S-E of the
steel plant) but this exposed the residents to the
smoke and dust of the plant.
OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN
 OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN

• The primary motive of Keonigsberger was to implement GARDEN CITY concepts in his
Master plan for Jamshedpur, but his motive was partially satisfied.

• He was reluctant to give up and endeavoured to put in GARDEN CITY principles wherever
space permitted.

• The major problem was that Jamshedpur did not develop as a Garden city. BUSTEES had
developed on the periphery of the industrial area.

•His contention was that linear growth along transportation arteries was the best solution to the
problems posed by the concentric growth around the place of employment.
 OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN
• Massive urban surgery was untenable, so Keonigsberger proposed for a
garden suburb on the forested slopes of Dalma Hills for 200 medium
income families who could do the daily commute 7
miles to the Steel Plant.

• This was All the bungalows and cottages disappeared behind tree foliage and
gardens.

• The only public building besides the club/rest house would be the
Inspection Bungalow overlooking the Dam on one side and terraced hill-garden
with a bandstand on the other.

• Intention was to build a leafy suburb at a suitable distance from industrial

pollution and haphazard urban growth.

• This unbuilt proposal represented what Tata Steel desired all of Jamshedpur
to be.
JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)
PRESENT DAY JAMSHEDPUR
 JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)
•Tata Steel remained the largest employer and the physical core of Jamshedpur. New industries and their
settlements were built first towards the east and later after independence in 1947 across the river
Kharkai on the west.

•A multinucleated pattern emerged with industries as the nuclei of settlement growth that minimized the
distance between residence and workplace.

•Some of these industries were established by the Tatas, others were acquired and became subsidiaries.

•Tinplate, Cable, Steel and Wire Industries built their housing in a grid iron pattern on a ridge parallel to the
main NW-SE ridge.

•The tribal villages that had deteriorated into bustees were now transformed into planned housing colonies.

•The Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) built housing for its employees in the village
Jojobera.
 JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

•Golmuri was developed by Tinplate Company

• Sidhgora by Indian Oxygen and Tata Steel.

•Baridih was developed by Tube Company.

•The satellite township of Adityapur came up in the 1960’s across the river Kharkhai as a result of state
government initiative in planning an industrial complex which incorporated 83 villages and is spread over 53 square
miles with much of the development concentrated along the main artery—Tata- Kandra Road.

• About 700 industries provide goods and services to Tata Steel although serviced by poorly planned residential
and commercial development.

• JUA 2027 Master Plan was drawn up by Superior Global Infrastructure of New Delhi in collaboration with the
Philadelphia based landscape planning firm of Wallace
Roberts &Todd at the behest of state govt.

•The scope of planning covered the core of Jamshedpur, Adityapur, Mango, Jugsalai and seven villages,
altogether covering an area of 149.23 sq. kms.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Journal of Planning History of Jamshedpur (2011) -

Prof. Amita Sinha ( Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois)
Jatinder Singh (Chief Architect, JUSCO)
 THANKYOU . . . .

- Shruti gavankar
- Pillai hoc college of architecture