ARCHITECTURE

in
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution, which
began from England about 1760
then spreads to Europe and North
America made fundamental
changes in Agriculture,
manufacturing, transportation, and
housing.
The growth of heavy industry brought a flood of
new building materials such as:
• Cast iron – an essentially brittle material,
which is approximately four times as resistant to
compression as stone.
• Wrought Iron – which is forty times as resistant to
tension and bending as stone, is only four times
heavier, it can be form and molded into any shape.
• Steel – is iron with a controlled amount of carbon.
• Glass – can be manufacture in larger sizes and volumes.
These materials began to replace wood, brick,
and stone as primary materials for large
buildings.
 Architects of the Industrial Revolution
• Thomas Telford (1757 – 1834)
Thomas Telford was labeled by the BBC as the
"Builder of Britain". The son of a shepherd,
Telford started his career by repairing castles. He
moved to Shropshire in the late 18th century,
designed a few churches, then proceeded to build
the world's first cast iron bridge and cast iron
aqueduct. His innovations in the new phenomenon
of travel by train and redirection of water through
Aqueducts earned him recognition as the first Civil
Engineer.
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806 - 1859)
Brunel was the most versatile engineer of
the 19th century. He is most remembered
for a series of bridges, tunnels and
aqueducts for the Great Western Railway.
His most impressive achievements were for
the line that linked London to Bristol. While
essentially an engineer, the Bristol Temple
Meads Station is also an exceptional piece
of architecture. The Clifton Suspension
Bridge, finished after his death, is still used
today, as are most of the other bridges and
tunnels. Brunel's other claim to fame is the
design of the ship the Great Western. This
ship was used to place the first cable from
Europe to North America.
 The Industrial Revolution had a
huge impact in the development of
architectural technique, form and
on society.
 BRIDGES AND AQUEDUCTS
Goods and people traveled by train. Bridges, train
stations and train tracks were built across England, and
later the continent and the colonies.

• The first large bridge of the Industrial Revolution

was the Causey bridge. It was built of stone using Roman
technology. Darby built the first cast iron bridge in 1779.
Telford and Brunel then built many bridges and aqueducts
in and around London that linked the growing metropolis
to sources of coal, food, and wool.
• Causey Bridge (1725-26)
Ralph Wood
This bridge was constructed by the "Grand
Allies", a group of coal mine owners on
the Tyne River north of Newcastle who
needed the bridge to carry coal from the
mines to the rail station. The bridge was
built to aid the transfer of coal to London.
No one owner could have gone to the
expense of building such a structure.
Ralph Wood was the engineer for this
bridge which was the largest single span
bridge in England at the time at 33 metres
(105 feet). As can be seen, Woods relied
on Roman technology to create the
bridge. Two tracks crossed the bridge, one
to take horse drawn wagons loaded with
coal to the River Tyne, the other for the
returning journey.
• Iron Bridge over River Severn at
Coalbrooke (1779)
Abraham Darby III

This is referred to as the "Birthplace of

the Industrial Revolution" because of the
first iron bridge ever constructed in the
world.
Darby's grandfather, Abraham Darby I,
was the one who made the production of
Iron financially feasible by perfecting the
technique of smelting iron with coal rather
than coke. The bridge was built to
demonstrate the quality of the iron
produced by his grandfathers‘ process.
 Canal Aqueduct
• Ellesmere Canal
Thomas Telford 1806
This canal was constructed to provide a
waterway between the rivers Mersey,
Dee, and Severn, linking England with
Wales, particularly the ironworks.
Telford built 40 bridges in Shropshire and
was responsible for helping to understand
the
weight versus strength ratios of iron. Civil
engineering at this point was in its infancy.
This shows Telford's design to
produce troughs made of cast iron plates
that were fixed in masonry.
• Menai Suspension Bridge
Thomas Telford (1826)
Two designs were submitted earlier,
but this suspension bridge is the one
that got the contract. This was the
largest project of its size. It took six
years to build and was opened to traffic
in 1826. Still used for the A5 today and
is the only way to get to the ferry to
Ireland from Angelsey.
The bridge spans 580 feet. It was the
longest suspension bridge of the time.
• Clifton Suspension Bridge
I.K Brunel
This bridge was designed by Brunel to
span the Avon Gorge. Brunel was only 24 y.o
when his design for this bridge won the
competition and the bridge was set to be
built.
The chains and suspension rods are
made of wrought iron. The piers (towers)
are built principally of local pennant stone.
The bridge was started in 1831 but
halted when funds ran out. It was finally
completed in 1864 as a memorial to Brunel.
The bridge is held by chains, anchored
17m (55 feet) below the road. The road is
.91m (3 ft) higher on the Clifton side to
create a level appearance.
 Train Stations
• In the early 18th century most people and
goods traveled by horse drawn wagons and
coaches. By 1776 iron rail lines were being
built throughout England for wagons drawn by
horses.
• Most railway stations were built between
1800 and 1850. They were made of cast iron
and glass.
• Temple Meads Railway Station
Bristol (1840)
I. K. Brunel
Brunel was one of the first great railway
architects who opposed the translation of old styles
into new uses. He started a new attitude that would
make new designs according to the task.
The platforms of the Temple Meads Railway
Station are constructed of cast iron posts with iron
joists and cross bars. The roof of the platforms is
built much like a conservatory; large plates of glass
are supported by a web of interlocking iron bars.
Passengers are protected from the elements but
enjoy the light of day. As electricity had not yet
been invented, this made the platforms much safer
than an enclosed interior lit by gas would have
provided. The platforms were both safer and less
expensive to maintain than the traditional stagecoach
inns and stables.
• The main railway building
is brick with stone
detailing.
• This is then attached by
cast iron ribs to iron joists
along the ceiling.
Between the joists is
glass.
• The detailing of the stone
and brickwork is
medieval.
• While the platforms
and public areas in the
interior of the station
are revolutionary in
their use of space and
materials, the exterior
resembles a castle with
turrets, castellation,
iron cresting, and many
traditional civic
medieval details.
• Paddington Station (1854)
Brunel/Wyatt
The main lines and 213 m (699 ft)
long roof was designed by Brunel. The
architectural detailing was by his
associate Matthew Digby Wyatt.
The roof makes use of cast iron ribs
are often Gothic looking. The ribs spread
across the ceiling in a way that is not
dissimilar to the fan vaulting of the late
Gothic period.
The roof has cast iron trusses and
columnar supports.
• The detailing within the
station is distinctly
Victorian in nature. The
clocks supported by two
huge scroll consoles. The
columns are paneled
and decorated. The wall
has a continuing ornate
arcade.
• St. Pancras
St. Pancras Station in London
serviced the Midlands and perhaps
more importantly, 20 percent of
London's coal and a great deal of
London's beer.
• George Gilbert Scott was chosen as
the designer because his was the
most impressive façade. It was also
the most expensive at , £315,000
but the Midland Railway directors
were interested in getting an
impressive railway station before
the second huge International
Exhibition in London in 1862.
 Once iron and steel were used in the
profitable rail stations, it began to be used in
more fashionable buildings - churches, clubs,
private buildings and large houses with roofed
courtyards. Architects and engineers saw that
iron provided an advantage over masonry not
simply in terms of bulk, but also in terms of
economy. Cast-iron roofs started replacing
traditional wood roofs for safety as well as
durability. In 1839 the roof of Chartres
Cathedral was replaced.
• Galleria Vittorio Emmanuel II
(1865) Giuseppe Mengoni
Steel and glass were used to make
large lit areas and greenhouse-like roofs
which created covered streets. The most
spectacular of these is the Galleria in
Milan, just through the large triumphal
arch across from the cathedral.
Milan had the same cache 100 years
ago as it does today as the center for
fashionable society and fashion itself.
The galleria was built with English
money and technical expertise.
• The Galleria has a vast
cruciform plan with a
spectacular glass dome
at the crossing. The four
long arms meet in the
center with a 127 ft.
diameter dome, also in
glass. The center of the
dome reaches to 96
feet.
• Eiffel Tower (1887-1889)
Stephen Sauvestre
- is an iron lattice tower located on the
Champ de Mars in Paris. It was named after
the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company
designed and built the tower. Possibly the
most visited, definitely the most
conspicuous, monument in the world is the
Eiffel Tower built for the Paris Exposition of
1889.
Like Telford and Brunel, Eiffel
perfected his metal engineering skills
in bridge design before attempting this
300 meter monument.
Interestingly it is made out of
puddle iron, not steel.
• The Crystal Palace
(1850-1851; reconstructed 1852-
1854) Joseph Paxton
Victorian style building. A
cast iron and plate-glass
building originally erected in
Hyde Park, London, England,
to house the Great Exhibition
of 1851.
It was destroyed by fire on
November 30 1936.
• In America, the development of cheap, versatile steel in
the second half of the 19th century helped change the
urban landscape. The country was in the midst of rapid
social and economic growth that made for great
opportunities in architectural design. A much more
urbanized society was forming and the society called out
for new, larger buildings. By the middle of the 19th century
downtown areas in big cities began to transform
themselves with new roads and buildings to accommodate
the growth. The mass production of steel was the main
driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during
the mid 1880s.
• Steel framing was set into foundations of reinforced
concrete which is developed by Francois Hennebique,
concrete poured around a grid of steel rods (re-bar) or
other matrices to increase tensile strength in foundations,
columns and vertical slabs.
• The people in Midwestern America felt
less social pressure to conform to the
ways and styles of the architectural past.
By assembling a framework of steel
girders, architects and builders could
suddenly create tall, slender buildings
with a strong steel skeleton. The rest of
the building's elements — the walls,
floors, ceilings, and windows were
suspended from the load-bearing steel.
This new way of constructing buildings,
so-called "column-frame" construction,
pushed them up rather than out.
Building design in major urban centers
now placed a premium on vertical
space. Like the flying buttress of the
14th century, the steel weight-bearing
frame allowed not just for taller
buildings, but much larger windows,
which meant more daylight reaching
interior spaces. Interior walls became
thinner creating more usable floor
space.
• Prudential Building (1896)
Louis Sullivan
An early skyscraper in Buffalo, New York. It
was
completed in 1896 and was designed by Louis
Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. These is an early
example of column framing.
It’s tall, sleek brick veneer walls, large
windows and gently curved top pediment
ushers in a new century with the modern style
of the skyscraper.
For all of its new technology and design
innovations, The Prudential Building still holds
some forms from the past. A large arch hovers
over the main entrance and the brick façade has
extensive ornamentation.
REFERENCE:
• http://lookuparchitecture.com/historyindustrial.h
tm
• https://learn.canvas.net/courses/24/wiki/m9-
architecture-and-the-industrial-
revolution?module_item_id=44477
• http://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/06/02/i
mpact-of-industrial-revolution-on-architecture/
• www.slideshare.net/omarnene/architecture-
history-industrial-
revolution?v=qf2&b=&from_search=