INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE –
II
 The Great Inventions

• Balloons (1783)- by Mont Golfer (France)

• Steam Engine (1765)- by James Watt (England)
• Electric Battery (1807) – by Volta (Italy)
• Elevator (1852) – by Otis (America)
• Steel (1858) – by Bessemer (England)
• Electric Welding (1869) –by Thompson
(America)
 Technical progress and its influence

• Rapid economic & population growth

• Development took place in a great speed
• Material played an important role in architecture
• Materials and Process were new and building
had to adopt a quicker phase at site
• Prefabrication of components with new
materials like steel started
• New types of buildings
Technical progress and its influence

• An engineer became an architect (Boulton)

• An inventor became an architect (Watt) – steam
engine
• A gardener became an architect (Paxton) –
Crystal Palace
• Abraham Darby – the first man to produce cast
iron built a cast iron bridge near his factory in
Coal Brook Dale
• The commercial Railway network started in 1825
in Britain
• Cast iron replaced stone and wood
Technical progress and its influence

• Changed the social and economic patterns

of life
• First in Britain, then Europe, N. America
and throughout the world
• Modern time starts with the birth of
Industrial Revolution
• The Great Exhibitions held in London
(1851) and in Paris (1889) - triumphs of
Industrial Architecture
Technical progress and its influence

• World Fairs has been recognized rightly

for its symbolic role
• Various movements and styles like Neo-
Gothic, Neo-Romanesque, Neo-
Renaissance, Neo-Indian and movements
like Historicism, Eclecticism, and
Rationalism were all developed and
existed for a short period
Technical progress and its influence

• Ornamentation - clear in Paxton’s Crystal

Palace in England
 During 19th century, the purpose of the
building - determining factor
 The architecture was applied to bridges
and via ducts also
 All structures restricted - economic
necessity
 Technical progress and its influence

• The factories, workshops, depots, covered

markets, ware houses - result of economic and
functional necessity
• All structures - functional and had no
impressive features for exterior
MODERN MATERIALS

Bridges and Buildings

 Modern Materials
• 19th century engineers main interest -
construction, not ostentation or
ornamentation.
• American, British and French engineers
used iron and glass in daring and
imaginative ways
• They flooded building interiors with light.
They used iron in new ways, to support
vaulted roofs with slender, delicate piers.
 Iron and Glass
• Cast iron - as an important building
material.
• Its importance was due to 4 main factors.
– It was cheap.
– It was much more fire resistant than wood.
– It supported heavy loads.
– It was easy to manufacture.
 Iron Bridge, England

• First cast iron bridge in the world

• 1779 over the river Severn
• Iron Bridge - based on timber construction
Iron bridge ,ShropShire, England,1779 (Pritchard & Darby). Today the Iron
Bridge Appears both Strong & delicate ,Although Restricted to pedestrian
traffic now, it has with stood heavy floods and other natural forces for
over two hundred years
Abraham Darby III & Thomas Pritchard, Coalbrookdale Bridge,1779.
The bridge ha s supporting members made of iron ,the new material is
really treated like stone. It is configured as arches ,placing the iron
Completely in compression & ignoring its great strength in tension
 Menai Bridge, Wales
• Next important iron bridge
• Suspension bridge crossing the Menai Straits
• World’s longest spanning bridge at the time,
spanning between towers of 579ft.
• The single span is carried by two huge iron
chains on each side
Fig. Menai Bridge over Menai straits, Bangor , Wales, 1826
By Thomas Telford
Suspension Bridge achieve beauty through the absolute logic
of their use of materials . The great masonry pylons in
compression ,while the steel cables that support the road bed
are tension
CLIFTON BRIDGE, NEAR BRISTOL, ENGLAND
• By Isambard Brunel, 1864
• At the age of 24
• By winning a competition for a chain
bridge at Clifton near Bristol, England.
• One of the elegant bridges
• Bold and simple towers, serving their
function
Fig. Clifton Bridge, Near Bristol, England, completed, 1864
By Isambard Brunel
Clifton Bridge, England
 Eads Bridge, Missouri
• By James Eads, 1874
• Pioneer American bridge builder
• A monumental structure
• The first ever to make extensive use of
steel
• The first with tubular ribs and
• The first built entirely by cantilever
construction
Eads Bridge, St. Louis Missouri, 1874 James Eads . The Eads Railway Bridge
over the Mississippi at St. Louis rests on stone piers and was the first to use
tubular –framed arches , Its cantilever construction is unusual , achieved
with out supports below. Every part of its three 500-foot spans can be easily
removed and replaced.
 Brooklyn Bridge, New York

• By John and Washington Roebling, 1883

• Another suspension bridge.
• Bold and majestic and a superb monument.
Brooklyn Bridge New York,1883 By John & Washington Roebling,
Great piers of granite , strong in compression , join with steel
wires strong in tension ,to form one of the world’s Finest Bridges.
Brooklyn Bridge New York,1883 connecting Manhattan to Brooklyn over the
east river with1600 foot clear span designed by John Augustus Roebling &
constructed by his son Washington
ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
OF IRON AND STEEL
 Royal Pavilion in Brighton

• By John Nash, 1815

• An open frame work of cast iron and glass
• One of the earliest uses of cast iron in building
• A small pavilion was extended to make the present
building topped with onion domes and minarets
• The main cupola was built over a cast iron framework.
The interior columns are also made of cast iron.
• These cast Iron structural members were thin &
delicate compared to heavier construction in timber &
stone
Fig. Interior Royal pavilion, John Nash Personally designed the iron
work & carpentry that supports the ceilings in many rooms of the
royal pavilion, the capitals of the column illustrate cast irons
capabilities for delicate fantasy
 The Palm House, London

• By Richard Turner, 1848

• At Kew Gardens, near London - fine use
of iron and glass
• Curved exterior surfaces
• Slender frames
• Very thin mullions
• So the building was a success – light and
airy with glass roof
Fig. The Palm House, Kew Gardens, London, England, 1848 –
Richard Turner. Six stories high at the center, constructed entirely
of iron and glass. All the roofs are curved, and inside are high
balconies and spiral staircases of iron.
Fig. The Palm House, Kew
Gardens, London, England
Contribution of Great Exhibitions
• Two Great Exhibitions
• London – 1851 – Crystal Palace
• Paris – 1889 – Machine Hall and Eiffel Tower
• Great World Fairs conducted to celebrate
industry, commerce and arts
• Organized by the business world under the
royal patronage
• Dedication to the developments of industrial
capitalism
 Contribution of Great Exhibitions
• To house numerous exhibitors (whose exhibits
ranged from simple tools to railway engines and
power looms) huge pavilions had to be erected.
• Had to be erected quickly and to be dismantled
easily
• As cheap as possible
• So steel and glass used in the form of
prefabricated components
• Contributed a new building type
 The Crystal Palace
• Erected for the 1st World Fair in 1851
• Prince Albert Henry Cole - ordered to erect the
largest building in the world
• Designed by Joseph Paxton
• Paxton originally a gardener
• Famous for his self-taught – green houses
• Prefabricated elements and erected on site.
• Landmark of architectural design, anticipating later
industrial construction
 The Crystal Palace
• Huge transparent box like structure which was
glittering from exterior like a crystal.
• It measures nearly 1851’ long and 360’ wide
covering a minimum of 98,000 sq.m.
• Central transept is high enough to accommodate the
Hyde Park elms.
• First it was erected in Hyde Park. It was dismantled
and rebuilt in Sydenham Hill after some time. It was
destroyed by fire in 1936.
Fig. Joseph Paxton , Crystal Palace, London, The structure was
built with prefabricated parts that could be mass produced
and erected rapidly. It stood in stark contrast to
traditional ,massive stone constructions.
Fig. Joseph Paxton , Crystal Palace, London, Such structure l as this one cannot
be considered to be “Architecture “ by theorist and critic John Ruskin because
it lacked permanence . However, its light weight ,skeletal ,transparent
construction pointed to the future.
 Paris Exhibition – 1889
• The Machine Hall
• The Eiffel Tower
• Size and political significance.
• By the Third Republic to celebrate the
centenary of 1789 revolution
• To assert to the Europe about the power
and ideals of France
• A site was selected at the end of Champ-
de-Mars alongside of the Ecole military
The Machine Hall
 The Machine Hall

Fig. By Victor Contamin and Charles Louis Ferdinand

 The Machine Hall
• Huge covered shop to exhibit all machineries
• Without any obstructions inside
• Free from supports at centre and should be
totally lighted
• 425x115 meters (1380x380ft.)
• A structure of 20 huge steel arches established a
central nave and two side aisles
• Free vast area and uninterrupted covered space
 The Machine Hall
• The arches - span of 115m (380ft) shrunk
into thin points at their base
• Side aisles (gallery) at an elevated level
• Working machines kept as exhibits
• Destroyed by fire in 1900
 The Eiffel Tower
• Most popular building of 1889
exhibition.
• Symbolic and size
• Idea - 300m tower was then
circulating in Europe and
America (1000 ft)
• The Third Republic - as a
good idea -to impress the
visitors
• A competition was held &
Gustave Eiffel’s design won ,
Eiffel started his design in
1884
• Himself supervised the construction
• Supplied the metal elements from his own
factory
• Invested in the project
• The total height of this tower is 300m (984ft)
• Triumph of mathematical calculation and site
organization
• Lower part with huge perforated arches on all
four sides between four legs
• Today a landmark for Paris city
 ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM
• The progress of industry and commerce in particularly the
development of the railway and of commercial distribution
centers required a new type of public buildings
 The literature and criticism had a greater influence on
architecture
• John Ruskin’s the world famous articles such as:
– Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)
– Lamp of Truth
– The Stones of Venice
– Architectural Criticism (1870)
 Paddington Station, London

• By Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1850

• Designed bridges, railways and ships was
also the designer of Paddington Station in
London in 1850.
• Cast iron and mass produced glass.
• Covered a large area cheaply and effectively
without massive foundations
Fig. The London railroad stations were one off the largest & finest
iron & glass structures of the 19th century. As in Paddington station,
they were built to cover iron pillars. The very simplicity of
construction achieved an aesthetic result.
Fig. The details of Paddington's Iron work merely appear
decorative at first , but they are structurally functional. The
petal-forms on the ribs serve to reinforce them,& the built up
capitals at top of the pillars serve as bases for the side beams
The Bibliotheque Genevieve, 1850 Bibliotheque Nationale, 1868

• By Henri Labrouste
• Two French libraries
• Built with Iron and glass
• Designed with daring and imagination.
Fig. Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris iron construction with slim
pillars in pairs, generous skylights flood the room with light
 The Bibliotheque Genevieve

Fig. Bibliotheque, Nationale, Paris – Labrouste’s reading room reading room for
this library lies in the center of the plan while the attenuated proportions of
the cast iron columns were new , the domical vaults were based on traditional
masonary forms
 The Bibliotheque Genevieve
The Library of Sainte Genevieve in Paris is a classical
building with lofty interior spaces created by the
very early use of Iron .

Although the outer walls , vaulted roofs, & the

columns which all are wrought or cast iron .

The long rectangular building contained both an

upper & lower reading room .
Fig. The reading room of the Bibliotheque Genevieve
is a great double barrel vaulted hall
Fig, Henri Labrouste’s, Bibliotheque Ste-Genevieve, Paris
1842-50. The reading room is spanned with two sets of cast-
iron arches supported down the center line by slender cast iron
columns set atop masonary piers
 Menier Chocolate Works, Paris
Jules Saulnier - 1872
• By French engineer Jules Saulnier.
• Erected in the middle of the Marne river.
• Was the first all Iron –Frame building
• Saulnier gave artistic expression to the
diagonal bracing & structurally, made the
building’s skin in to a lattice truss.
Fig. Menier Chocolate Works, Noisiel- Sur- Marne,France,1872
Fig. Menier Chocolate Works, Noisiel- Sur- Marne,France,1872