Birth of

Modern-
Architecture
Industrial Revolution :
1750 - 1900
Pre Industrial Era :

Pre Romanesque : 500 - 1000

Romanesque : 600 - 1100
Gothic Architecture : 1200 - 1600
Renaissance Architecture : 1400 - 1600
Baroque Architecture : 1600- 1800
Etc.
Parthenon,
Athens, Greece
447 – 432 B.C
L'église de la Madeleine
Paris, France
1828
- Distinguished ornamental characteristics
- Monumentality
- Gravity based construction (self weight of materials)
- Excessive use of stone and bricks
- Hand Production
- Labour Intensive
- Time Consuming
Industrial Revolution :
1750 – 1900
Britain
Radical changes at every
level of civilization :

From an Agrarian Handicraft Economy

to -

one dominated by industry and machines

manufacture
Mechanisation, Sciences, Demand for Products,
Migration to Cities, Efficiency

MATERIAL SOCIAL CULTURAL

Steam Engine, James Watt
1785

Before steam power, most factories and mills were powered by water, wind, horse, or man. Birth to railways, steam boats etc.
Age of New Materials –

Cast iron

Wrought Iron

Glass
Cast Iron

Gardners Warehouse,
Glassglow, 1856
Complete facade done in cast iron. Four times more resistant to compression as stone. Windows
larger than ever before
Wrought Iron

Eads bridge,
St. Louis, 1868
Wrought iron good tensile properties. Found application in the construction of bridges
Glass

The Crystal Palace

London, 1851
The Crystal Palace was a glass and cast iron structure built in London,
England, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The building was designed by Sir Joseph
Paxton, an architect and gardener, and revealed breakthroughs in architecture,
construction and design.
The Eifell Tower
Paris, 1889

Constructed from 1887–1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair. Made of puddling iron (wrought iron)
King Cross Railway Station
London, 1852
St Pancras Railway Station
London, 1864 - 68
Brooklyn Bridge
New York, 1869 – 83

Cable Stayed suspension bridge

New Aesthetic and Typologies
- Lighter Structures
- Open Plans
- Wider Spans
- Large Windows
- Exploration of form
- Quicker construction techniques
- Lesser ornamentation
- Cost effective
Home Insurance Building
Chicago, 1885

Designed by  William Le Baron Jenney The building was completed in 1885 in Chicago, Illinois. The building is
generally noted as the first tall building to be supported both inside and outside by a fireproof structural steel
and metal frame, which included reinforced concrete. Often called the worlds First Skyscraper.
Great Chicago Fire

The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to Tuesday,

October 10, 1871. The fire killed up to 300 people, destroyed roughly 3.3 square miles (9 km2)
of Chicago, Illinois, and left more than 100,000 residents homeless.
The First Chicago School of Architecture

Rebuilding of Chicago city:

- Fire proof structures

- Taller Buildings for escalating land prices
- Efficient use of Elevators
- Thick Masonry walls replaced by curtain walls
- Steel Frame Construction
- Birth of Skyscrapers
The First Chicago School of Architecture

Henry Hobson Richardson

Dankmar Adler, Daniel Burnham
William Holabird
William LeBaron Jenney
Martin Roche
John Root
Solon S. Beman
Louis Sullivan
The Sullivan Centre The Chicago Building
Chicago, 1899 Chicago, 1905

Designed by   Louis Sullivan, Burnham, Daniel H. & Co. Designed by   Holabird & Roche
Steel and Metal Frame
.
The Chicago School window grid
.
The phrase "form follows function"
was coined by architect Louis H. Sullivan
in his 1896 essay "The Tall Office
Building Artistically Considered.“

-The statement refers to the idea that a

skyscraper's exterior design should reflect the
different interior functions.
The Prudential Building
Buffalo, USA, 1896

Designed by   Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler

The Prairie Style

Frank Lloyd Wright started in the firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his
own Prairie Style of architecture. It emerged in Chicago around the early 1900.

They embraced Sullivan’s architectural theories, which called for non-derivative, distinctly
American architecture rooted in nature, with a sense of place, but also incorporated modern
elements, like flat planes and stylized ornamentation.
FL Wright’s Home
Illinois,1896

Designed by   Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler

Robie House
Chicago,1910
Prairie buildings are, as Wright said, “married to the ground.” They
celebrate the long, low landscape of the Midwest. Their most defining
characteristic is their emphasis on the horizontal rather than the
vertical. They spread out over their lots, featuring flat or shallow
hipped roof lines, rows of windows, overhanging eaves and bands
of stone, wood or brick across the surface.
The Bahaus School

was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined

crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that
it publicized and taught.

In 1913, Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus, argued that: "The new
times demand their own expression. Exactly stamped from form devoid of all
accident, clear contrasts, the ordering of members, the arrangement of like part in
series, unity of form and colour…"
Bauhaus building in Dessau
- Industry and mass production over craftsmanship

-Form follows function

-True materials (Modern materials – steel, glass and concrete)

-Minimalist style

-Uniting art and technology

- ‘Gesamtkunstwerk’ - a synthesis of arts

- Focus on Product design – chairs, lamps etc.

The White City refers to a collection of over 4,000 buildings built in
a unique form of the Bauhaus or International Style in Tel
Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who immigrated to
the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the
largest number of buildings in the Bauhaus/International Style of any city in the
world.
Mies Van Der Rohe

Headed Bahaus between 1930 – 1933

Became the director of Illinois Institute of Technology iin 1938
IIT, Chicago
1952
Barcrelona Pavilion

Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, was the German Pavilion for the 1929 International
Exposition in Barcelona, Spain
Farnsworth House
Chicago, 1945 - 51

By Mies Van Der Rohe

Glass House
Connecticut, 1949

By Phillip Johnson
Villa Savoy
Poissy, Paris,1931

By Le Corbusier
 Art Nouveau (1890 – 190)

Hotel Tassel, Brussels, Belgium1893-94

Designed by Victor Horta, the details are inspired from natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants
and flowers.
 Art Nouveau (1890 – 190)

Casa Battlo, Barcelona by Antonio Gaudi

1904
Art Nouveau (1890 – 190)

Paris metro Lamp by Louis Comfort Doorway of the Lavirotte

station entrance. Tiffany (1900) Building(1901)
 Art Deco (1920-30)

Chrysler Building, New York

1930

Designed by Van Alen, it is an Art Deco style Skycraper.

Art Deco took its name, short for Arts Décoratifs, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in
Paris in 1925. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological
progress.
the new buildings had clean lines,
rectangular forms, and no
decoration on the facades; they
marked a clean break with the art
nouveau style.

It was during the Roaring twenties (1920’s), a

phrase used to define the social, artistic and
cultural dynamism, that art deco gained
momentum.
the new buildings had clean lines,
rectangular forms, and no
decoration on the facades; they
marked a clean break with the art
nouveau style.

The Tall Office Building Artistically

Considered - ‘Form Follows Function’