18th-19th C: Revival

• Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete

by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit

Social and Political changes:

• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions – American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
• Professionals and businessmen

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE • Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
• Growth of communications
INDIAN • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
CHINESE & JAPANESE • International exhibitions of science and industry
machines and innovative processes helped change
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
 18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:

• The need to create an imposing effect – research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMATH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles

• “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials

• Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)

Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new

materials became available for building:
• structural iron and cast-iron
• iron and glass
• zinc The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
• steel • Designed by Isambard Brunel
• reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret • Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST New building types:

EGYPTIAN • Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
GREEK • Houses of Parliament
ROMAN • Railways and Transport Stations – spread all over
EARLY CHRISTIAN Europe
BYZANTINE • Museums – took the place of aristocratic private
ROMANESQUE collections of art
GOTHIC • Department Stores – in Paris, London, Brussels, other St. George's Hall, Liverpool
RENAISSANCE commercial areas • Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations, • Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
20TH C MODERN Exhibition Halls

ISLAMIC
New emerging style:
INDIAN • The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
FILIPINO • led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
• furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc – decorated City Hall, Swansea
with repeating stylized floral patterns • Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
 18th-19th C: Revival

Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs

NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
 18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:

1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance

ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)

• Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in Britain
• An art free of any historical style

The Votivkirche, Vienna

• Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE • Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
ROMANESQUE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
GOTHIC • Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
RENAISSANCE • Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Versions:
• France – Le Modern Style
ISLAMIC
• Germany – Jugendstil
INDIAN • Austria – Sezessione
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Italy – Stile Liberty
FILIPINO • Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
 18th-19th C: Revival

The Schauspielhaus, Berlin

• Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel

The Opera House, Paris

• Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
 18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow

The Palau Guell, Barcelona

• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
BYZANTINE • Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
 18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President’s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• Neo-Classic elements • English Palladian style

FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

• Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles

SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)

1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright

2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes • Palladian style

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

• Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame

NEAR EAST construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
EGYPTIAN • Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
GREEK contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Robie House, Chicago
ISLAMIC
• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
FILIPINO • First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin

• Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 18th-19th C: Revival

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
 18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival

The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,

Illinois
• Designed by HH Richardson

The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois

• Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
• Neo-Byzantine interior

The Reliance Building, Chicago

• Designed by Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
• Designed by Daniel Burnham

The Second Leiter Building, Chicago

• Metal-framed building

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

The Gace Building, Chicago

NEAR EAST • Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
EGYPTIAN
GREEK The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
ROMAN • Designed by Louis Sullivan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
GOTHIC • Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Woolworth Building, NY
20TH C MODERN • Designed by Cass Gilbert
• Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO
Empire State Building
• Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
• 85 storeys