1.

Analyze Sample Data

Using sample data, find the degrees of freedom, expected frequency counts, test
statistic, and the P-value associated with the test statistic.

2. Interpret Results
If the sample findings are unlikely, given the null hypothesis, the researcher rejects
the null hypothesis. Typically, this involves comparing the P-value to the significance
level and rejecting the null hypothesis when the P-value is less than the significance
level.

Test of Independence
The chi-square (x^2) test of independence is used to test for a relationship
between two categorical variables. Recall that if two categorical variables are
independent, then P(A) = P (A |B). The chi-square test of independence uses this fact to
compute expected values for the cells in a two-way contingency table under the
assumption that the two variables are independent (i.e., the null hypothesis is true).

Even if two variables are independent in the population, samples will vary due
to random sampling variation. The chi-square test is used to determine if there is
evidence that the two variables are not independent in the population using the same
hypothesis testing logic that we used with one mean, one proportion, etc.
Again, we will be using the five-step hypothesis testing procedure:

1. Check assumptions and write hypotheses.

The assumptions are that the sample is randomly drawn from the population and
that all expected values are at least 5 (we will see what expected values are later).
Our hypotheses are:
H_0: There is not a relationship between the two variables in the population (they
are independent)
H_(a:)There is a relationship between the two variables in the population (they are
dependent)
 Note: When you're writing the hypotheses for a given scenario, use the names of
the variables, not the generic "two variables."

2. Calculate an appropriate test statistic

Chi-Square Test Statistic
x^2=∑〖(Observed-Expected) 〗^2/Expected
Expected Cell Value
E= (row total ×column total)/n

3. Determine the p-value

The p-value can be found using Minitab. Look up the area to the right of your chi-
square test statistic on a chi-square distribution with the correct degrees of
freedom. Chi-square tests are always right-tailed tests.
Degrees of Freedom: Chi-Square Test of Independence
df = (number of rows-1) (number of columns-1)

4. Make a decision
If p≤α reject the null hypothesis.
If p>α   fail to reject the nul