Technical Calculation

TCR
MU-2 MU-1
Document scope generally outside A&M remit. General
comments made on following pages.
Status assigned by A&M is subject to Inhabit comments and

status
Technical Calculation
Report
E1 UAL Tower – Elephant & Castle Town Centre
Structural Calculation – Façade EWS01
Ref.: TND.05, SYS.04 Form: 100VV-TD-TCR rev.00 dated 20 Mar 2020
Technical Calculation Report E1 UAL Tower

ETC-PUL-E1-ZZ-CS-X-00201
Rev. C0 File: ETC-PUL-E1-ZZ-CS-X-00201-C0 Page 1 / 268
TCR
DOCUMENT VERIFICATIONS
Rev. Date Description Prepared by Checked by Approved by Authorized by
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
C1
C0 30 May 2022 First issue A. Talamini A. Favero M. Basile E. Dal Borgo
MU-5 MU-3
MU-4
Inhabit Comments:
Refer to comments in the report.
Permasteelisa S.p.A.
Viale Enrico Mattei 21/23 – 31029 Vittorio Veneto (TV)
Italy
+39 0438 505000
www.Permasteelisagroup.com
info@Permasteelisagroup.com

TCR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. General Description __________________________________________________ 7

2. References ___________________________________________________________ 8
System drawings............................................................................................ 8
Project specifications ..................................................................................... 8
Regulations and standards ............................................................................ 8
3. Façade configurations _____________________________________________ 10
Façade configurations .................................................................................. 10
Framing sections properties ......................................................................... 11
Framing material ........................................................................... 11
List of extruded profiles ................................................................. 11
4. Movements and tolerances ________________________________________ 22
Building movements ..................................................................................... 22
Slab deflection .............................................................................. 22
Axial shortening ............................................................................ 23
Curtain wall movements ............................................................................... 25
Aluminium profiles thermal movements ........................................ 25
GRC panels thermal movements .................................................. 26
Tolerances ................................................................................................... 27
Manufacturing tolerances.............................................................. 27
Installation tolerances ................................................................... 27
Stack-joint accommodation of vertical movements ...................................... 28
Stack-joint of aluminium profiles ................................................... 28
Horizontal joint of GRC panels...................................................... 29
Effects of building movements on curtain wall façade .................................. 30
5. Loads _______________________________________________________________ 33
Dead loads ................................................................................................... 33
Alignment forces ........................................................................... 33
Wind loads ................................................................................................... 34
Wind load distribution on multiple skin walls ................................. 34
Imposed loads.............................................................................................. 34
Horizontal occupancy loads .......................................................... 34
Vertical imposed loads .................................................................. 34
Maintenance loads ....................................................................................... 35
Climatic loads (isochoric pressure) .............................................................. 35
Snow loads .................................................................................................. 35
6. Verification of glass ________________________________________________ 36
Glass resistance .......................................................................................... 37
Design value for strength of annealed glass ................................. 37
Design value for strength of toughened glass ............................... 37
PVB interlayer behaviour ............................................................................. 38
Load combinations ....................................................................................... 39

TCR
Glass GL-01 verification ............................................................................... 41

Glass deflection analysis .............................................................. 41
Glass strength analysis ................................................................. 42
Glass thermal stress assessment ................................................. 43
Glass GL-01C verification ............................................................................ 44
Glass deflection analysis .............................................................. 44
Glass strength analysis ................................................................. 45
Sealant ......................................................................................................... 46
Structural sealant .......................................................................... 46
Secondary sealant ........................................................................ 48
Glass supports ............................................................................................. 49
7. Verification of sandwich panel ____________________________________ 51
FEM calculation model ................................................................................. 52
Verification of metal sheet deflection ........................................................... 53
Verification of metal sheet stress ................................................................. 54
Verification of metal sheets fixings ............................................................... 55
8. Verification of framing members __________________________________ 56
Loads on FEM model ................................................................................... 60
Verification of vertical profiles deflection ...................................................... 73
Verification of horizontal profiles deflection .................................................. 75
Out-of-plane deflection under wind loads ..................................... 75
In-plane deflection ........................................................................ 76
Out-of-plane deflection under imposed loads ............................... 78
Verification of profiles stress ........................................................................ 79
PA100 – Male mullion ................................................................... 79
PA101 – Female mullion ............................................................... 84
PA200 – Head transom................................................................. 89
PA201 – Sill transom .................................................................... 93
PA202 – Intermediate transom ..................................................... 94
PA303 – Horizontal reveal support profile..................................... 98
9. Verification of GRC cladding structures __________________________ 101
Verification of GRC deflection .................................................................... 101
Verification of GRC stress .......................................................................... 102
Verification of GRC fixings ......................................................................... 103
Verification of the M6 stainless steel A2-70 grub screw .............. 104
Verification of the “keil” system ................................................... 105
Verification of profiles composing GRC structure....................................... 106
PA304 – GRC structure profile ................................................... 106
PA324 – GRC fixing profile ......................................................... 110
Verification of GRC structure fixings .......................................................... 114
Verification of aluminium 6082-T6 blades ................................... 115
Verification of M12 stainless steel A2-70 bolts............................ 119
Verification of M10 stainless steel A2-70 bolts............................ 124
10. Verification of reveals ____________________________________________ 129

TCR
FEM calculation models ............................................................................. 130

Verification of reveals deflection ................................................................ 133
Verification of reveals stress ...................................................................... 134
Verification of reveals fixings...................................................................... 135
11. Verification of metal sheet _______________________________________ 136
FEM calculation model ............................................................................... 137
Verification of metal sheets deflection ........................................................ 138
Verification of metal sheets stress ............................................................. 139
Verification of metal sheets fixings ............................................................. 140
12. Verification of openable vent panel ______________________________ 142
Verification of the whole panel fixings ........................................................ 144
Aluminium sheet ......................................................................... 146
Steel sheet .................................................................................. 147
Verification of metal sheets deflection ........................................................ 149
Aluminium sheet ......................................................................... 149
Steel sheet .................................................................................. 150
Verification of metal sheets stress ............................................................. 151
Aluminium sheet ......................................................................... 151
Steel sheet .................................................................................. 152
Verification of metal sheets fixings ............................................................. 153
Aluminium sheet ......................................................................... 153
Steel sheet .................................................................................. 154
13. Verification of stack-joint connection ____________________________ 155
Verification of the blade of female mullion ................................................. 158
Verification of the blade of male mullion .................................................... 159
14. Verification of fixing system ______________________________________ 160
Loads ......................................................................................................... 162
Dead loads.................................................................................. 162
Wind and imposed loads ............................................................ 163
FEM model of component 1 and 2 .............................................. 170
FEM model of component 4 ........................................................ 173
Verification of component 1: M12 stainless steel A2-70 screws on T-bracket
177
Verification of component 2: Aluminium 6082-T6 T-bracket....................... 179
Verification of component 3: M8 stainless steel A2-70 grub screw ............ 180
Verification of component 4: Aluminium 6082-T6 slab bracket .................. 181
Verification of component 5: HILTI HAC50 anchor channel ....................... 182
Verification of the eccentric channel ........................................... 203
15. Annex A: RFI-000006 Response __________________________________ 224
16. Annex B: Dead load calculations _________________________________ 229
Vision w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4 ............................. 229

TCR
Vision w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4 ............. 230

Vision - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4 ............................................. 230
Vision - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4.............................. 231
Openable Vent @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm....................................... 231
Openable Vent - 875 x 4000 mm ............................................................... 232
Vision w/ Fascia - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4 .......................... 232
Vision w/ Fascia - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4 .......... 233
Vision - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4 .......................................... 233
Vision - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4........................... 234
Fixed Panel @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm ........................................... 234
Fixed Panel - 875 x 4000 mm .................................................................... 235
Vertical Recesses @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm .................................. 235
Vertical Recesses - 875 x 4000 mm .......................................................... 236
Vertical Recesses w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm ........................................ 237
Vertical Recesses - 1375 x 4000 mm ........................................................ 238
17. Annex C: Mepla calculation reports relevant pages _____________ 239
GL-01 ......................................................................................................... 239
Load combinations with Maintenance Load and Barrier Distributed
Load ............................................................................................ 245
GL-01C ...................................................................................................... 249
Load combinations with Maintenance Load and Barrier Distributed
Load ............................................................................................ 255
18. Annex D: Glass thermal assessment _____________________________ 258
19. Annex E: Technical data sheet of GRC ___________________________ 266
20. Annex F: Typical rigid PVC datasheet ____________________________ 267
21. Annex G: 3M biadhesive tape datasheet _________________________ 268

TCR
1. General Description
The aim of this report is to provide the structural verifications for the curtain-wall system type EWS01
of the project E1 UAL Tower, located in London.
Figure 1: Detail of E1 UAL Tower
The information in this report is based on the cladding specifications and references as listed in §2, and
where needed supplemented with additional requirements from other standards and building
regulations.
Structural calculations are supported by FEM software Strand7, R.2.4.6.

MU-6
INH-01: TCR
Refer to Inhabit's comments on this report.
2. References
The calculation in this report is based on document ETC-PUL-E1-ZZ-CS-X-00100 “Basis of Design”
and where needed supplemented with additional requirements from other standards and building
regulations.
System drawings
The MU-7
system drawings relevant to the understanding of this Technical Report are the following:
MU-8
• ETC-PUL-E1-ZZ-DR-X-25100 and relevant details
Project specifications
The façade specifications used as main reference are the following documents:
• ETC-INH-ZZ-ZZ-SP-A-4001 Façade Performance Specification
• ETC-INH-ZZ-ZZ-SP-A-4002 GFRC Performance Specification
• ETC-INH-E1-XX-SC-A-4001 E1 Façade Performance Schedule
• 8416-RPT-FC4001 Stage 4 Façade Report
• ETC-AAM-E1-XX-SP-A-104210 EES: External Envelope Systems
Regulations and standards

Category Standards and documents
BS EN 1990:2002
Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
+ A1:2005
BS EN 1990/NA:2005 UK National Annex to BS EN 1990:2002
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General
BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for
buildings
BS EN 1991-1-3:2003 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General
+ A1:2015 actions - Snow loads
BS EN 1991-1-3/NA:2005 UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-3:2003
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. - Part 1-4: General
+ A1:2010 actions - Wind actions
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 4:
Eurocode BS EN 1992-4:2018
Design of fastenings for use in concrete
BS EN 1992-4/NA:2018 UK National Annex to BS EN 1992-4:2018
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1:
+ A1:2014 General rules and rules for buildings
BS EN 1993-1-4:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-4:
+ A2:2020 General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steels
Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8:
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005
Design of joints
BS EN 1999-1-1:2007 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures – Part 1-1:
+ A2:2013 General structural rules and rules for buildings
BS 6180:2011 Barriers in and about buildings - Code of practice

TCR
Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions

BS EN 10088-2:2014 for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for
general purposes
BS EN 13830:2015
Curtain walling - Product standard
+ A1:2020
Agglomerated stone. Test methods Determination of
BS EN 14617-2:2016
flexural strength (bending)
Other
Glass in building - Determination of the load resistance
British BS EN 16612:2019
of glass panes by calculation and testing
Standards
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Sheet, strip and plate
BS EN 485-2:2016
- Part 2: Mechanical properties
Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass
BS EN 572-1:2004 products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical and
mechanical properties
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Extruded rod/bar,
BS EN 755-2:2016
tube and profiles - Part 2: Mechanical properties
Other DIN 18008:2010 Glass in building – Design and construction rules
European
EOTA ETAG002:2012 Structural sealant glazing systems (SSGS)
Standards
Guidance on the Actions on non-loadbearing building
CWCT
British envelopes
Guidelines Impact performance of building envelopes: guidance on
CWCT Technical Note No 75
on specification
Façades Impact performance of building envelopes: method for
CWCT Technical Note No 76
impact testing of cladding panels
British
Structural Use of Glass in Guideline published by The Institution of Structural
Guidelines
Buildings: 2014 Engineers
on Glass
Finite element program specially developed to perform
static and dynamic calculations of glass structures.
SJ Mepla Glass Software
Finite Website: www.mepla.net
element Email: info@mepla.net
analysis A general-purpose Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
Strand7 Non-linear
software system for structural analysis and heat transfer.
Note: In Italy, Strand7 is
Website: www.strand7.com
marketed as Straus7
Email: info@strand7.com

TCR
3. Façade configurations
Façade configurations
The façade EWS01 is a unitized curtain wall façade with aluminium mullions and transoms, with glass
or spandrel infills. The typical height of the panel is 4000mm, while the typical widths are 1375mm
(vision panel) and 875mm (openable vent panel). Every other level, a horizontal “fascia” is created with
horizontal GRC elements 2240mm wide. Other GRC elements are also installed outside spandrel
panels to provide the architectural intent.
Here below the various types of curtain wall panels included in EWS01 façade:
• Vision panels, with and without Fascia
• Spandrel panels with openable vent and GRC elements
• Spandrel fixed panels with GRC elements
• Spandrel fixed panels with vertical recesses and GRC elements, with and without Fascia
Figure 2: partial elevation of EWS01 façade

TCR
Framing sections properties

Framing material
All the profiles are extruded profiles in aluminium alloy 6063-T6.
List of extruded profiles
The following table resumes the profiles which compose the framing of the curtain wall panels.
Profile name Profile utilization Reference

PA100 Male mullion §3.2.2.1
PA101 Female mullion §3.2.2.2
PA200 Head transom §3.2.2.3
PA201 Sill transom §3.2.2.4
PA202 Intermediate transom §3.2.2.5
PA303 Horizontal reveal support §3.2.2.6
PA304 GRC structure profile §3.2.2.7
PA324 GRC fixing profile §3.2.2.8
In following paragraphs, the mechanical properties of the profiles are presented, as well as effective
properties of reduced sections according to §6.1.4 of BS EN 1999-1-1 for relevant profiles.

TCR
3.2.2.1 PA100 – Male mullion
According to §6.1.4 of BS EN 1999-1-1, the profile is classified as class 4 with respect to bending
about z axis and x axis. Here below the relevant effective properties and flanges classification.

TCR
1) Outstand element under

uniform compression.
b = 21.0 mm
t = 2.2 mm
y1 = 96.2 mm
y2 = 89.1 mm
f0 = 170 MPa
β=b/t = 9.55
ε= (250y1/f0y2)1/2 = 1.26
β1/ε = 3
β2/ε = 4.5
β3/ε = 6
β3<β Class 4
Equivalent thickness
Unsymmetrical section
β/ε = 7.58
120/(β/ε)2 = 2.09
ρc = 0.9
teq = 1.98 mm
1) Outstand element under 2) Outstand element under

stress gradient. stress gradient.
b = 21.0 mm b = 35.5 mm
t = 2.0 mm t = 2.2 mm
y0 = 19.0 mm y0 = 12.5 mm
yc = 40.0 mm yc = 48.0 mm
f0 = 170 MPa f0 = 170 MPa
ψ = 0.47 ψ = 0.26
η = 0.84 η = 0.78
β=ηb/t = 8.92 β=ηb/t = 12.56
ε= (250/f0)1/2 = 1.21 ε= (250/f0)1/2 = 1.21
β1/ε = 3 β1/ε = 3
β2/ε = 4.5 β2/ε = 4.5
β3/ε = 6 β3/ε = 6
β3<β Class 4 β3<β Class 4
Equivalent thickness Equivalent thickness
Unsymmetrical section Unsymmetrical section
β/ε = 7.35 β/ε = 10.35
120/(β/ε)2 = 2.22 120/(β/ε)2 = 1.12
ρc = 0.92 ρc = 0.74
teq = 1.82 mm teq = 1.63 mm

TCR
3.2.2.2 PA101 – Female mullion
about z axis and x axis. Here below the relevant effective properties and flanges classification.

TCR

uniform compression. uniform compression.
b = 22.5 mm b = 30.3 mm
t = 2.5 mm t = 2.2 mm
y1 = 100.5 mm y1 = 100.5 mm
y2 = 99.2 mm y2 = 41.9 mm
f0 = 170 MPa f0 = 170 MPa
β=b/t = 9 β=b/t = 13.77
ε= (250y1/f0y2)1/2 = 1.22 ε= (250y1/f0y2)1/2 = 1.88
β1/ε = 3 β1/ε = 3
β2/ε = 4.5 β2/ε = 4.5
β3/ε = 6 β3/ε = 6
β/ε = 7.38 β/ε = 7.33
120/(β/ε)2 = 2.21 120/(β/ε)2 = 2.23
ρc = 0.91 ρc = 0.92
teq = 2.29 mm teq = 2.02 mm
2) Outstand element under

stress gradient.
b = 30.3 mm
t = 2.2 mm
y0 = -2.7 mm
yc = 27.6 mm
f0 = 170 MPa
ψ = -0.1
η = 0.67
β=ηb/t = 9.24
ε= (250/f0)1/2 = 1.21
β1/ε = 3
β2/ε = 4.5
β3/ε = 6
β3<β Class 4
Equivalent thickness
Unsymmetrical section
β/ε = 7.62
120/(β/ε)2 = 2.07
ρc = 0.9
teq = 1.98 mm

TCR
3.2.2.3 PA200 – Head transom

TCR
3.2.2.4 PA201 – Sill transom
about x axis. Here below the relevant effective properties and flanges classification.

TCR

stress gradient. stress gradient.
b = 45.0 mm b = 45.5 mm
t = 2.5 mm t = 2.5 mm
y0 = -15.8 mm y0 = -15.8 mm
yc = 29.2 mm yc = 29.7 mm
f0 = 170 MPa f0 = 170 MPa
ψ = -0.54 ψ = -0.53
η = 0.54 η = 0.54
β=ηb/t = 9.69 β=ηb/t = 9.85
ε= (250/f0)1/2 = 1.21 ε= (250/f0)1/2 = 1.21
β1/ε = 3 β1/ε = 3
β2/ε = 4.5 β2/ε = 4.5
β3/ε = 6 β3/ε = 6
β/ε = 7.99 β/ε = 8.12
120/(β/ε)2 = 1.88 120/(β/ε)2 = 1.82
ρc = 0.88 ρc = 0.87
teq = 2.19 mm teq = 2.17 mm

TCR
3.2.2.5 PA202 – Intermediate transom

TCR
3.2.2.6 PA303 – Horizontal reveal support

TCR
3.2.2.7 PA304 – GRC structure profile
3.2.2.8 PA324 – GRC fixing profile

TCR
4. Movements and tolerances

Building movements
Building movements are a result of loads acting on the building (structure). In relation to the cladding,
these loads need to be divided into two categories:
1. Loads that generate movements before and during the installation of the cladding
2. Loads that generate movements after the installation of the cladding
Examples of type 1 loads are extra loading because of ongoing construction works on higher levels and
dead load of the cladding. Examples of type 2 loads are wind load, dead load of internal finishes and
crowd loading.
The curtain wall panels will allow for the movements of the building.
Type 1 movements are absorbed during the cladding installation, with anchor channels into the concrete
slab, slotted holes on the slab brackets, grub screws for vertical regulation on the T-brackets.
Type 2 movements act after the cladding installation, therefore the joints between the panels are
designed to cater for them.
MU-9
Slab deflection OK
The following paragraph is in accordance with clause 234 of document ETC-WSP-E1-XX-RP-S-
1000_02 “Building E1 (UAL) movement and tolerance reports” and responses to the RFI-000006
“Maximum movements of the main structure that Curtain Wall has to accommodate” (Annex A: RFI-
000006 Response).
Differential slab deflection between adjacent floors due to superimposed permanent loads applied after
the installation of cladding plus variable loads (this includes elastic instantaneous deflections due to
finishes plus variable load, plus the long-term effects of these loads and self-weight) is:
Δ𝐿𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚

TCR
MU-10
Axial shortening OK
The following values are in accordance with document ETC-WSP-E1-XX-RP-S-2000_03 “Building E1
(UAL) axial shortening & vertical movement report”.

TCR
Therefore, in accordance with Table 2, the differential vertical movements due to axial shortening are
summarized here (only edge columns have been considered).
Therefore, according to previous tables of calculations, the maximum values are:
Level 11 Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 1.5𝑚𝑚

Typical Level Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 2.6𝑚𝑚
Note that the value 4.1 mm is discarded because it’s referred to ground floor on Northeast façade
where there is no EWS-01.

TCR
Curtain wall movements

Aluminium profiles thermal movements
Thermal expansion and contraction of aluminium profiles are calculated according to the following:
Δ𝐿𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝛼 ∗ 𝐿0 ∗ Δ𝑇
Where:
𝛼 = 23 ∗ 10−6 𝐾 −1 aluminium thermal coefficient according to BS EN 1999-1-1, §3.2.5
𝐿0 initial profile length
Δ𝑇 = (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 )/2 − 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 uniform temperature variation of the profile as per BS EN 1991-1-5
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 temperature of curtain wall profile external surface
𝑇𝑖𝑛 temperature of curtain wall profile internal surface
𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 18°𝐶 temperature of curtain wall profile at production time
4.2.1.1 Thermal expansion

According to §4.2.1, thermal expansion of aluminium profiles is the following:
Level 11 𝐿0 = 5250𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.68𝑚𝑚

Typical Level 𝐿0 = 4000𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2.81𝑚𝑚
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑇5 = 77.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.2, dark surfaces
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇1 = 20.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.1
Where:
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 35.0°𝐶 maximum shade air temperature according to Figure NA.2 of
BS EN 1991-1-5/NA:2007
𝑇5 = 42.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.2
4.2.1.2 Thermal contraction

According to §4.2.1, thermal contraction of aluminium profiles is the following:
Level 11 𝐿0 = 5250𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.27𝑚𝑚

Typical Level 𝐿0 = 4000𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.97𝑚𝑚
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −10.0°𝐶 minimum shade air temperature according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table
5.1 and Figure NA.2 of BS EN 1991-1-5/NA:2007
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑇2 = 25.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.1

TCR
GRC panels thermal movements

Thermal expansion and contraction of GRC panels are calculated according to the following:
Δ𝐿𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 = 𝛼 ∗ 𝐿0 ∗ Δ𝑇
Where:
𝛼 = 12 ∗ 10−6 𝐾 −1 GRC thermal coefficient according to BS EN 1999-1-1, §3.2.5
𝐿0 initial panel length
Δ𝑇 = 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 uniform temperature variation of the panel as per BS EN 1991-1-5
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 temperature of GRC panel external surface
𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 18°𝐶 temperature of GRC panel at production time
4.2.2.1 Thermal expansion

According to §4.2.2, thermal expansion of GRC panels is the following:
Typical GRC panel 𝐿0 = 3660𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2.59𝑚𝑚
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑇5 = 77.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.2, dark surfaces
Where:
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 35.0°𝐶 maximum shade air temperature according to Figure NA.2 of
BS EN 1991-1-5/NA:2007
𝑇5 = 42.0°𝐶 according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table 5.2
4.2.2.2 Thermal contraction

According to §4.2.2, thermal contraction of GRC panels is the following:
Typical GRC panel 𝐿0 = 3660𝑚𝑚 Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1.23𝑚𝑚
With:
𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −10.0°𝐶 minimum shade air temperature according to BS EN 1991-1-5, Table
5.1 and Figure NA.2 of BS EN 1991-1-5/NA:2007

TCR
Tolerances
Tolerances can be divided into two main groups:
1. Manufacturing tolerances
2. Installation tolerances
According to BS 5606, the total tolerance can be reduced because it’s unlikely all the tolerances will be
maximum at a certain location, therefore the combination of them is:
Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑙 = √Δ𝐿2𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑡𝑜𝑙 + Δ𝐿2𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑡𝑜𝑙
Manufacturing tolerances
The following are the manufacturing tolerances of aluminium profiles and GRC panels:
Aluminium profile Δ𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝐴𝐿𝑈 = 1.5𝑚𝑚

GRC panel Δ𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝐺𝑅𝐶 = 3.0𝑚𝑚
Installation tolerances
The installation tolerance, valid for all cladding elements, is the following:
Δ𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝑡𝑜𝑙 = 1.5𝑚𝑚

TCR
Stack-joint accommodation of vertical movements

The horizontal joints between adjacent curtain wall panels are designed to accommodate the
movements of the building (§4.1) and of the curtain wall (§4.2), and also the tolerances of manufacturing
and installation of the components (§4.3).
Therefore, the vertical movements that the joints need to cater for are calculated with the following:
Δ𝐿 = Δ𝐿𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + Δ𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 + Δ𝐿𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 + Δ𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑙
Stack-joint of aluminium profiles

The horizontal joint between aluminium profiles must accommodate the following vertical movements,
according to previous sections:
Horizontal joint closure

Level 11 Δ𝐿 = 10 + 1.5 + 3.68 + √1.52 + 1.52 = 17.3𝑚𝑚
Typical Level Δ𝐿 = 10 + 2.6 + 2.81 + √1.52 + 1.52 = 17.5𝑚𝑚
Horizontal joint opening

Level 11 Δ𝐿 = 10 + 0 + 1.27 + √1.52 + 1.52 = 13.4𝑚𝑚
Typical Level Δ𝐿 = 10 + 0 + 0.97 + √1.52 + 1.52 = 13.1𝑚𝑚
The following figure shows the typical level (4 m) stack-joint in “close”, “nominal”, and “open” positions.
Figure 3: Typical level stack-joint – various positions

TCR
Horizontal joint of GRC panels

The horizontal joint between GRC panels must accommodate the following vertical movements,
according to previous sections:
Horizontal joint closure

Typical GRC panel Δ𝐿 = 10 + 2.6 + 2.59 + √3.02 + 1.52 = 18.6𝑚𝑚
Horizontal joint opening

Typical GRC panel Δ𝐿 = 10 + 0 + 1.23 + √3.02 + 1.52 = 14.6𝑚𝑚
The following figure shows the GRC horizontal joint in “nominal”, “open” and “close” positions.
Figure 4: GRC horizontal joint – various positions

TCR
Effects of building movements on curtain wall façade

This section explains how the curtain wall façade works and how the equilibrium of the panels is
achieved when the slab deflects.
Thinking about isolated panels, totally independent one from the other, each suspended to the slab by
means of two T-bracket on the mullions, slab deflection causes each panel to rotate around an axis
orthogonal to the façade to let the T-brackets follow the new position of the slab.
Figure 5: Effect of the rotation of CW panels, not permitted in EWS01 façade
This behaviour is not permitted in EWS01 curtain wall system, because of the vertical alignment blades.
Therefore, the panels slide down to accommodate slab deflection remaining vertical.
Figure 6: Vertical movement of curtain wall system
This “sliding” causes the panel to be suspended just by one T-bracket which is in contact with the slab
bracket, taking the total dead load of the panel. The rotational equilibrium of each block is assured by
two lateral alignment forces, one located at its left bottom corner in correspondence of the alignment
blade fitted inside the male mullion, the other on the laterally engaged T-bracket.
The entity of this horizontal forces is approximately:
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑛 = (𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ ) /𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2
The following figures show how the alignment forces caused by the “sliding” behaviour of the façade
act on the fixing system.

TCR
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝟐
Figure 7: Hypothesis of perfectly rigid panels and concrete slab

TCR
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑫𝑨
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑫𝑩
𝑭𝑩
𝑭𝑩
𝑫𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑫𝑨
𝑭𝑩
𝑭𝑩
𝑫𝑩
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑫𝑨
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑩
𝟐
𝑫𝑨
𝑭𝑨
𝑭𝑨
Figure 8: Long term condition, with exaggerated slab deflection

TCR
5. Loads
Dead loads
The following Table 1 shows the dead load of the different EWS01 curtain wall panels.
Please see Annex B: Dead load calculations for detailed calculations.
Table 1: Dead load of all EWS-01 curtain wall panels

[mm] [mm] [m2] [N] [N/m2]
CW panel Width Height Area DL spDL
Vision w/ Fascia - Glass 10-16-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 3945 717
Vision w/ Fascia - Glass 12-14-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 4180 760
Vision - Glass 10-16-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 3378 614
Vision - Glass 12-14-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 3654 MU-14664MU-12
Openable Vent @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 3.50 3638 1039
MU-13 Please
Openable Vent 875.0 4000.0 3.50 3638 1039 confirm the
Vision w/ Fascia - Glass 10-16-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 7.25 4905 677 locations of
Vision w/ Fascia - Glass 12-14-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 7.25 5217 720 the heavier
Vision - Glass 10-16-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 7.25 4372 603 panels, so
Vision - Glass 12-14-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 7.25 4737MU-11 653 we can
Fixed Panel @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 3.50 3584 1024 check the
Fixed Panel 875.0 4000.0 3.50 3584 1024 correct
Vertical Recesses @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 3.50 4039 1154 loading has
Vertical Recesses 875.0 4000.0 3.50 4039 1154 been
Vertical Recesses w/ Fascia 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 6817 1239 allowed for
Vertical Recesses 1375.0 4000.0 5.50 5788 1052
Alignment forces
According to the explanation given in §4.5, Table 2 shows the alignment forces of the panels.
Table 2: Alignment forces of all EWS-01 curtain wall panels

[mm] [mm] [N] [N]
CW panel Width Height DL F_align
Vision w/ Fascia - Glass 10-16-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 3945 678
Vision - Glass 10-16-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 3378 581
Vision - Glass 12-14-55.4 1375.0 4000.0 3654 628
Openable Vent @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 3638 398
Openable Vent 875.0 4000.0 3638 398
Vision - Glass 10-16-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 4372 991
Vision - Glass 12-14-55.4 1812.5 4000.0 4737 1073
Fixed Panel @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 3584 392
Fixed Panel 875.0 4000.0 3584 392
Vertical Recesses @Fascia Level 875.0 4000.0 4039 442
Vertical Recesses 875.0 4000.0 4039 442
Vertical Recesses w/ Fascia 1375.0 4000.0 6817 1172
Vertical Recesses 1375.0 4000.0 5788 995

TCR
Wind loads
The design wind pressure is in accordance with “Basis of Design”, §5.2. Therefore:
Maximal net wind pressure on vertical panels (wind from West): pp = +1034 Pa
Maximal net wind suction on vertical panels (wind from South): ps = –1482 Pa
Wind load distribution on multiple skin walls

According to §5.2.1 of “Basis of Design”, maximum external pressure is relevant to determine the
wind load acting on multiple skin walls. Here below the maximal values:
Maximal external wind pressure (wind from West): pp,e = +752 Pa

Maximal external wind suction (wind from South): ps,e = –1307 Pa
Where the external pressure is:

𝑝𝑒 = 𝑐𝑝,𝑒 ∗ 𝑞𝑝(𝑧)
Note that if the relevant element is subject to a net wind pressure lower than +/-800 Pa, this value
(+/-800 Pa) will be adopted for the verification.
Imposed loads
Horizontal occupancy loads
Horizontal occupancy loads are in accordance with Table 2 of BS 6180:2011 and response to RFI-
000009 “Barrier Load for Curtain Wall Design”.
Figure 9: Response to RFI-000009 “Barrier Load for Curtain Wall Design”
Location Horizontal uniformly Uniformly distributed A point load

distributed load load applied to the infill applied to part of
[kN/m] [kN/m2] the infill
[kN]
Areas susceptible to
overcrowding 1.5 1.5 1.5
(Cat. C2)
According to the “Basis of Design” §5.3.1, a line loading of 0.75 kN/m acting outward on all window
sills has been considered.
Vertical imposed loads

Loads in accordance with the “Basis of Design” §5.3.2:
• a point loading of 1.5 kN on all horizontal surfaces including projecting features, sills and
canopies
• a line loading of 0.75 kN/m acting downward on all window sills
• a uniformly distributed loading of 1.0 kN/m2 on all roofs and canopies

TCR
Maintenance loads
Maintenance load is in accordance with “Basis of Design”, §5.3.3:
• on vertical surfaces a static load of 0.5 kN will be applied (100mm-side square)
• for roofs only accessible for maintenance and repair a point load of 0.9 kN and a distributed load
of 0.6 kN/m2 will be applied (separately)
It should be noted that the above loads have not been considered acting simultaneously with the wind
load as per CWCT “Guidance on the actions on non-loadbearing envelopes” §6.4.
Climatic loads (isochoric pressure)

The design climatic loads on glass are in accordance with “Basis of Design”, §5.4. Therefore:
Isochoric pressure (summer): p0,sum = +11.2 kPa

Isochoric pressure (winter): p0,win = –14.4 kPa
Snow loads
Snow load is in accordance with “Basis of Design”, §5.5. Therefore, on all horizontal element of the
EWS01 façade (reveals @Fascia level), the snow load applied is the following:
𝑠 = 𝜇1 𝐶𝑒 𝐶𝑡 𝑠𝑘 = 252𝑃𝑎
Where:
μ1 = 0.8 shape coefficient for monopitch roofs (Table 5.2 of BS EN 1993-1-1)
Ce = 1 exposure coefficient
Ct = 1 thermal coefficient
sk = 315 Pa characteristic ground snow load

MU-16
INH-02: TCR
1. Provide impact test report.
2. Provide glass risk assessment.
6. Verification of glass
As said in §3, EWS01 curtain wall vision panels have different types of glass, as per architectural intent
and to achieve the different acoustic requests of the Façade Specifications.
Typical glass composition (10-16-55.4) is the most critical one with respect to the acoustic composition
(12-14-55.2). Therefore, here below it is reported the verification of the glass GL-01 and GL-01C, which
are the most critical ones.
Glass GL-01 is the typical glass, which is 1351mm wide and 3965mm high (vision panel 1375x4000mm
without Fascia), composed by external annealed glass 10mm thick, intermediate cavity of thickness
16mm, and internal laminated heat-strengthened glass of thickness 5+5mm with 1.52mm thick PVB
interlayer. The glass has a frit applied to face #4, in contact with the PVB interlayer.
Glass GL-01C is the biggest glass, which is 1788.5mm wide and 3965mm high (vision panel
1812.5x4000mm without Fascia), composed by external annealed glass 10mm thick, intermediate
cavity of thickness 16mm, and internal laminated heat-strengthened glass of thickness 5+5mm with
1.52mm thick PVB interlayer.
Figure 10: Glass compositions – GL-01 on the left, GL-01C on the right
Glass is calculated according to “Basis of Design”, §3.5. Here below only an extract is given.
MU-15
glass composition subject to final confirmation.

Contractor to produce a risk assessment for glass
build up justifying slection

TCR
Glass resistance
Design value for strength of annealed glass
Design strength of annealed glass is:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑘𝑠𝑝 𝑓𝑔;𝑘
𝑅𝑆𝑑 = 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 =
𝛾𝑀;𝐴
Where:
kmod - factor for load duration (Table C.5 IStructE)
ksp - factor for glass surface profile (Table C.4 IStructE)
fg;k = 45 MPa - is the characteristic value of the bending strength (Table C.1 IStructE)
M;A = 1.6 - is the material partial factor for annealed glass (Table C.2 IStructE)
Design value for strength of toughened glass

Design strength of toughened glass is:
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑘𝑠𝑝 𝑓𝑔;𝑘 𝑘𝑣 (𝑓𝑏;𝑘 − 𝑓𝑔;𝑘 )
𝑅𝑆𝑑 = 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = +
𝛾𝑀;𝐴 𝛾𝑀;𝑉
Where:
kmod - factor for load duration (Table C.5 IStructE)
ksp - factor for glass surface profile (Table C.4 IStructE)
fg;k = 45 MPa - characteristic bending strength of annealed glass (Table C.1 IStructE)
M;A = 1.6 - material partial factor for annealed glass (Table C.2 IStructE)
kv - strengthening factor (Table C.7 IStructE)
fb;k - characteristic bending strength of prestressed glass (Table C.6 IStructE)
M;V = 1.2 - material partial factor for prestressed glass (Table C.2 IStructE)
Figure 11: Values of characteristic bending strength for prestressed glass

TCR
MU-19
INH-03:
Provide technical submittal for review.
PVB interlayer behaviour

The table below shows the values of the Shear Modulus G (MPa) for a typical PVB interlayer. They will
be confirmed by the data sheet of the supplier as soon as it will be defined.
GPVB MPa 3 sec. 1 min. 1 hr. 1 day 1 mo. > 1 yr.

20 °C 8.060 1.640 0.840 0.508 0.372 0.266
30 °C 0.971 0.753 0.441 0.281 0.069 0.052
40 °C 0.610 0.455 0.234 0.234 0.052 0.052
50 °C 0.440 0.290 0.052 0.052 0.052 0.052
Given the relationship 𝐸 = 2 ⋅ (1 + 𝜈) ⋅ 𝐺 ≃ 2 ⋅ (1 + 0.5) ⋅ 𝐺 = 3 ⋅ 𝐺 and the earlier given load durations,
the following table summarizes the properties of PVB considered for each single load case
(accompanying temperatures are in accordance with BS EN 16612:2019 Table D.2).
Load case Load Interlayer T range PVB T GPVB EPVB

duration MU-18 considered [MPa] [MPa]
Wind load (non- 5 seconds 0 °C < T < 20 °C 20 °C 7.835 23.504
Mediterranean areas)
Personnel loads – no 30 0 °C < T < 30 °C 30 °C 0.868 2.603
crowds seconds
Personnel
MU-17
loads – 5 minutes 0 °C < T < 30 °C 30 °C 0.732 2.196
crowds
Maintenance loads 30 minutes 0 °C < T < 40 °C 40 °C 0.346 1.039
Snow loads 1 week -20 °C < T < 20 °C 20 °C 0.480 1.440
Climatic load: summer 8 hours 20 °C < T < 40 °C 40 °C 0.234 0.702
Climatic load: winter 8 hours -30 °C < T < 20 °C 20 °C 0.739 2.217
Permanent 50 years -20 °C < T < 60 °C 50 °C 0.052 0.156
INH-04:
Provide and consider the mechanical
properties at 40°C as this temperature
is more onerous.

MU-20 TCR
INH-05:
Refer to comment INH-04.
Load combinations
Here below the load combinations which have been considered, with specific design resistance of glass
for ULS combinations and specific PVB interlayer properties, depending on temperature and load
duration. Load duration for the combinations has been taken as the shortest value associated with any
of the loads in the combination, in accordance with the standards. The temperature of the PVB interlayer
has been taken as the value associated with the principal load in the combination.
[s] [°C] [Mpa]

limit load PVB PVB Young
load case load combination
state duration temp. Modulus E
1 SLS WLp - Wind pressure - 1.03kPa 5 20 23.504
2 SLS WLs - Wind suction - 1.48kPa 5 20 23.504
3 SLS ML - Maintenance load - 0.5kN 1800 40 1.039
4 SLS BLc - Barrier load concentrated - 1.5kN 300 30 2.196
5 SLS BLl - Barrier load linear - 1.5kN/m 300 30 2.196
6 SLS BLd - Barrier load distributed - 1.5kN/m2 300 30 2.196
7 SLS CLs - Climatic load summer 28800 40 0.702
8 SLS CLw - Climate load winter 28800 20 2.217
9 SLS SLS: WLp+0.6CLs 5 20 23.504
10 SLS SLS: WLp+0.6CLw 5 20 23.504
11 SLS SLS: WLs+0.6CLs 5 20 23.504
12 SLS SLS: WLs+0.6CLw 5 20 23.504
13 SLS SLS: BLc+0.6CLs 300 30 2.196
14 SLS SLS: BLc+0.6CLw 300 30 2.196
15 SLS SLS: BLl+0.6CLs 300 30 2.196
16 SLS SLS: BLl+0.6CLw 300 30 2.196
17 SLS SLS: BLd+0.6CLs 300 30 2.196
18 SLS SLS: BLd+0.6CLw 300 30 2.196
19 SLS SLS: CLs+0.6WLp 5 40 1.814
20 SLS SLS: CLw+0.6WLp 5 20 23.504
21 SLS SLS: CLs+0.6WLs 5 40 1.814
22 SLS SLS: CLw+0.6WLs 5 20 23.504
23 SLS SLS: CLs+0.6BLc 300 40 1.320
24 SLS SLS: CLw+0.6BLc 300 20 4.757
25 SLS SLS: CLs+0.6BLl 300 40 1.320
26 SLS SLS: CLw+0.6BLl 300 20 4.757
27 SLS SLS: CLs+0.6BLd 300 40 1.320
28 SLS SLS: CLw+0.6BLd 300 20 4.757
Figure 12: SLS combinations for glass verification

TCR
Figure 13: ULS combinations for glass verification

TCR
Glass GL-01 verification

Glass has been calculated with the software SJ Mepla. Relevant report pages have been included in
Annex C: Mepla calculation reports relevant pages, §17.1.
Glass deflection analysis
Maximum deflection occurs on internal glass for load combination 14:
1351
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 9.83𝑚𝑚 < 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 20.78𝑚𝑚
65
Figure 14: Maximum deflection of glass
Nevertheless, the maximum ratio of deflection (65.2%) occurs on internal glass for load combination
8 (pillowing in winter):
√13512 + 39652
1000

TCR
Glass strength analysis

Maximum ratio of stress (56.0%) on external glass occurs for load combination 31:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 10.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = 19.41𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 15: Maximum ratio of stress on external glass
Maximum ratio of stress (82.8%) on internal glass occurs for load combination 50:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 35.19𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = 42.49𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 16: Maximum ratio of stress on internal glass


TCR
Maximum ratio of stress (35.5%) on fritted face of the internal glass occurs for load combination 58:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 7.68𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = 21.66𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 17: Maximum ratio of stress on fritted face of internal glass
Glass thermal stress assessment

A glass thermal stress assessment has been done with the software “Vitrages Décision”. In absence of
more precise information, the calculation has been done considering a black backup, the worst
expected configuration. Please see the calculation report in Annex D: Glass thermal assessment.

TCR
Glass GL-01C verification

Glass has been calculated with the software SJ Mepla. Relevant report pages have been included in
Annex C: Mepla calculation reports relevant pages, §17.2.
Glass deflection analysis
Maximum deflection occurs on internal glass for load combination 12:
1788.5
65
Figure 18: Maximum deflection of glass
Nevertheless, the maximum ratio of deflection (62.3%) occurs on internal glass for load combination
7 (pillowing in summer):
√1788.52 + 39652
1000

TCR
Glass strength analysis

Maximum ratio of stress (59.2%) on external glass occurs for load combination 31:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 11.48𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = 19.41𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 19: Maximum ratio of stress on external glass
Maximum ratio of stress (80.7%) on internal glass occurs for load combination 50:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 34.29𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑔;𝑑 = 42.49𝑀𝑃𝑎
Figure 20: Maximum ratio of stress on internal glass


TCR
Sealant
Structural sealant
The following figure shows the typical horizontal section and relevant minimal dimensions.
14.9mm
MU-21
INH-06:
Figure 21: Horizontal detail of the structural sealant Provide technical
submittal for review.
Following table shows sealant properties.
Table 3: Dow Corning DC993 structural sealant properties

Dow Corning
Property
DC993
Allowed design stress in tension 𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 for short term loads 0.140 MPa
Allowed design stress in shear Γ𝑑𝑒𝑠 for short term loads 0.110 MPa
Allowed design stress in shear Γ∞ for long term loads 0.011 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in tension or compression 𝐸 1.40 MPa
6.6.1.1 Bite check

Structural sealant bite is adequate, in fact:
𝑎
𝜎 = 𝑝𝑠 ∗ = 0.089𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 0.140𝑀𝑃𝑎
2∗ℎ
Where:
ps = -1.482kPa maximum wind suction
a = 1788.5mm smaller side of the biggest glass pane
h = 14.9mm minimum silicone bite

TCR
6.6.1.2 Thickness check

Thickness of the structural sealant is adequate, in fact:
Δ𝑑 ∗ 𝐸
𝜏= = 0.081𝑀𝑃𝑎 < Γ𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 0.110𝑀𝑃𝑎
3∗𝑒
Where:
0.5
𝑎 2
Δ𝑑 = [𝛼𝑐 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇0 ) − 𝛼𝑣 (𝑇𝑣 − 𝑇0 )] ∗ [( ) + 𝑏 2 ] = 1.22𝑚𝑚 is the differential elongation
2
With:
a = 1788.5mm smaller side of the glass pane
b = 3965mm bigger side of the glass pane
T0 = 20°C temperature during application
Tc = 55°C temperature of metallic frame at moment t
Tv = 80°C temperature of glass at moment t (ETAG002)
αc = 2.4 * 10-5 K-1 linear coefficient of thermal expansion of frame
αv = 0.9 * 10-5 K-1 linear coefficient of thermal expansion of glass
E = 1.4MPa modulus of elasticity of the sealant
e = 7mm sealant thickness
6.6.1.3 Structural sealant adaptor

The following figure shows the structural sealant adaptor and relevant dimensions.
CS
Figure 22: Structural sealant adaptor detail
The adaptor is adequate, in fact:

𝑞 𝑓𝑜
𝜏𝐸𝑑 = = 0.80𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜏𝑅𝑑 = = 89.2𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡 √(3) ∗ 𝛾𝑀1
Where:
𝑎
𝑞 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑝𝑠 ∗ 2 = 2.0𝑁/𝑚𝑚 is the ULS linear load
With:
ps =-1.482kPa maximum wind suction
t = 2mm wall thickness
fo = 170MPa yield strength of aluminium 6063-T6
γM1 = 1.1 material partial factor

TCR
Secondary sealant
The following figure shows the typical horizontal section and relevant minimal dimensions.
MU-22
INH-07:
Provide technical
Figure 23: Horizontal detail of the secondary sealant submittal for review.
Following table shows sealant properties.
Table 4: Dow Corning DC3363 structural sealant properties

Dow Corning
Property
DC3363
Allowed design stress in tension 𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 for short term loads 0.210 MPa
Allowed design stress in shear 𝜏∞ for long term loads 0.011 MPa
Modulus of elasticity in tension or compression 𝐸 4.8 MPa
6.6.2.1 Bite check

Structural sealant bite is adequate, in fact:
𝑎
𝜎 = 𝛽 ∗ 𝑝𝑠 ∗ = 0.090𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 0.210𝑀𝑃𝑎
2∗ℎ
Where:
𝑡
𝛽 = 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡
+𝑡
= 0.55 ratio of the load acting on the external glass
𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡
With:
text = 12mm thickness of the external glass that maximize the verification
tint = 10mm thickness of the internal glass
ps = -1.482kPa maximum wind suction
h = 8mm silicone bite

TCR
Glass supports
Glass supports take the glass dead load. The following figure shows the detail.
Fy
CS
y ex d
x
Figure 24: Glass support detail – vertical section
L
z Figure 25: Glass support detail – horizontal section
The maximum ULS load acting on one support is:

Fy = 1.35 * FDL / 2 = 2582 N Load acting along y-axis
Where:
FDL = ρ * g * wg * hg * tg = 3825 N Dead load of the biggest glass supported
ρ = 2500 kg/m3 Density of glass
wg = 1788.5 mm Width of biggest glass
hg = 2717 mm Height of biggest glass
tg = 12+5+5 = 22 mm Thickness of biggest glass
With reference to previous figures, the following are the maximum actions on the critical section:
Vy = Fy = 2582 N Shear load along y-axis on CS
Mz = Fy * ex = 100153 Nmm Bending moment about z-axis on CS
With:
ex = 38.8 mm Eccentricity between load and CS
Therefore, the section is verified, in fact:

σid = [(σEd)2 + 3*(τEd)2]0.5 = 207.8 MPa < fyd = fy0 / γM1 = 227.3 MPa

MU-23
INH-08:
TCR
"Bending/Flexural"
Where:
σEd = σz = Mz / (w * t2 / 6) = 207.7 MPa Tensile stress on critical section
τEd = τy = 1.5 * Vy / ( w * t ) = 3.6 MPa Shear stress on critical section
fy0 = 250 MPa Yield strength of Aluminium 6082-T6
γM1 = 1.1 Material partial factor
With:
w = L – ns * ds = 180.8 mm Width of critical section
t = 4MU-26
mm Thickness of critical section
L = 200 mm INH-09: Length of the support
ns = 4 Consider triangular Number of screws
compression distribution.
ds = 4.8 mm Diameter of the screws
With reference to previous figures, the maximum tensile load on the screws is:
TEd-ULS = Fy * ( ex + d ) / d / ns = 1573 N Tensile load on screws;
TEd-SLS = TEd / 1.35 = 1165 N Tensile load on screws at SLS.
Where:
d = 27 mm Distance between screw and rotation point.
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the tension resistance of the screws is:
Ft-RD = k2 * fub * As / γM2 = 4655 N
Where:
MU-25
k2 = 0.9 tensile coefficient
INH-10:
fub = 700MPa Consider Eurocode. ultimate tensile strength of the screw
As = 9.24 mm2 tensile stress area
γM2 = 1.25 material safety factor
According to AAMA TIR-A9-14 Table 20.9, the pull-out resistance at SLS with a safety factor SF = 3.0
of the screw is:
PA = PA,0.1805 / t0.1805 * t = 1620 N
Where:
PA,0.1805 = 477 lbs Tensile load for 0.1805 in plate thickness 6063-T6
t0.1805 = 0.1805 in Reference thickness of the value in Table 20.9
t = 3.5 mm Pull depth
Therefore, the most stressed screw is verified:

Tensile verification TEd-ULS = 1573 N < Ft-RD
Pull-out verification TEd-SLS = 1165 N < PA
MU-24
INH-11:
Check deflection of the glass support.

TCR
7. Verification of sandwich panel

The sandwich panel is a spandrel panel made of rockwool and steel. The steel sheet is a 1.5mm-thick
steel sheet DX51D+Z, folded in correspondence of the edges and sealed all around. The mechanical
fixing is made on the 490mm-high vertical edges by diameter 4.8 screws, and when needed (biggest
horizontal spans 1812.5mm) also on the horizontal edges.
Given the different panels widths, we have 3 different configurations:
• CW width 875mm: steel sheet fixed on vertical edges
• CW width 1375mm: steel sheet fixed on vertical edges
• CW width 1812.5mm: steel sheet fixed on vertical and horizontal edges
The most critical one is the steel sheet of the 1375mm-wide panel. Here below the detail of this specific
steel sheet with relevant dimensions.
MU-27
INH-12:
Check the sheet on the more
external side as this is might be
onerous in terms of boundary
conditions.
Figure 26: Detail of sandwich panel – Vertical section
Figure 27: Detail of sandwich panel – Horizontal section

TCR
FEM calculation model

To verify the sandwich panels, the steel sheets have been analysed with FEM models made with plate
elements, to take account of the membrane effect with non-linear analysis.
The load applied on the models is the maximum load of the façade, ps = -1.482kPa.
Here below some figures of the FEM model, with restraints and loads applied. Note that only one quarter
of the steel sheet has been modelled, using symmetry restraints to achieve the whole behaviour.
Point contact Point contact

elements elements
SYM about
XY-plane
Restraints:
DZ=0
RX=0
RY=0
Translations
restrained by
SYM about screws:
XZ-plane DX, DY, DZ
Restraints:
DY=0
RX=0
RZ=0
Figure 28: FEM model of the steel sheet of the sandwich panel
Figure 29: FEM model of the steel sheet – wind suction load

TCR
Verification of metal sheet deflection

The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the steel sheet along X-axis for the combination
at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: wind load in suction.
Figure 30: FEM model of the steel sheet – deflection at SLS
Therefore, the steel sheet is verified as regards its maximum deflection according to §4.3.4 of “Basis of
Design”, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑋)𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 7.74𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑋)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 21.40𝑚𝑚
60
Where L=1283.5mm is the panel width.

TCR
Verification of metal sheet stress

The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the steel sheet for the combination at the
Ultimate Limit State (SLS) the most critical: 1.5 wind load in suction.
Figure 31: FEM model of the steel sheet – Von Mises stress at ULS
Figure 32: FEM model of the steel sheet – Von Mises stress at ULS
Therefore, the steel sheet is verified as regards its maximum stress, in fact:
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 137.65𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 140𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀0
Where:
fy = 140MPa minimum yield strength of steel sheet DX51D+Z

TCR
Verification of metal sheets fixings

The following figure shows the maximum shear load on the screw.
Figure 33: FEM model of the steel sheet – reactions on fixings
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistances of the screws are the following:
Shear resistance – ⌀4.8 mm; A2-70 Fv-Rd = (αv *As * fu,b ) / γm2 = 2586 N
Bearing resistance Fb-Rd = (k1* αb * fu,s * t *ds) / γm2 = 3888 N
With:
Tensile stress area As = 9.24 mm2
Ultimate strength of bolt fu,b = 700 MPa
Material partial factor γm2 = 1.25
Shear coefficient αv = 0.5
Bearing coefficient αb = 1.0
Bearing coefficient k1 = 2.5
Ultimate strength of steel sheet fu,s = 270 MPa
Diameter of the screw ds = 4.8 mm
Thickness of steel sheet t = 1.5 mm

Shear verification Vmax-ULS = 350 N < Fv-RD
Bearing verification Vmax-ULS = 350 N < Fb-RD

TCR
8. Verification of framing members

The façade type EWS01 different panels have been described in §3.1.
Verification of profiles is carried out using a Finite Element Analysis (software Straus7 v2.4.6) with a
model made of beams that simulates the mullions and transoms behaviour.
To take account of the contribute of GRC panels installed on the façade, these have been modelled
with plate elements.
Here below the FEM model of the typical vision openable vent panels, with modelling description.
Head transom Lips of the head

transom, same DX of
sill transom
Translations
restrained by
bracket: Translations
DX, DY, DZ restrained by
bracket:
DX, DY
Intermediate
transom
Stack-joint
alignment
blades
Lips of the male
mullion, same DX of GRC tubes
female mullion
GRC fixing
profiles
Female mullion
Male mullion
GRC blades
GRC panel
Sill transom
Glass support
Figure 34: FEM model of the typical EWS01 panels


TCR
GRC vertical (DY)

support only on
top fixings
(see details)
GRC Alu blades GRC structure

tubes
GRC lateral (DZ) support

only on left fixings
(see details)
GRC fixing
profiles
GRC support
in X direction
GRC panel
Figure 35: FEM model of the typical EWS01 panels – GRC vertical structure

TCR
The most critical profiles, however, are those of the two 1812.5mm-wide vision panels next to each
other (biggest glass, biggest span). To take account of this case, a portion of the building west elevation
(higher wind loads) has been modelled, including both typical panels and biggest vision panels.
Here below the FEM model of the EWS01 façade with the different panels.
Figure 36: FEM model of the EWS01 façade

TCR
The stack-joint blades have been modelled with blades that transfer loads in X direction while being
free along the other directions. Only the blade on male mullion can transfer also loads in Z direction.
Here below the detail of stack-joint blades end-releases to reproduce reality connection.
Male mullion
Female mullion Sill transom
Stack-joint blade on male mullion

Directions of the loads:
DX, DZ
Stack-joint blade on male mullion

Directions of the loads:
DX
Head transom
Figure 37: Detail of stack-joint connection on FEM model

TCR
Loads on FEM model

Dead loads of the profiles and of GRC elements are computed by the software (considering area and
density of the elements and gravity).
Dead load of the glass has been applied with punctual loads on sill transoms, considering glass
composition 12-14-55.4 (the thickest).
Figure 38: FEM model of EWS01 façade – dead load of glass

TCR
The dead load of steel sheets, aluminium sheets and rockwool has been applied with distributed loads
by means of “plate” elements type “load-patch”, which are non-structural plates that distribute the load
along the perimeter bems.
Figure 39: FEM model of EWS01 façade – dead load of sheeting and
rockwool

TCR
Wind loads have been applied to the façade in two different ways, according to §5.2:
1. considering 100% of the net load on the internal façade – worst case for internal parts
2. considering 2/3 of the external load on the external façade (GRC) and the rest (1/3 pext + pint) on
the internal façade – worst case for external parts
Both the situations have been analysed.
Glass has been modelled with non-structural plate elements type “load-patch” to distribute the load
between mullions and transoms as trapezoids and triangles.
Figure 40: FEM model of EWS01 – wind pressure load on internal façade

TCR
Figure 41: FEM model of EWS01 – wind suction load on internal façade

TCR
Figure 42: FEM model of EWS01 – wind pressure load on external GRC

TCR
Figure 43: FEM model of EWS01 – wind suction load on external GRC

TCR
Wind acts even on the reveals of the external structure, therefore a load parallel to the façade has been
applied in correspondence of the fixings of the panels, with punctual loads on the blades and distributed
linear load on the vertical external GRC structure tube and on the horizontal supporting profiles.
Given the fact that the reveal is a perforated profile, the total load has been multiplied by a solidity ratio
MU-28 of 70% to consider the slotted holes. The wind has been considered acting on vertical reveals in
clockwise and counterclockwise direction, while on the horizontal reveals the conditions “upward” and
“downward” have been evaluated.
consider condition where vertical

cavity barrier closes perforations
Figure 44: FEM model of EWS01 – wind clockwise on reveals

TCR
Figure 45: FEM model of EWS01 – wind counterclockwise on reveals

TCR
Figure 46: FEM model of EWS01 – wind direction “upward” on reveals

TCR
Figure 47: FEM model of EWS01 – wind direction “downward” on reveals

TCR
Snow load acting on horizontal reveals has been applied with a distributed load on load patches.
Figure 48: FEM model of EWS01 – snow load on reveals

TCR
Barrier loads have been applied to the façade mullions. Linear loads have been applied as punctual
loads on the mullions, considering the length of the line load. Distributed barrier loads have been applied
with load patch until 1100mm from FFL.
Figure 49: FEM model of EWS01 – distributed barrier load 1.5kN/m2

TCR
Figure 50: FEM model of EWS01 – linear barrier load 1.5kN/m
Note that punctual barrier load has not been applied given the fact it would have been the same kind of
load but lower, in fact the minimal linear load is 1.5*(1375+875)/2=1.6875kN > 1.5kN.

TCR
Verification of vertical profiles deflection

The following figure shows the maximum mullions deflections in DX for the worst load combination at
the Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Dead Load + Wind Load in suction.
L = 4000 mm
Figure 51: FEM model of EWS01 – deflection DX of mullions
Therefore, the mullions are verified according to §4.3.1 of “Basis of Design”, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑋) = 7.69𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑋)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 5 + = 18.33𝑚𝑚
300
Where L=4000mm is the mullion length.

TCR
The following figure shows the maximum mullions deflections in DZ for the worst load combination at
the Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Dead Load + Wind suction on GRC + Wind counterclockwise.
L = 4000 mm
Figure 52: FEM model of EWS01 – deflection DZ of mullions
𝐿
𝐷(𝑍) = 3.81𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑍)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 5 + = 18.33𝑚𝑚
300
Where L=4000mm is the mullion length.

TCR
Verification of horizontal profiles deflection

Out-of-plane deflection under wind loads
The following figure shows the maximum transoms deflections in DX for the worst load combination
at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS): Dead Load + Wind Load in suction.
Figure 53: FEM model of EWS01 – deflection DX of transoms
𝐿
𝐷(𝑋) = 2.39𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑋)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 9.06𝑚𝑚
200
Where L=1812.5mm is the transom length.

TCR
In-plane deflection
The sill transom is loaded with glass dead load, and it must be stable and sustain the load with little
deflection. Here below the detail of the biggest transom (CW 1812.5mm-wide).
Figure 54: Sill transom relevant dimensions
The dead load applied is the one of the biggest glass GL-01C, calculated in §6.7 (3825N).
More, according to §5.3.2, the sill transom is subject to vertical imposed loads of 1.5kN and
0.75kN/m acting downward. Therefore, we modelled a simple supported beam with sill transom
properties and loaded with the various loads. Here below the FEM model of the sill transom.
Figure 55: FEM beam model of the sill transom – dead load
Figure 56: FEM beam model of the sill transom – imposed vertical loads

TCR
Here below the maximum deflection of the sill transom, which occurs for the combination at SLS
with Dead Load and Vertical imposed load.
Figure 57: FEM beam model of the sill transom – maximum deflection
Therefore, the sill transom is verified as regards the maximum in-plane deflection, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑌) = 7.37𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑌)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 8.61𝑚𝑚
200
8.3.2.1 In-plane deflection under dead load

Here below the deflection of the sill transom loaded only with dead load.
Figure 58: FEM beam model of the sill transom – deflection with dead loads
Therefore, the sill transom is verified as regards the maximum in-plane deflection under dead loads,
in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑌) = 2.55𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑌)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 3.45𝑚𝑚
500

TCR
Out-of-plane deflection under imposed loads

According to §5.3.1, the sill transom is loaded also with a horizontal distributed linear load.
Figure 59: FEM beam model of the sill transom – distributed horizontal load
Here below the maximum deflection.
Figure 60: FEM beam model of the sill transom – distributed horizontal load
deflection
Therefore, the sill transom is verified as regards the maximum out-of-plane deflection under
imposed loads, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑋) = 0.15𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑋)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 8.61𝑚𝑚
200

TCR
Verification of profiles stress

PA100 – Male mullion
The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on male mullions to appreciate the most solicited
one, for the load combination at ULS the most critical one:
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear Load
Figure 61: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on male mullion

TCR
The figures below show the relevant solicitations on the profiles, for the load combination at ULS
the most critical one:
Figure 62: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Z on male mullion

TCR
Here below the verification of the solicitations on the profile.
Design loads Design resistances

Mz,Ed = 3900605 Nmm < Mz,Rd = Wzeff x f0 / γM1 = 9617364 Nmm 40.6%
Where:
Wzeff = 62230mm3 Effective section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
fo = 170MPa Yield strength of Aluminium 6063-T6
Therefore, according to §6.2.1 of BS EN 1999-1-1, the profile is verified, in fact:
Eq. (6.15 a) Mz,Ed/Mz,Rd = 0.406 < 1.0 OK

TCR
8.4.1.1 Combination that maximizes torsional moment

The figures below show the relevant solicitations on the profile for the load combination at ULS that
maximizes torsional moment:
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on GRC + 0.5*1.5
Barrier Linear Load
Figure 63: FEM model of EWS01 – torsional moment on male mullion

TCR

Mtor,Ed = 223492 Nmm < Mtor,Rd = Wt x f0 / (√3 x γM1 ) = 704268 Nmm 31.7%
Where:
Wt = 7893mm3 Section torsional modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Therefore, even combining the loads in envelope (loads not concurrent) with previous solicitations,
the profile is verified according to §6.2.1 of BS EN 1999-1-1, in fact:
MU-30
Eq. (6.15 a) Mz,Ed/Mz,Rd = 0.406 < 1.0 OK

Eq. (6.15 c) My,Ed/My,Rd = 0.317 < 1.0 OK
MU-29
Eq. (6.15) [σEd/(f0/γM1)]2 + 3[τEd/(f0/γM1)]2 = 0.265 < 1.2 OK
INH-13:
For consistency, use the same variables
considered on previous calculations.

TCR
PA101 – Female mullion

The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on female mullions to appreciate the most
solicited one, for the load combination at ULS the most critical one:
Figure 64: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on female mullion

TCR
Figure 65: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Z on female

mullion

TCR

Mz,Ed = 3906528 Nmm < Mz,Rd = Wzeff x f0 / γM1 = 9039209 Nmm 43.2%
Where:
Wzeff = 58489mm3 Effective section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Eq. (6.15 a) Mz,Ed/Mz,Rd = 0.432 < 1.0 OK

TCR
8.4.2.1 Combination that maximizes torsional moment

The figures below show the relevant solicitations on the profile for the load combination at ULS that
maximizes torsional moment:
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on GRC + 0.5*1.5
Barrier Linear Load
Figure 66: FEM model of EWS01 – torsional moment on female mullion

TCR

Mtor,Ed = 143264 Nmm < Mtor,Rd = Wt x f0 / (√3 x γM1 ) = 740404 Nmm 19.3%
Where:
Wt = 8298mm3 Section torsional modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Therefore, even combining the loads in envelope (loads not concurrent) with previous solicitations,
the profile is verified according to §6.2.1 of BS EN 1999-1-1, in fact:
Eq. (6.15 a) Mz,Ed/Mz,Rd = 0.432 < 1.0 OK

Eq. (6.15 c) My,Ed/My,Rd = 0.193 < 1.0 OK

TCR
PA200 – Head transom

The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on head transoms to appreciate the most
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC
Figure 67: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on head transom

TCR
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC
Figure 68: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Y on head transom

TCR
Figure 69: FEM model of EWS01 – shear load along X on head transom

TCR

My,Ed = 1686953 Nmm < My,Rd = Wy x f0 / γM1 = 12211100 Nmm 13.8%
Vx,Ed = 4226 N < Vx,Rd = A x f0 / (√3 x γM1 ) = 168550 N 2.5%
Where:
Wy = 79013mm3 Effective section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
A = 1889mm2 Area of profile, according to §3.2.2
Eq. (6.15 a) My,Ed/My,Rd = 0.138 < 1.0 OK

Eq. (6.15 c) Vx,Ed/Vx,Rd = 0.025 < 1.0 OK

TCR
PA201 – Sill transom

The figures below show the relevant solicitations on the sill transom, for the load combination at
ULS the most critical one:
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Vertical Point Load
Figure 70: FEM beam model of the sill transom – bending moment about X
axis
Figure 71: FEM beam model of the sill transom – shear load in Y

Mx,Ed = 1270986 Nmm < Mx,Rd = Wxeff x f0 / γM1 = 2242764 Nmm 56.7%
Vy,Ed = 1125 N < Vy,Rd = A x f0 / (√3 x γM1 ) = 154184 N 0.7%
Where:
Wxeff = 14512mm3 Effective section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
A = 1728mm2 Area of profile, according to §3.2.2

Eq. (6.15 a) Mx,Ed/Mx,Rd = 0.567 < 1.0 OK
Eq. (6.15 c) Vy,Ed/Vy,Rd = 0.007 < 1.0 OK

TCR
PA202 – Intermediate transom

The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on intermediate transoms to appreciate the most
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade
Figure 72: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on intermediate transom

TCR
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade
Figure 73: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Y on intermediate

transom

TCR
Figure 74: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about X on intermediate

transom

TCR

Mx,Ed = 101831 Nmm < Mx,Rd = Wx x f0 / γM1 = 6541600 Nmm 1.6%
Where:
Wy = 92610mm3 Section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Wx = 42328mm3 Section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Eq. (6.15 a) My,Ed/My,Rd + Mx,Ed/Mx,Rd = 0.065 < 1.0 OK

TCR
PA303 – Horizontal reveal support profile

The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on horizontal reveal support profile to appreciate
the most solicited one, for the load combination at ULS the most critical one:
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Downward on Reveal + 0.9 Snow
Figure 75: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on horizontal reveal
support profile

TCR
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Downward on Reveal + 0.9 Snow
Figure 76: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Y on horizontal

reveal support profile

TCR

Where:
Eq. (6.15 a) Mx,Ed/Mx,Rd = 0.022 < 1.0 OK

TCR
9. Verification of GRC cladding structures

The GRC cladding structure of façade EWS01 has been verified with the FEM model presented in §8.
Verification of GRC deflection

The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the GRC panel for the combination at the
Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: Dead Load + Wind suction on façade and GRC
L = 2382 mm
Figure 77: Maximum deflection of GRC panel
Therefore, the GRC panel is verified as regards its maximum deflection according to §4.3.3 of “Basis
of Design”, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑋)𝐺𝑅𝐶 = 3.82𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑋)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 6.62𝑚𝑚
360
Where L=2382mm is the distance between the fixings of the GRC panel.

TCR
MU-31
Verification of GRC stress
The following figure shows the maximum stress of the GRC panel for the combination at the Ultimate
Limit State (ULS) the most critical: 1.35 Dead Load + 1.5 Maintenance Load on cantilever part
INH-14:
1. Consider strength check procedure in accordance with GRCA
Practical Design Guide for GRC. The check considers safety factors
specific for GRC.
2. Provide checks against shrinkage and thermal stress (i.e. comparison

against MOR required @ 28 days)
3. Provide strength strength check under serviceability limit state (i.e.

comparison against LOP required @ 28 days)
Figure 78: Maximum stress of GRC panel
Therefore, the GRC panel is verified as regards its maximum stress, with the following safety factor
(over the ULS solicitations):
𝜎𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥
𝑆𝐹 = = 2.25
𝜎𝐸𝑑
Where:
σEd = 5.78MPa Design stress
σflex = 13MPa Flexural strength according to Annex E: Technical data sheet of GRC

TCR
Verification of GRC fixings

GRC panels are fixed in order to avoid in-plane stress, which is dangerous for this brittle material. Here
below the scheme of all the fixings adopted between the GRC panels and the rear aluminium structure,
with relevant movements that are locked or free.
y
y
x z
Figure 79: Detail of GRC fixings

TCR
Here below the detail of the top left fixing, with relevant screws that locks various movements.
x
Anti-
walking
Grub z
screw
Anti- Grub
walking screw
y
“Keil” x
fixing “Keil”
fixing
Figure 80: Detail of single GRC fixing at top left
The grub screws have the function of taking the dead load of the panel, while the anti-walking screw
only takes the panel in position against lateral translations. The “keil” point fixing has the function of
transferring loads perpendicular to the façade.
Verification of the M6 stainless steel A2-70 grub screw

For each GRC panel, two grub screws take the dead load. Therefore, the maximum ULS load on
one single screw is:
𝐹𝐷𝐿
𝑇𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 1.35 ∗ = 740𝑁
𝑛𝑠
Where:
𝐹𝐷𝐿 = 𝛾𝐺𝑅𝐶 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑔 = 1100𝑁 Dead load of the GRC column
With:
γGRC = 33kg/m2 Specific weight of GRC panel (“Basis of Design” §3.8)
b = 925mm Width of GRC panel
h = 3662mm Height of GRC panel
ns = 2 Number of screws
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistance of the M6 screw is the following:
Tensile resistance – M6; A2-70 Ft-Rd = (k2 *As * fu,b ) / γm2 = 10130 N
With:
Tension coefficient k2 = 0.9

Tensile verification TULS = 740 N < Ft-RD

TCR
Verification of the “keil” system

The maximum solicitations on the “keil” system have been taken from the FEM model presented in
§8, for the load combination at ULS: 1.35 Dead Load + 1.5 Wind suction on façade and GRC
MU-32
INH-15:
Provide test report. Suggest to have
a pull-out test on the actual panels
for the project.
Figure 81: Maximum tensile load on GRC fixings
Therefore, the “keil” system is verified with the following safety factor (over the ULS solicitations):
𝑇𝑢
𝑆𝐹 = = 4.66
𝑇𝑈𝐿𝑆
Where:
TULS = 429N Maximum tensile load on fixing
Tu = 2000N Keil point extraction according to Annex E: Technical data sheet of GRC

TCR
Verification of profiles composing GRC structure

PA304 – GRC structure profile
The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on GRC structure profiles to appreciate the most
1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Pressure on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on GRC
Figure 82: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on GRC structure
profiles

TCR
Figure 83: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Z on GRC

structure profiles

TCR
43796
Figure 84: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about X on GRC

structure profiles

TCR

Mz,Ed = 287217 Nmm < Mz,Rd = Wz x f0 / γM1 = 3612036 Nmm 8.0%
Where:
Wz = 23372mm3 Section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Eq. (6.15 a) Mz,Ed/Mz,Rd + Mx,Ed/Mx,Rd = 0.094 < 1.0 OK

TCR
PA324 – GRC fixing profile

The figure below shows the beam total fibre stress on GRC fixing profile to appreciate the most
Figure 85: FEM model of EWS01 – beam fibre stress on GRC fixing profile

TCR
-20817
Figure 86: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about Y on GRC fixing
profile

TCR
Figure 87: FEM model of EWS01 – bending moment about X on GRC fixing
profile

TCR

Where:
Wy = 1453mm3 Section modulus of profile, according to §3.2.2
Eq. (6.15 a) My,Ed/My,Rd + Mx,Ed/Mx,Rd = 0.134 < 1.0 OK

TCR
Verification of GRC structure fixings

The structure supporting GRC panels is fixed to the façade mullions with blades made of aluminium
6082-T6, in the number of 4 per GRC column. The aluminium blades are 160mm-wide and 10mm-thick,
and they are fixed with 2 M10 bolts to the structure, while with 2 M12 bolts to the mullions. Here below
the detail of the blades with relative connections.
Figure 88: GRC structure blades connection – vertical section
Figure 89: GRC structure blades connection – horizontal section

TCR
Verification of aluminium 6082-T6 blades

Here below the maximum stress on aluminium blades, for the load combination at ULS the most
critical one: 1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on GRC
+ 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear Load
Figure 90: FEM model of EWS01 – maximum von Mises stress of GRC
structure blades

TCR
Figure 91: Detail of maximum von Mises stress of GRC blades
Therefore, the blades of the GRC structure are verified as regards their maximum stress, in fact:
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 70.60𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 236.36𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:
fy = 260MPa yield strength of aluminium 6082-T6

TCR
9.5.1.1 Lateral deflection

The aluminium blades are cantilever beams that supports the GRC structure when subject to lateral
wind loads. Here below the maximum lateral deflection of the aluminium blades (and therefore of
the GRC structure), as a result of deformation and rotation of the elements, for the load combination
at SLS the most critical one: Dead Load + Wind Suction on façade and GRC + Wind lateral load on
GRC
Figure 92: FEM model of EWS01 – lateral movement of GRC structure blades

TCR
Figure 93: Detail of maximum lateral movement of GRC blades
Therefore, the blades of the GRC structure are verified as regards their maximum deflection
according to §4.3.1 of the Basis of Design, in fact:
2∗𝐿
𝐷(𝑍)𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 = (4.06 − 2.93) = 1.13𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑍)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 4.64𝑚𝑚
200
Where L=463.5mm is the cantilever length.

TCR
Verification of M12 stainless steel A2-70 bolts

Here below the maximum actions on aluminium blades, for the load combination at ULS the most
critical one for the inner M12 bolts: 1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5
Wind lateral load on GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear Load
Figure 94: FEM model of EWS01 – maximum moment about Z axis on GRC
structure blades connection with the façade

TCR
Figure 95: Bending moment about Z axis on connection with the façade
Figure 96: Bending moment about Y axis on connection with the façade
Figure 97: Shear in Z direction on connection with the façade

TCR
Figure 98: Axial load along X axis on connection with the façade
Figure 99: Shear in Y direction on connection with the façade

TCR
Here below the details of the connection.
Figure 100: GRC structure blades connection with façade – vertical section
dx
Figure 101: GRC structure blades connection with façade – horizontal section

TCR
With reference to previous figures, the maximal actions on the M12 bolts are the following:
𝑀𝑦 𝑉𝑧
𝑇𝐸𝑑 = + = 983𝑁
𝑛𝑏 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑛𝑏
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = √𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2 = 14966𝑁
With:
𝑀 𝑁
𝑉𝑥,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑛 = 14810𝑁 shear load in X direction on the bolt
𝑏
𝑉𝑦
𝑉𝑦,𝐸𝑑 = = 2155𝑁 shear load in Y direction on the bolt
𝑛𝑏
Where:
N = 1041 N is the axial load on the blade at connection
Vz = 261 N is the shear in Z on the blade at connection
Vy = 4310 N is the shear in Y on the blade at connection
My = 57995 Nmm is the moment about Y on the blade at connection
Mz = 1714740 Nmm is the moment about Z on the blade at connection
nb = 2 is the number of bolts
dx = 34 mm is the lever arm in X direction of the bolts
d = 120mm is the spacing of the bolts
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistances of the M12 bolts are the following:
Shear resistance – M12; A2-70 Fv-Rd = (αv *As * fu,b ) / γm2 = 23604 N
With:
Therefore, the most stressed bolt is verified:

Shear verification VEd = 14966 N < Fv-RD
Tensile verification TEd = 983 N < Ft-RD
Combined verification TEd / (1.4 * Ft-RD) + VEd / Fv-RD = 0.651

TCR
Verification of M10 stainless steel A2-70 bolts

Here below the maximum actions on aluminium blades, for the load combination at ULS the most
critical one for the outer M10 bolts: 1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5
Wind lateral load on GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear Load
Figure 102: FEM model of EWS01 – maximum shear in Y direction on GRC

structure blades connection with the external structure

TCR
Figure 103: Shear in Y direction on connection with the external structure
Figure 104: Moment about Z on connection with the external structure
Figure 105: Moment about Y on connection with the external structure

TCR
Figure 106: Shear in Z direction on connection with the external structure
Figure 107: Axial load along X axis on connection with the external structure

TCR
Here below the details of the connection.
Figure 108: GRC structure blades connection with external structure – vertical
section
dx
Figure 109: GRC structure blades connection with external structure –

horizontal section

TCR
With reference to previous figures, the maximal actions on the M12 bolts are the following:
𝑀𝑦 𝑉𝑧
𝑇𝐸𝑑 = + = 841𝑁
𝑛𝑏 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑛𝑏
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = √𝑉𝑥2 + 𝑉𝑦2 = 2373𝑁
With:
𝑀 𝑁
𝑉𝑥,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑛 = 1018𝑁 shear load in X direction on the bolt
𝑏
𝑉𝑦
𝑉𝑦,𝐸𝑑 = = 2144𝑁 shear load in Y direction on the bolt
𝑛𝑏
Where:
N = 1041 N is the axial load on the blade at connection
Vz = 261 N is the shear in Z on the blade at connection
Vy = 4288 N is the shear in Y on the blade at connection
My = 42614 Nmm is the moment about Y on the blade at connection
Mz = 59674 Nmm is the moment about Z on the blade at connection
nb = 2 is the number of bolts
dx = 30 mm is the lever arm in X direction of the bolts
d = 120mm is the spacing of the bolts
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistances of the M10 bolts are the following:
With:
Therefore, the most stressed bolt is verified:

Shear verification VEd = 2373 N < Fv-RD
Tensile verification TEd = 841 N < Ft-RD
Combined verification TEd / (1.4 * Ft-RD) + VEd / Fv-RD = 0.167

TCR
10. Verification of reveals

Reveal panels are made by aluminium 6063-T6 extruded profiles, which are then engraved to achieve
the architectural intent. They are used both in horizontal and vertical positions, around vision glass. The
profiles are mechanically fixed both on the front and the back. On the front, a flange on the reveal profile
matches the flange of the GRC tube profile (PA304) continuously along all the length. On the back, the
horizontal reveals lay on the continuous GRC support profile (PA303), and they are fixed together with
screws, while the vertical reveals are fixed with just 2 screws M6 in correspondence of the GRC
horizontal blades. The most critical panel is the vertical one, which is 3662mm long.
Here below the detail of the vertical reveal.
Figure 110: Detail of reveal panel – Lateral view of the perforation and screw
M6 screw on the
GRC blade
Flanges in
contact
Figure 111: Detail of reveal panel – Horizontal section


TCR
FEM calculation models

To verify the reveals, they have been analysed with FEM models made with plate elements, to take
account of the membrane effect with non-linear analysis.
The reveals are perforated panels and have been loaded as a permeable outside skin, therefore the
wind load applied on the models is 2/3 of the maximum external load on the façade:
2
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑎𝑙 = ∗ 𝑝𝑠,𝑒 = 0.871𝑘𝑃𝑎
3
Where:
ps,e = -1.307kPa maximum external wind pressure
Being exposed on the outside, a maintenance load of 0.5kN has been applied to the surface.
Here below some figures of the FEM model, with restraints and loads applied. Note that only half of the
reveal has been modelled, using symmetry restraints to achieve the whole behaviour.
Face support to
simulate flanges
contact
Figure 112: FEM model of the reveal – detail of the mesh

TCR
Translations
restrained by
screw:
DX, DY, DZ
Face support to
simulate contact
with the GRC
blade
3662/2 = 1831mm
2382/2 = 1191mm
Face support to
simulate flanges
contact
SYM about
XZ-plane
Restraints:
DY=0
RX=0
RZ=0
Figure 113: FEM model of the reveal

TCR
Punctual ML
0.5 kN (half)
Figure 114: FEM model of the reveal – wind suction load and maintenance
load

TCR
Verification of reveals deflection

The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the reveal sheet along Z-axis for the combination
at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: maintenance load.
2382/2 = 1191mm
Figure 115: FEM model of the reveal – deflection at SLS
Therefore, the reveal sheet is verified as regards its maximum deflection according to §4.3.1 of “Basis
of Design”, in fact:
𝐿
𝐷(𝑍)𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 = 4.66𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷(𝑍)𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = = 13.6𝑚𝑚
175
Where L=2382mm is the span between the fixings.

TCR
Verification of reveals stress

The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the reveal sheet for the combination at
the Ultimate Limit State (SLS) the most critical: 1.5 maintenance load.
Figure 116: FEM model of the reveal – Von Mises stress at ULS
Therefore, the reveal sheet is verified as regards its maximum stress, in fact:
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 119.54𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 154.55𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:

TCR
Verification of reveals fixings

The following figure shows the maximum loads on the M6 screw for the combination at the Ultimate
Limit State (ULS) the most critical: 1.5 maintenance load.
Figure 117: FEM model of the reveal – reactions on fixings
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistances of the M6 screws are the following:
With:

Tensile verification Tmax-ULS = 382 N < Ft-RD
Combined verification Tmax-ULS / (1.4 * Ft-RD) + Vmax-ULS / Fv-RD = 0.321

TCR
11. Verification of metal sheet

Behind the GRC column, an aluminium 5005-H14 sheet covers the rear rockwool of the fixed panels.
Here below the detail of the metal sheet.
Figure 118: Metal sheet on the fixed panel – vertical section
Figure 119: Metal sheet of the fixed panel – horizontal section

TCR
FEM calculation model

The metal sheet of the fixed panel has been analysed with a FEM model made with plate elements, to
take account of the membrane effect with non-linear analysis. The sheet is exposed to the exterior,
even if it is partially shielded from the GRC structure and reveals. In favour of security, the wind load
that has been applied is the maximum external load on the façade, ps,e = -1.307kPa. Here below some
figures of the FEM model, with restraints and loads applied. Note that only half of the sheet has been
modelled, using symmetry restraints to achieve the whole behaviour.
541mm
Contact with
PVC profile
Translations
restrained by
screws:
DX, DY, DZ
500mm
SYM about
XY-plane
Translations
Restraints: restrained by
DZ=0 screws:
RX=0 DX, DY, DZ
RY=0
Figure 120: FEM model of the aluminium sheet – modelling and wind load

TCR
Verification of metal sheets deflection

The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the metal sheet along X-axis for the combination
at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: wind load in suction.
Figure 121: FEM model of the aluminium sheet – maximum deflection
Therefore, the sheet is verified as regards its maximum deflection according to §4.3.4 of “Basis of
Design”, in fact:
𝐿
60
Where L=851mm is the sheet width.

TCR
Verification of metal sheets stress

The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the metal sheet for the combination at
the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) the most critical: 1.5 wind load in suction.
Figure 122: FEM model of the aluminium sheet – maximum von Mises stress
Therefore, the steel sheet is verified as regards its maximum stress (localized peak), in fact:
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 106.48𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 109.1𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:
fy = 120MPa yield strength of aluminium sheet 5005-H14

TCR

The sheets are fixed with screws diameter 4.8 spaced 500mm along the perimeter and plus one
horizontal profile. The following figure shows the maximum loads at ULS on the screws.
Figure 123: FEM model of the aluminium sheet – maximum actions on screws

TCR
Here below the detail of the fixing with screws 4.8 and PVC tube.
Figure 124: detail of the fixings
Tensile resistance – ⌀4.8 mm; A2-70 Ft-Rd = (k2 *As * fu,b ) / γm2 = 4655 N
Bearing resistance on PVC profile Fb-Rd,PVC = (k1* αb * fu,PVC * tPVC *ds) / γm2 = 1848 N
Bearing resistance on aluminium Fb2-Rd,ALU = (k1* αb * fu,s * t *ds) / γm2 = 2784 N
Punching resistance on PVC profile Bp-Rd,PVC = 0.6*π*dm*tPVC* fu,PVC / γm2 = 2758 N
Punching resistance on aluminium Bp-Rd,ALU = 0.6*π*dm*t* fu,PVC / γm2 = 4154 N
With:
Ultimate strength of screw fu,b = 700 MPa
Yield strength of PVC tube (§20) fu,s,PVC = 50 MPa
Ultimate strength of aluminium mullion fu,s = 215 MPa
Thickness of PVC tube tPVC = 3.5 mm
Thickness of aluminium sheet t = 2 mm
Diameter of the screw head dm = 9.5 mm

Bearing verification Vmax-ULS = 437 N < Fb-RD,PVC
Punching verification Tmax-ULS = 437 N < Bp-RD,PVC

TCR
12. Verification of openable vent panel

The openable vent panel is an aluminium framed panel which incorporates an openable vent 2491mm-
high. The panel is covered on the outside with an aluminium 5005-H14 3mm-thick sheet, while on the
inside with a steel DX51D 2mm-thick sheet. The inside cavity is filled with rockwool to achieve thermal
and acoustic performance. The whole openable vent panel is fixed to the curtain wall profiles (mullions,
sill transom and intermediate transoms) on the perimeter, with diameter 4.8 screws spaced 500mm.
Here below the detail of the openable vent panel.
Steel
sheet
Aluminium
sheet
Figure 125: Detail of the openable vent panel – Vertical section

TCR
The aluminium sheet is fixed with diameter 4.8 screws on the perimeter, while the internal steel sheet
is fixed on the perimeter with 3M biadhesive tape. Here below the detail of the openable vent sheets
with relevant dimensions.
Biadhesive Steel Biadhesive

tape 3M sheet tape 3M
Aluminium
sheet
Screws Screws
Figure 126: Detail of the metal sheets of the openable vent

TCR
Verification of the whole panel fixings

As said, the whole openable vent panel is fixed to the curtain wall profiles on the perimeter, with
diameter 4.8 screws spaced 500mm. Here below the detail of the openable vent panel fixing.
Figure 127: Openable vent typical fixing on the perimeter – Horizontal section
The overall specific dead load of the openable vent panel is approximately:
γDL = 1.1* (ρalu*talu + ρrock*trock + ρst*tst) * g = 326 N/m2
Where:
ρalu = 2700 kg/m3 Density of aluminium
talu = 3 mm Thickness of aluminium
ρrock = 80 kg/m3 Density of rockwool
trock = 80 mm Thickness of rockwool
ρst = 7850 kg/m3 Density of steel
tst = 2 mm Thickness of steel
The maximum loads on the most solicited screws are:

VEd-ULS = 1.35 * γDL * b / 2 * i = 96 N Shear load on screw
TEd-ULS = 1.5 * ps * b / 2 * i = 486 N Tensile load on screw
TEd-SLS = TEd / 1.5 = 324 N Tensile load on screw at SLS
Where:
ps =-1.482kPa Maximum wind suction
b = 875mm Gross width of curtain wall panel
i = 500mm Screw spacing

TCR
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 (and §3.6.1(12) of BS EN 1993-1-8) the resistances of the
screws are the following:
Shear resistance – ⌀4.8 mm; A2-70 Fv-Rd = βp * (αv *As * fu,b ) / γm2 = 2190 N
With:
Reduction factor for eccentricity βp = 9d/(8d+3*tp) = 0.847
Where:
d = 4.8mm is the diameter of the screw
tp = 4.2mm is the eccentricity of the screw
According to AAMA TIR-A9-14 Table 20.9, the pull-out resistance at SLS with a safety factor SF = 3.0
of the screw is:
PA = PA,0.1805 / t0.1805 * t = 1157 N
Where:
PA,0.1805 = 477 lbs Tensile load for 0.1805 in plate thickness 6063-T6
t0.1805 = 0.1805 in Reference thickness of the value in Table 20.9
t = 2.5 mm Pull depth

Shear verification VEd-ULS = 96N < Fv-Rd
Tensile verification TEd-ULS = 486N < Ft-Rd
Combined verification TEd-ULS / (1.4 * Ft-Rd) + VEd-ULS / Fv-Rd = 0.191
Pull-out verification TEd-SLS = 324N < PA

TCR

The metal sheets of the openable vent have been analysed with FEM models made with plate elements,
to take account of the membrane effect with non-linear analysis.
Aluminium sheet
The aluminium sheet is exposed to the exterior. The wind load applied is the maximum external
load on the façade, ps,e = -1.307kPa. Here below some figures of the FEM model, with restraints
and loads applied. Note that only one quarter of the sheet has been modelled, using symmetry
restraints to achieve the whole behaviour.
SYM about
XY-plane Contact with
aluminium
Restraints: profile
DZ=0
RX=0
RY=0
2470/2 = 1235mm
Translations
restrained by
screws:
DX, DY, DZ
SYM about
XZ-plane
Restraints:
DY=0
RX=0
RZ=0
Figure 128: FEM model of the aluminium sheet – modelling and wind load

TCR
Steel sheet
The steel sheet is exposed to the interior. Therefore, it has both wind and barrier loads. The wind
load applied is the maximum load on the façade, ps = -1.482kPa. The barrier loads are applied up
to 1100mm from finished floor level, and they are category C2 loads. Here below some figures of
the FEM model, with restraints and loads applied. Note that only half of the sheet has been
modelled, using symmetry restraints to achieve the whole behaviour.
SYM about
XY-plane
Restraints:
DZ=0
RX=0
RY=0
Adhesion with
2555mm
rear profile
via 3M
Figure 129: FEM model of the steel sheet – modelling and wind load

TCR
Linear BL Punctual BL Distributed BL

1.5 kN/m 1.5 kN (half) 1.5 kN/m2
Figure 130: FEM model of the steel sheet – barrier loads applied

TCR
Verification of metal sheets deflection

Aluminium sheet
The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the metal sheet along X-axis for the
combination at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: wind load in suction.
Figure 131: Aluminium sheet – deflection at SLS
Design”, in fact:
𝐿
60

TCR
Steel sheet
The following figure shows the maximum deflection of the metal sheet along X-axis for the
combination at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) the most critical: punctual barrier load (BLp).
Figure 132: Steel sheet – deflection at SLS
Design”, in fact:
𝐿
60

TCR
Verification of metal sheets stress

Aluminium sheet
The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the metal sheet for the combination
at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) the most critical: 1.5 wind load in suction.
Figure 133: Aluminium sheet – Von Mises stress at ULS
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 63.96𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 109.1𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:
fy = 120MPa yield strength of aluminium sheet 5005-H14

TCR
Steel sheet
The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the metal sheet for the combination
at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) the most critical: 1.5 BLp + 1.5*0.5 Wsuct.
Figure 134: Steel sheet – Von Mises stress at ULS
𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 139.99𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 140𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀0
Where:
fy = 140MPa minimum yield strength of steel sheet DX51D+Z

TCR

Aluminium sheet
The following figure shows the maximum loads on the screws.
Figure 135: Aluminium sheet – reactions on fixings
With:
Thickness of aluminium mullion t = 1.5 mm


TCR
Steel sheet
The steel sheet is fixed with 3M biadhesive tape on its perimeter. The minimal bonding length has
been evaluated in accordance with ETA-09/0024, §4.3.1:
𝑞𝑢 (𝑘𝑃𝑎) × 𝑏(𝑚𝑚)
𝑙𝑉𝐻𝐵(𝑚𝑚) ≥ = 7.72𝑚𝑚
2 × 𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 (𝑘𝑃𝑎)
Where:
𝑞𝑢 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑝𝑝 = 1.551𝑘𝑃𝑎 is the ULS linear load acting on the 3M tape
𝜎𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝜎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 /𝑆𝐹 = 97𝑘𝑃𝑎 is the design resistance of the 3M tape
With:
pp = 1.034kPa maximum wind load acting on the 3M tape
b = 644mm smaller side of the steel sheet
σtensile = 970kPa normal tensile strength resistance of the 3M tape (§21)
SF = 10 safety factor applied
Therefore, the bonding length of the 3M biadhesive tape is adequate, in fact:

𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 25𝑚𝑚 > 𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7.72𝑚𝑚

TCR
13. Verification of stack-joint connection

The stack-joint connection between curtain wall blocks of adjacent floors is assured with blades that fits
inside the mullions, transferring loads perpendicular to the façade between the blocks, and taking the
lateral force due to the alignment on the male profile. Here below the maximum perpendicular load on
aluminium blades, for the load combination at ULS the most critical one: 1.35 Dead Load +1.5 Wind
Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear Load
Figure 136: FEM model of EWS01 – maximum perpendicular load on stack-

joint blades

TCR
Figure 137: FEM model of EWS01 – maximum lateral load from wind on
stack-joint blades

TCR
Female mullion
Male mullion
Figure 138: Detail of maximum perpendicular loads on stack-joint blades
Male mullion
of the 875mm
Female mullion fixed panel
Figure 139: Detail of maximum lateral loads on stack-joint blades
Therefore, the maximal actions at ULS to verify the critical sections of the blades are the followings:
𝐹𝑥,𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 4220𝑁 ULS load along X axis on the blade of female mullion
𝐹𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 4037𝑁 ULS load along X axis on the blade of male mullion
𝐹𝑧,𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 1.35 ∗ 1182𝑁 = 1596𝑁 ULS alignment load along Z axis on the blade of the male mullion
Note that the maximum lateral load due to wind must be combined with the alignment load of the small
875mm-wide fixed panel, therefore the total lateral load of this condition is not governing.

TCR
Here below the detail of the stack-joint blades.
Fx
ey
CS
Fz
y
x
x z
Figure 140: Stack-joint blades – vertical and horizontal section scheme
Verification of the blade of female mullion

Vx = Fx,female = 4220 N Shear load along x-axis on CS
Mz = Fx,female * ey = 276832 Nmm Bending moment about z-axis on CS
With:
ey = 65.6 mm Eccentricity considering max stack-joint opening 13.6mm (§4.4.1)

𝑓𝑦0
𝜎𝑖𝑑 = √𝜎𝑧2 + 3 ∗ 𝜏𝑥2 = 83.64𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 236.36𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
With:
σz = Mz / (w2 * t / 6) = 81.37 MPa Tensile stress on critical section
τx = 1.5 * Vx / ( w * t ) = 11.16 MPa Shear stress on critical section
w = 54 mm Width of critical section
t = 7 mm Thickness of critical section

TCR
Verification of the blade of male mullion

Vx = Fx,male = 4037 N Shear load along x-axis on CS
Mz = Fx,male * ey = 264827 Nmm Bending moment about z-axis on CS
Vz = Fz,male = 1596 N Shear load along z-axis on CS
Mx = Fz,male * ey = 104698 Nmm Bending moment about x-axis on CS
With:
ey = 65.6 mm Eccentricity considering max stack-joint opening 13.6mm (§4.4.1)

2 2
𝑓𝑦0
𝜎𝑖𝑑 = √𝜎𝐸𝑑 + 3 ∗ 𝜏𝐸𝑑 = 171.39𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 236.36𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 𝜎𝑧 + 𝜎𝑥 = 170.82𝑀𝑃𝑎 Tensile stress on critical section
𝜏𝐸𝑑 = √𝜏𝑥2 + 𝜏𝑧2 = 8.04𝑀𝑃𝑎 Shear stress on critical section
With:
σz = Mz / (w2 * t / 6) = 54.49 MPa Tensile stress on critical section
σx = Mx / (w * t2 / 6) = 116.33 MPa Tensile stress on critical section
τx = 1.5 * Vx / ( w * t ) = 7.48 MPa Shear stress on critical section
τz = 1.5 * Vz / ( w * t ) = 2.96 MPa Shear stress on critical section
w = 54 mm Width of critical section
t = 10 mm Thickness of critical section

TCR
14. Verification of fixing system

In this section, it’s reported the verification of the structural fixing system subjected to the worst loads.
Following figures show the supporting fixing system object of analysis and the components that will be
verified:
1. M12 stainless steel A2-70 bolts of T-bracket
2. Aluminium 6082-T6 T-bracket
3. M8 stainless steel A2-70 grub screw supporting dead load
4. Aluminium 6082-T6 slab bracket
5. HILTI HAC50 anchor channel
1 4 5
Figure 141: Fixing system – vertical section

TCR
1 2 3
Figure 142: Fixing system – horizontal section
On the column, the bracket is bigger, but the channel is eccentric to avoid the column. The vertical
section remains the same, while the horizontal section is in the figure here below.
Eccentric
channel
Figure 143: Fixing system – horizontal section of the eccentric slab bracket

TCR
Loads
Dead loads
According to §4.5, the façade can slide and all the dead load of one curtain wall panel can be taken
on just one T-bracket. On the column, the slab bracket can therefore take half of the dead load of
the column-panel, plus the total load of the panel next to it. This behaviour also generates alignment
forces which act on the T-bracket of the male mullion and then are taken by the slab bracket.
Figure 144: Worst case scenario for the brackets
This worst-case scenario is when the T-bracket on the male mullion next to a column takes the dead
load of all the panel plus its alignment force. Therefore, according to §5.1 and §5.1.1, the maximum
dead loads at SLS on the T-bracket are the following:
𝐹𝑦,𝑆𝐿𝑆 = 6817𝑁 Maximum dead load of one panel
𝐹𝑧,𝑆𝐿𝑆 = 1172𝑁 Corresponding alignment force
The maximum dead loads on the slab bracket are the following:
4039
𝐹𝑦,𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏,𝑆𝐿𝑆 = 2 + 6817 = 8837𝑁 Total dead load on slab bracket
𝐹𝑧,𝑆𝐿𝑆 = 1172𝑁 Corresponding alignment force

TCR
Wind and imposed loads

The wind and imposed loads acting on the fixing system are determined from the FEM model
described in §8. Therefore, the following figures show the maximal reactions at ULS on restraints
(corresponding to the fixing system) that are used to verify the various components.
14.1.2.1 Forces perpendicular to the façade – outward

Combination ULS: 1.35 Dead +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear
Worst
condition on
vision panels
Worst
condition on
the column
Figure 145: FEM model of EWS01 – maximal outward force perpendicular to

the façade

TCR
Here below the worst condition on two adjacent vision panels of width 1812.5mm.
8479
Male mullion
Female mullion
Figure 146: Detail of maximal force perpendicular to the façade
This condition gives the maximum outward actions on the slab-bracket and channel.
𝐹𝑥,𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 8479 + 8827 = 17306𝑁

TCR
Here below the worst condition on the column.
Male mullion
4542 N
Female mullion
Male mullion
Female mullion
Figure 147: Detail of maximal outward force on the column
This condition gives the maximum outward actions on the eccentric channel of the column.
𝐹𝑥,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 6678 + 4542 = 11220𝑁
Note that the other condition is not governing because the lateral force Fz=960mm (at ULS) is less
than the total lateral load on the other condition, which has also the alignment force (§14.1.1).

TCR
14.1.2.2 Maximal force perpendicular to the façade – inward

Combination ULS: 1.35 Dead +1.5 Wind Pressure on façade and GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear
Worst
condition on
vision panels
Figure 148: FEM model of EWS01 – maximal inward force perpendicular to

the façade

TCR
Male mullion
8479
Female mullion
Figure 149: Detail of maximal inward force perpendicular to the façade
This combination gives the maximum inward action on the T-bracket.

𝐹𝑥,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 5597𝑁

TCR
14.1.2.3 Maximal force parallel to the façade

Combination ULS: 1.35 Dead +1.5 Wind Suction on façade and GRC + 1.5 Wind lateral load on
GRC + 0.5*1.5 Barrier Linear
Figure 150: FEM model of EWS01 – maximal force parallel to the façade

TCR
Male mullion
Female mullion
Figure 151: Detail of maximal force parallel to the façade

TCR

The various components of the fixing system have been analysed with FEM models made of bricks.
FEM model of component 1 and 2
Here below the FEM model which represents the T-bracket with the bolts.
Holes
Translations
restrained by
screws:
DX, DY, DZ
Contact
with the
mullion
Figure 152: FEM model of the T-bracket

TCR
The loads at ULS that maximize the solicitation of the T-bracket and the M12 screws are the
following (they have been considered in envelope):
𝐹𝑦 = 1.35 ∗ 6817 = 9203𝑁 Maximum dead load at ULS of one single panel
𝐹𝑧 = 1.35 ∗ 1172 + 1034 = 2617𝑁 Maximum lateral load at ULS (alignment + wind)
𝐹𝑥 = 5597𝑁 Maximum load inward at ULS
Fy
Fx
Figure 153: Loads on T-bracket for the worst condition
x
z
Fz
Figure 154: Loads on T-bracket for the worst condition

TCR
Here below the FEM model with the loads applied in the worst tolerance condition (concrete slab
25mm upwards).
Figure 155: FEM model of the T-bracket – Fy applied
Figure 156: FEM model of the T-bracket – Fx and Fz applied

TCR
FEM model of component 4

Here below the FEM model which represents the slab bracket in the worst tolerance position
(concrete slab 25mm inside).
Translations
restrained by
screws:
DX, DY, DZ
Figure 157: FEM model of the slab bracket
Contact
with the
concrete
Figure 158: FEM model of the slab bracket

TCR
The loads at ULS that maximize the solicitation of the slab-bracket are the following (they have been
considered in envelope):
𝐹𝑦 = 1.35 ∗ 8837 = 11930𝑁 Maximum dead load at ULS on column bracket
𝐹𝑧 = 1.35 ∗ 1172 + 1034 = 2617𝑁 Maximum lateral load at ULS (alignment + wind)
𝐹𝑥 = 17306𝑁 Maximum load outward at ULS
Fx
Fy y
Figure 159: Loads on slab bracket for the worst condition
x
z
Fz
Figure 160: Loads on slab bracket for the worst condition

TCR
Here below the FEM model with the loads applied.
Figure 161: FEM model of the slab bracket – Fy loads applied
Figure 162: FEM model of the slab bracket – Fx loads applied

TCR
Figure 163: FEM model of the slab bracket – Fz loads applied

TCR
Verification of component 1: M12 stainless steel A2-70 screws on T-bracket

Here below the maximum solicitations on the M12 screws of T-bracket at ULS.
Figure 164: FEM model of the T-bracket – maximum solicitations on screws of

the T-bracket
Design loads on most stressed screw are the following:

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 4072𝑁 Tensile load
2 2
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = √10456 + 2998 = 10877𝑁 Shear load
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistances of the M12 screws are the following:
With:

TCR

Diameter of the screw ds = 12 mm
Thickness of aluminium mullion t = 2.5 mm


TCR
Verification of component 2: Aluminium 6082-T6 T-bracket

The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the T-bracket at the ULS.
Figure 165: FEM model of the T-bracket – Von Mises stress on T-bracket
Therefore, the T-bracket is verified as regards its maximum stress, in fact:

𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 140𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 236.36𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:

TCR
Verification of component 3: M8 stainless steel A2-70 grub screw

The dead load of the heavier panel is taken by the M8 grub screw on the T-bracket.
Fy
Figure 166: Load on grub screw
Therefore, the design load that acts on the screw is:

𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑈𝐿𝑆 = 1.35 ∗ 6817 = 9203𝑁 Tensile load
According to BS EN 1999-1-1 Table 8.5 the resistance of the M8 screw is the following:
With:


TCR
Verification of component 4: Aluminium 6082-T6 slab bracket

The following figure shows the maximum Von Mises stress of the slab bracket at the ULS.
Figure 167: FEM model of the slab bracket – maximum von mises stress
Therefore, the slab-bracket is verified as regards its maximum stress, in fact:

𝑓𝑦
𝜎𝐸𝑑 = 121.93𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝜎𝑅𝑑 = = 236.36𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑀1
Where:

TCR
Verification of component 5: HILTI HAC50 anchor channel

The slab bracket is fixed to the slab with an anchor channel HILTI HAC50 positioned at 200mm from
the slab edge. Here below the loads acting on the most solicited not eccentric anchor channel on the
façade, which is the anchor channel supporting the two vision panels of width 1812.5mm.
𝐹𝑦 = 1.35 ∗ 𝐹𝐷𝐿 = −7043𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = −17306𝑁
𝐹𝑧 = 1.35 ∗ 𝐹𝑧−𝑎𝑙 = 1596𝑁
Where:
FDL = 5217 N Dead load of 1812.5 Vision panel at SLS
Fz-al = 1182 N Alignment force of CW vision panel 1812.5mm-wide at SLS
Fx,slab,ULS = 17306 N Maximum load outward at ULS as per Figure 146
Fx P
ex,y
y Fy
Figure 168: Loads on anchor channel
Fx/2
P
ez
FDL
Fx/2
ex,z
Fz

TCR
The loads acting on the channel cause the following moments on point P, which is located in the worst
concrete tolerance condition (slab edge 25mm inward).
𝑒
𝑀𝑥 = 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 2𝑧 = 0.254𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 𝐹𝑧 ∗ 𝑒𝑥,𝑧 = 0.169𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑥,𝑦 = 0.616𝑘𝑁𝑚
Where:
ez = 72mm distance along z direction between the T-brackets
ex,z = 106mm distance along x direction between the lateral load and point P
ex,y = 87.5mm distance along x direction between the vertical loads and point P
The verification of the anchor channel has been carried out with HILTI PROFIS Anchor Channel. The
following pages reports the software calculations.

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
Verification of the eccentric channel

The channel located on the column is eccentric, and it is the most solicited one. Here below the
loads acting on the channel.
𝐹𝑦 = 1.35 ∗ (𝐹𝐷𝐿,𝑓 + 𝐹𝐷𝐿,𝑚 ) = −11929𝑁
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹𝑥,𝑓 + 𝐹𝑥,𝑚 = −11220𝑁
𝐹𝑧 = 1.35 ∗ 𝐹𝑧−𝑎𝑙 + 𝐹𝑧,𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 1853𝑁
Where:
FDL,f = 4039/2 = 2020 N Half dead load of column panel at SLS
FDL,m = 6817 N Dead load of panel next to column at SLS
Fx,f = 6678 N Outward load at ULS on female as per Figure 147
Fx,m = 4542 N Outward load at ULS on male as per Figure 147
Fz-al = 1172 N Alignment force of panel next to column at SLS
Fz-lat = 271 N Lateral force at ULS on male as per Figure 147
Fx P
ex,y
y Fy

TCR
ex,z
FDL,f FDL,m
ez
Fz
x
z Fx,f
Fx,m
Figure 171: Loads on the eccentric slab bracket
The loads acting on the channel cause the following moments on point P, which is located in the
worst concrete tolerance condition (slab edge 25mm inward).
𝑒
𝑀𝑥 = (𝐹𝐷𝐿,𝑚 − 𝐹𝐷𝐿,𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑧 = 0.233𝑘𝑁𝑚
2
𝑒
𝑀𝑦 = (𝐹𝑥,𝑚 − 𝐹𝑥,𝑓 ) ∗ 2𝑧 + 𝐹𝑧 ∗ 𝑒𝑥,𝑧 = 0.273𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑧 = 𝐹𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑥,𝑦 = 1.044𝑘𝑁𝑚
Where:
ez = 72mm distance along z direction between the T-brackets
ex,z = 106mm distance along x direction between the lateral load and point P
ex,y = 87.5mm distance along x direction between the vertical loads and point P
The verification of the anchor channel has been carried out with HILTI PROFIS Anchor Channel.
The following pages reports the software calculations.

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
15. Annex A: RFI-000006 Response

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
16. Annex B: Dead load calculations

Vision w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4

TCR
Vision w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4
Vision - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4

TCR
Vision - 1375 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4
Openable Vent @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm

TCR
Openable Vent - 875 x 4000 mm
Vision w/ Fascia - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4

TCR
Vision w/ Fascia - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4
Vision - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 10-16-55.4

TCR
Vision - 1812.5 x 4000 mm - Glass 12-14-55.4
Fixed Panel @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm

TCR
Fixed Panel - 875 x 4000 mm
Vertical Recesses @Fascia Level - 875 x 4000 mm

TCR
Vertical Recesses - 875 x 4000 mm

TCR
Vertical Recesses w/ Fascia - 1375 x 4000 mm

TCR
Vertical Recesses - 1375 x 4000 mm

TCR
17. Annex C: Mepla calculation reports relevant pages

This annex contains the relevant pages of the Mepla calculation reports.
GL-01
Due to software limitations, a first report includes all load combinations except those including
Maintenance Load (ML) and Barrier Distributed Load (BLd), while a second report includes those
missing combinations.

TCR
MU-33
INH-16:
Interlayer mechanical properties shall be of the
temperature of the governing load case being
analysed. Comment applies to succeeding
pages where applicable.

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
Load combinations with Maintenance Load and Barrier Distributed Load

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
GL-01C
Due to software limitations, a first report includes all load combinations except those including
Maintenance Load (ML) and Barrier Distributed Load (BLd), while a second report includes those
missing combinations.

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
Load combinations with Maintenance Load and Barrier Distributed Load

TCR

TCR

TCR
18. Annex D: Glass thermal assessment

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR

TCR
19. Annex E: Technical MU-36

data sheet of GRC
INH-17:
1. Provide test report. Suggest to have a pull-out
test on the actual panels for the project.
2. Provide test report for MOR and LOP.
MU-35
INH-18:
Provide test report.
Suggest to have a pull-out
test on the actual panels.
MU-34
INH-19:
Provide impact test
report for review.

TCR
20. Annex F: Typical rigid PVC datasheet

TCR
MU-38
INH-20:
Clarify where this
21. Annex G: 3M biadhesive tape datasheet has been used.
MU-37
clarify where white tape is being used.
Thiss should not be visible

Markup Summary Sheet Total Comments: 38 Downloaded by Joan Lin on 09 Aug 2022 10:24
Document Number Project

ETC-PUL-E1-ZZ-CS-X-00201 E&C
Revision Version Title

C0 8 Structural Calculation - Facade EWS01
ID Type Comments
MU-1 Free Text Document scope generally outside A&M remit. General comments made on following pages. Status
assigned by A&M is subject to Inhabit comments and status
- Mr Tristan Rodgers on 20 Jun 2022 16:12 GMT+1
MU-2 Draft No Comment
Page 2
MU-3 Stamp No Comment
- Joan Lin on 21 Jun 2022 11:51 GMT+1
MU-4 Free Text Inhabit Comments: Refer to comments in the report.
MU-5 Stamp No Comment
Page 8
MU-6 Callout INH-01: Refer to Inhabit's comments on this report.
MU-7 Rectangle No Comment
- Mr Muhammad Nadeem on 27 Jun 2022 15:59 GMT+1
- Mr Muhammad Nadeem on 27 Jun 2022 15:59 GMT+1
Page 22
MU-9 Free Text OK
- Katja Vidic on 13 Jun 2022 15:57 GMT+1
Page 23
MU-10 Free Text OK
Page 33
MU-12 Callout Please confirm the locations of the heavier panels, so we can check the correct loading has been
allowed for
MU-13 Line No Comment
Page 36
MU-15 Callout glass composition subject to final confirmation. Contractor to produce a risk assessment for glass
build up justifying slection
MU-16 Callout INH-02: 1. Provide impact test report. 2. Provide glass risk assessment.
Page 38
MU-17 Callout INH-04: Provide and consider the mechanical properties at 40°C as this temperature is more
onerous.
MU-19 Callout INH-03: Provide technical submittal for review.
Page 39
MU-20 Callout INH-05: Refer to comment INH-04.
Page 46
Page 48
Page 50
MU-23 Callout INH-08: "Bending/Flexural"

MU-24 Free Text INH-11: Check deflection of the glass support.
MU-25 Callout INH-10: Consider Eurocode.
MU-26 Callout INH-09: Consider triangular compression distribution.
Page 51
MU-27 Callout INH-12: Check the sheet on the more external side as this is might be onerous in terms of
boundary conditions.
Page 66
MU-28 Callout consider condition where vertical cavity barrier closes perforations
Page 83
MU-29 Callout INH-13: For consistency, use the same variables considered on previous calculations.
Page 102
MU-31 Callout INH-14: 1. Consider strength check procedure in accordance with GRCA Practical Design Guide for
GRC. The check considers safety factors specific for GRC. 2. Provide checks against shrinkage
and thermal stress (i.e. comparison against MOR required @ 28 days) 3. Provide strength strength
check under serviceability limit state (i.e. comparison against LOP required @ 28 days)
Page 105
MU-32 Callout INH-15: Provide test report. Suggest to have a pull-out test on the actual panels for the project.
Page 240
MU-33 Callout INH-16: Interlayer mechanical properties shall be of the temperature of the governing load case
being analysed. Comment applies to succeeding pages where applicable.
Page 266
MU-34 Callout INH-19: Provide impact test report for review.
MU-35 Callout INH-18: Provide test report. Suggest to have a pull-out test on the actual panels.
MU-36 Callout INH-17: 1. Provide test report. Suggest to have a pull-out test on the actual panels for the project.
2. Provide test report for MOR and LOP.
Page 268
MU-37 Callout clarify where white tape is being used. Thiss should not be visible
MU-38 Callout INH-20: Clarify where this has been used.

Technical Calculation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Calculation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TCR

Status assigned by A&M is subject to Inhabit comments and

Structural Calculation – Façade EWS01

Ref.: TND.05, SYS.04 Form: 100VV-TD-TCR rev.00 dated 20 Mar 2020