Lusail

BASIS OF DESIGN

Facade – Structural Design Parameters

Date of Issue: 10-November-2019

Status: /

Revision Prepared Reviewed Approved

00 MSC LCH CLE

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Version History

Rev. Date Description Prep’d Rev’d Appr’d Status

00 10-11-2019 First Issue MSC LCH CLE /

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Table of Contents
Section 1 - INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Object of the Report .................................................................................................................................... 6

Section 2 - REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................ 7

2.1 Project documents ...................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Codes and standards ................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2.1 Standards relating to building design............................................................................................... 7

2.2.2 Standards relating to dead and live loads ........................................................................................ 7

2.2.3 Standards and project documents relating to wind loads ............................................................... 7

2.2.4 Standards relating to steel structure design .................................................................................... 7

2.2.5 Standards relating to aluminium structure design........................................................................... 7

2.2.6 Document relating to building envelopes ........................................................................................ 7

2.2.7 Standards relating to structural glass design ................................................................................... 8

2.2.8 Standards relating to BMU ............................................................................................................... 8

Section 3 - COMPUTER PROGRAMS .............................................................................................................. 8

Section 4 - STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ............................................................................................................ 9

4.1 Construction steel ....................................................................................................................................... 9

4.2 Aluminium ................................................................................................................................................... 9

4.3 Glass ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

Section 5 - ACTIONS AND SOLICITATIONS ................................................................................................... 10

5.1 Permanent Loads....................................................................................................................................... 10

5.1.1 Weight of materials........................................................................................................................ 10

5.2 Live Loads .................................................................................................................................................. 10

5.2.1 Horizontal Safety Loads (Curtain Walls) ......................................................................................... 10

5.2.2 Building Maintenance & Equipment Loads .................................................................................... 10

5.2.3 BMU loads ...................................................................................................................................... 11

5.3 Sand loads ................................................................................................................................................. 11

5.4 Thermal Loads ........................................................................................................................................... 11

5.5 Wind Loads ................................................................................................................................................ 12

5.5.1 Wind loads on fins claddingblades ................................................................................................. 17

Section 6 - LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS.............................................................................. 20

6.1 Load combinations according ASCE........................................................................................................... 20

6.1.1 ASD ................................................................................................................................................. 20

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6.1.2 LRFD ............................................................................................................................................... 20

6.2 Load combinations according BS-EN ......................................................................................................... 21

6.2.1 SLS Combinations ........................................................................................................................... 22

6.2.2 ULS Combinations .......................................................................................................................... 22

Section 7 - DESIGN CRITERIA ....................................................................................................................... 23

7.1 Strength design ......................................................................................................................................... 23

7.2 Serviceability ............................................................................................................................................. 24

7.2.1 Claddings ........................................................................................................................................ 24

7.2.2 Curtain walls deflection in plane .................................................................................................... 24

7.2.3 Substructure and Curtain walls (Mullion) ...................................................................................... 24

Section 8 - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR GLAZING ................................................................................................ 25

8.1 ASD Load combinations for glazing design ................................................................................................ 25

8.2 Allowable stress......................................................................................................................................... 26

8.3 Allowable deflection .................................................................................................................................. 27

8.4 Design methodology according ASTM ....................................................................................................... 27

8.5 Structural sealant ...................................................................................................................................... 29

Section 9 - ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION AND TOLERANCES ............................................................................. 30

9.1 Allowable deflection .................................................................................................................................. 30

9.1.1 Vertical slab/beam deflection ........................................................................................................ 31

9.1.2 Storey drift ..................................................................................................................................... 33

9.1.3 Column axial shortening and compensation .................................................................................. 34

9.1.4 Summary of vertical movements to be accommodated by stack joint.......................................... 34

9.2 Tolerances of construction ........................................................................................................................ 34

9.3 Tolerances in the brackets ........................................................................................................................ 35

Section 10 - THERMAL DESIGN...................................................................................................................... 35

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Section 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Object of the Report

The purpose of this basis of design for facade structural engineering of the project LUSAIL TOWERS is to present:

 General structural design assumptions

 Codes and standards used for the structural engineering of facades

 Description of materials of secondary steel and aluminium structures (mechanical characteristics)

 Loads and actions for design of facades

o Dead and live loads

o Wind loads (interpretation of wind tunnel test)

o Load combinations

 Design criteria at ULS and SLS for framing and substructures

 Design criteria for glazing design

 Movements of primary structure

 Tolerances of primary structure (tolerances of installation)

 Thermal design requirements

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Section 2 - REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 Project documents

[1] LUS-BP12-F&P-REP-AR-00001-rev07 – Basis of design - Preliminary design brief

[2] LUS-BP12-F&P-SPE-AR-00002_003-rev02 – Project Specifications

2.2 Codes and standards

According project specifications [2], the codes listed here below will be used for the design of facades.

2.2.1 Standards relating to building design

[3] International Building Code – IBC 2018

[4] Qatar National Building Code – QNBC

[5] Qatar Construction specifications – QCS 2014

2.2.2 Standards relating to dead and live loads

[6] BS 6399-1: Loading for buildings — Part 1: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads

[7] BS 6180: Barriers in and about buildings

[8] BS EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed loads
for buildings

2.2.3 Standards and project documents relating to wind loads

[9] LUS-BP12-F&P-REP-ST-00001 – Cladding Wind Report

[10] ASCE 7-16: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (2005)

2.2.4 Standards relating to steel structure design

[11] ANSI/ AISC 303-10– Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges

[12] ANSI/ AISC 360-10– Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

[13] BS EN 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

[14] BS EN 1993-1-8: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints

2.2.5 Standards relating to aluminium structure design

[15] AA – The Aluminum Design Manual, 2010 Edition, The Aluminium Association

[16] BS EN 1999-1-1: Design of aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General structural rules

2.2.6 Document relating to building envelopes

[17] Center for Windows and Cladding Technology (CWCT) - Standard for systemized building envelopes

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2.2.7 Standards relating to structural glass design

[18] ASTM E 1300-12a: Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings (2012)

[19] IBC 2009: International Building Code (2009)

[20] ETAG 002 - Guideline for European Technical Approval for Structural sealant

2.2.8 Standards relating to BMU

[21] BS EN 1808 - Safety requirements on suspended access equipment – Design calculations, Stability
criteria, Construction - Tests

All Eurocodes (EN), if any, listed here above are used with the British national annex (BS/NA).

Section 3 - COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Here below are listed the computer programs used to perform design of façades:

 SCIA Engineer v.18 – Finite element structural analysis software

 MS Excel

 Mathcad 15

 BISCO/ TRISCO – Thermal design software

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Section 4 - STRUCTURAL MATERIALS

4.1 Construction steel

 Steel (according BS EN 1993-1-1):

S 275 (fu = 430 N/mm², fy = 275 N/mm², E=210 000 N/mm²,  =0.3)

S 355 (fu = 510 N/mm², fy = 355 N/mm², E=210 000 N/mm²,  =0.3)

 Stainless Steel (according BS EN 1993-1-4):

1.4404 (AISI 316L) (fu = 530 N/mm², fy = 220 N/mm², E=200 000 N/mm², =0.3)

 Steel Bolt (according BS EN 1993-1-8):

8.8 (fu = 800 N/mm², fy = 640 N/mm²)

 Stainless Steel Bolt (according BS EN 1993-1-4):

Class 70 (to M20: fu = 700 N/mm², fy = 450 N/mm²)

Class 80 (to M20: fu = 800 N/mm², fy = 600 N/mm²)

4.2 Aluminium

 For extruded profiles:

Alloy EN AW 6063 T6 (E=70 000 N/mm², =0.3)

(t ≤ 25 mm: fu = 195 N/mm², f0 = 160 N/mm²)

 For bracketry:
Alloy EN AW 6082 T6 (E=70 000 N/mm², =0.3)

(t ≤ 25 mm: fu = 290 N/mm², f0 = 250 N/mm²)

 For cladding:
Alloy EN AW 5083 H111 (E=70 000 N/mm², =0.3)

(t ≤ 50 mm: fu = 275 N/mm², f0 = 125 N/mm²)

Alloy EN AW 5754 H22 (E=70 000 N/mm², =0.3)

(t ≤ 50 mm: fu = 245 N/mm², f0 = 130 N/mm²)

4.3 Glass

 Glass : (E=70 000 N/mm², =0.23, density = 2500 kg/m³)

Any equivalent materials according American standards could also be selected. In any case, the design will be
done according codes and standards related to the material chosen.

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Section 5 - ACTIONS AND SOLICITATIONS

5.1 Permanent Loads

The permanent loads take into account self-weight of structures and finishing loads.

5.1.1 Weight of materials

 Steel : 78.50 kN/m³

 Aluminium : 27.00 kN/m³

 Glass: 25.00 kN/m³

5.2 Live Loads

Horizontal and vertical loads shall be combined.

5.2.1 Horizontal Safety Loads (Curtain Walls)

The following horizontal barrier loads are computed according the most stringent of the following codes:

 BS EN 1991-1-1 and its national annex (BS/NA)

 BS 6399
 BS 6180
 CWCT

Therefore, the façade elements shall be designed to sustain safely each of the following static loads acting
separately.

For Residential or Office usage:

 Horizontal uniformly distributed line load of 0.74 kN/m applied at 1.2m above FFL

 Surface load of 1.0 kN/m² below the level +1.1 m above FFL

 Point load of 0.50 kN applied at 1.1 m above FFL

For Restaurant and Cafe occupation:

 Horizontal uniformly distributed line load of 1.50 kN/m applied at 1.2m above FFL

 Surface load of 1.50 kN/m² below the level +1.1 m above FFL

 Point load of 1.50 kN applied at 1.1 m above FFL

5.2.2 Building Maintenance & Equipment Loads

Following the “Center for Windows and Cladding Technology (CWCT) – Standard for building envelopes” Part 2
§ 2.3.3. Cleaning from ladders or cradles: Horizontal load of 0.50 kN acting on a square surface of 100 mm side.

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5.2.3 BMU loads

Curtain Wall framing and anchorages are designed to withstand a BMU load of 2.0 kN acting in any directions,
as per specifications [2].

This load has to be coordinated/confirmed with façade access engineer at a later stage.

BMU loads will be cumulated with reduced wind loads (basic wind speed of 20 m/s, 3sec-gust) as per BS EN 1808
[21] (see load combinations in chapter 0). The suspended platform cannot be used during extreme wind.

5.3 Sand loads

A sand load of 0.6 kN/m² is considered on horizontal surfaces (such as the roofs) to take into account the
accumulation of sand on those surfaces.

5.4 Thermal Loads

The façade elements have to accommodate the movement due to thermal actions as per specifications:

 Due to expansion and contraction caused by a maximum surface temperature of 82.5°C.

 The minimum ambient exterior temperature is 1.5°C.

The above are used as in the table below:

Temperature Value in °C Remarks

Tmax 82.5 Maximum temperature

T0 30 Reference temperature

∆Texpansion +52.5 Difference of temperature between maximum temperature

and reference temperature

Tmin 1.5 Minimum temperature

∆Tcontraction -28.5 Difference of temperature between minimum temperature

and reference temperature

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5.5 Wind Loads

For the cladding wind load assessment, a design wind speed of 38 m/s, 3 second gust at 10 meters high in open
terrain was used, as specified in the QCS 2014 (return period of 50 years).

The wind pressures given in the following are LRFD wind pressure (as per ASCE 7-16) with a return period of
1700 years. For an ASD design (or a design according BS Eurocodes), the wind pressures need to be multiplied
by 0.66 to be in accordance with a return period of 100 years.

Here below is the summary of the design wind pressures:

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The wind pressures mentioned in the following and in the table here above are applicable for tributary area of
1 m². A reduction factor can be applied on those wind pressures for higher tributary areas:

The maximum peak net negative and positive pressures (suction) on the façade walls and podium roofs and
soffits are given in the following figures.

Peak net negative on roof

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Peak negative pressure on façade

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Peak net positive pressures

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Peak net positive pressure on roof

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5.5.1 Wind loads on fins claddingblades

The Wind loads are defined according to ASCE/SEI 7-16

5.5.1.1 Basic wind speed

As specified in the QCS 2014 for a return period of 50 years, the design wind speed at 10 m above the ground in
open terrain is 38 m/s (3 second gust speed).

5.5.1.2 Velocity wind pressure

Plot 1 and 2 : H = 217.5 m

Plot 3 and 4 : H = 298.2 m

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5.5.1.3 Pressure Coefficients

External Pressure Coefficients

According to Figure 27.3-1 from ASCE/SEI 7-16

External Pressure Coefficient GCp = +0.8 or -0.7

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According to § 27.3.4 Parapets from ASCE/SEI 7-16

5.5.1.4 Cladding Design Pressure

Design Wind pressures : p = q (GCp)

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Section 6 - LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

6.1 Load combinations according ASCE

The lad combinations here below are derived from ASCE 7-16 (in case of design according AISC or AA).

6.1.1 ASD

ASD/Serviceability combinations
Maintenance
Dead loads Live loads Wind loads (*) Sand loads (**)
Loads combinations loads (BMU,…)
(DL) (LL) (WL) (SL)
(ML)
ASD 1 1 1 - - -
ASD 2 1 - 0.66 - -
ASD 3 1 - - 1 -
ASD 4 1 0.75 0.495 0.75 -
ASD 5 1 - 0.16 (***) - 1

(*) Wind loads given in the cladding wind report have to be multiplied by 0.66.

(**) Sand loads are considered as the same than live loads. The sand loads are applied only on horizontal
surfaces.

(***) Factor 1.0 x 0.16 = 0.16 is applied on wind loads (wind speed of 20 m/s)

6.1.2 LRFD

LRFD combinations
Maintenance
Dead loads Live loads Wind loads (*) Sand loads (**)
Loads combinations loads (BMU,…)
(DL) (LL) (WL) (SL)
(ML)
LRFD 1 1.4 - - - -
LRFD 2 1.2 1.6 0.5 1.0 -
LRFD 3 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 -
LRFD 4 1.2 1.0 0.5 1.6 -
LRFD 5 1.2 1.0 0.26 (***) 1.0 1.6

(*) Wind loads given in the cladding wind report are LRFD wind loads (return period of 1700 years).

(**) Sand loads are considered as the same than live loads. The sand loads are applied only on horizontal
surfaces.

(***) Factor 1.6 x 0.16 = 0.26 is applied on wind loads (wind speed of 20 m/s)

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6.2 Load combinations according BS-EN

BS EN 1990 and its national annex are applied for defining the load combinations at Ultimate Limit States and
Serviceability Limit States (in case of material selected according EN).

For ULS, the equation (6.10) will be applied:

For SLS load combinations, the table here below is applied:

The table here below gives the ψ factors according BS EN 1990/ NA to be applied for accompanying actions:

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As mentioned previously, Maintenance loads (BMU, suspended platform) will be combined with a reduced wind.
According EN 1808, this reduced wind is based on a basic wind speed of 20 m/s, 3 sec-gust. Therefore, a
reduction factor will be applied on the wind pressures when BMU loads are the leading components in the load
combinations below.

The load combinations applied are listed here below.

6.2.1 SLS Combinations

SLS Combinations - according BS EN 1990

Maintenance
Dead loads Live loads Wind loads (*) Sand loads (**)
Loads combinations loads (BMU,…)
(DL) (LL) (WL) (SL)
(ML)
SLS1 = DL + LL + ψ0.WL + ψ0 .SL 1 1 0.33 0.5 -
SLS2 = DL + ψ0 .LL + WL + ψ0 .SL 1 0.7 0.66 0.5 -
SLS3 = DL + ψ0 .LL + ψ0 .WL + SL 1 0.7 0.33 1 -
SLS4 = DL + ψ0.LL + k.WL + ML + ψ0 .SL 1 0.7 0.16 (***) 0.5 1

(*) Wind loads given in the cladding wind report have to be multiplied by 0.66.

(**) For sand loads, ψ factors are considered as the same as for wind loads. The sand loads are applied only on
horizontal surfaces.

(***) Factor 1.0 x 0.16 = 0.16 is applied on wind loads (wind speed of 20 m/s)

6.2.2 ULS Combinations

ULS Combinations - according BS EN 1990

Maintenance
Dead loads Live loads Wind loads (*) Sand loads (**)
Loads combinations loads (BMU,…)
(DL) (LL) (WL) (SL)
(ML)
ULS1 = γG.DL + γQ.LL + γQ.ψ0.WL + γQ.ψ0 .SL 1.35 1.5 0.5 0.75 -
ULS2 = γG.DL + γQ.ψ0.LL + γQ.WL + γQ.ψ0 .SL 1.35 1.05 1.0 0.75 -
ULS3 = γG.DL + γQ.ψ0.LL + γQ.ψ0 .WL + γQ.SL 1.35 1.05 0.5 1.5 -
ULS4 = γG.DL + γQ.ψ0 .LL + γQ.k.WL + γQ.ψ0 .SL + γQ.ML 1.35 1.05 0.24 (***) 0.75 1.5

(*) Wind loads given in the cladding wind report are already ULS wind loads.

(**) For sand loads, ψ factors are considered as the same as for wind loads. The sand loads are applied only on
horizontal surfaces.

(***) Factor 1.5 x 0.16 = 0.24 is applied on wind loads (wind speed of 20 m/s)

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Section 7 - DESIGN CRITERIA

The design criteria listed in the following concerns the cladding frames and the secondary structures.

7.1 Strength design

The criteria for verification of strength design is the following:

𝐸
𝑈. 𝑅. = ≤1
𝑅
The utilization ratio is the ratio between factored efforts and the design strength capacity of members.

The factored efforts are from the load combinations defined in the previous chapter (according BS EN if selected
structural materials are according BS EN or according American Standards – ASCE if selected structural materials
are according AISC or AA).

The design strength capacity is determined according partial strength method for BS EN:
𝑅
𝑅 =
𝛾
Where 𝑅 is the characteristic resistance and 𝛾 are material partial safety factors.

The design strength capacity is determined with a reduction factor for American standards:

𝑅 = 𝑅 .𝜑
Where 𝑅 is the characteristic resistance and 𝜑 are strength reduction factors

The method of determination of strength capacity depends on selected structural materials.

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7.2 Serviceability

The serviceability criterion are defined according basis of design [1]. In case of secondary steel or aluminium
structure, the design is according the corresponding standards as mentioned in chapter 7.1 about strength
design.

7.2.1 Claddings

The deflection of the infill panels will be limited so as not to introduce a permanent deformation with the design
pressure loads. The limit of the elastic stress is yield strength under characteristic design pressure loads.

The case of glass design is treated specifically in the chapter Section 8 - .

7.2.2 Curtain walls deflection in plane

Following the basis of design [1] and project specifications [2], the horizontal/vertical deflection of the transoms,
mullions and all facade elements in the plane of glazing will be limited to the following deflections.

 The horizontal deflection parallel to the glazing plane will be limited to span/360 or 3.2 mm.
 The vertical deflection of any main horizontal framing member due to imposed load will be limited to
span/360 or 3.2 mm.

7.2.3 Substructure and Curtain walls (Mullion)

Following the basis of design [1] and project specifications [2], the deflection of the framing structure (curtain
walls and claddings) will be limited to respect the following deflection :

 Δ ≤ H/175 if H ≤ 4.11m
 Δ ≤ H/240 + 6.35mm if H > 4.11m

This deflection Δ cannot exceed 25 mm.

(Deflections are measured relative to the connections of the substructure

elements to a support bracket)

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Section 8 - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR GLAZING

The design of glazing is done according ASTM E1300-12a [18]. The chapter 24 of IBC 2009 [19] gives
recommendations for design of glass infill panels resisting to wind loads which are in line with design according
ASTM E1300:

As per IBC’s recommendations, the Allowable Strength Design (ASD) is used for glass design, the load
combinations of IBC will be therefore used for glazing design. The wind pressures provided by RWDI are
computed with a basic wind speed with a return period of 1700 years and shall be therefore multiplied by 0.66.

8.1 ASD Load combinations for glazing design

The loads combinations are computed according IBC:

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The climatic loads (internal pressures of IGU) are considered as a live load.

The load duration of each load combination are based on the load duration of the main load case acting in the
load combinations.

8.2 Allowable stress

The load resistance is computed with a probability of breakage (Pb) of 8 lites or plies of 1000.

The allowable stresses are presented here below depending on the load duration. Those allowable stresses are
in line with the appendix X.6 of ASTM E1300:

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8.3 Allowable deflection

The allowable deflection at centre of glass is limited to L/75 or 25 mm whichever is lesser, for a panel with a
shorter dimension smaller than 1.5 meters and L/120 + 7.6 mm for any other cases. It has to be noted that the
deflection is computed with a reduced wind loads (return period of 10 years – reduction factor of 0.34).

8.4 Design methodology according ASTM

The section 6.10 of ASTM gives that procedure for a Double Glazed Insulating Glass (IG) with Monolithic Glass
Lites of Equal (Symmetric) or Different (Asymmetric) Glass Type and Thickness Simply Supported Continuously
Along Four Sides:

Where LR1 is the load resistance of lite 1 and LR2 is the load resistance for the lite 2.

 NFL is the non-factored load and is given in the appendices of ASTM E1300. Here below is given as an
example the NFL for a glass of 8 mm thick.

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 GTF is the glass type factor depending if the glass is annealed, heat strengthened or fully tempered (see
table 2).

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 LS is the load share factor which is a multiplying factor derived from the load sharing between the
double glazing, of equal or different thicknesses and types in a sealed unit (see table 5).

The load resistance LR computed according ASTM E1300 can therefore be compared to the wind pressures give
in RWDI report.

For specific or non-current glazing (cases not supported by ASTM E1300), the design will be done by finite
element approach and following the recommendations of ASTM E1300 by limiting the deflection and the
stresses as per chapters 8.2 & 8.3 .

8.5 Structural sealant

The calculation of structural sealant is done according ETAG-002 and supplier’s datasheets.

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Section 9 - ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION AND TOLERANCES

9.1 Allowable deflection

The external cladding shall be capable of accommodating the following movements without any reduction in
the specified performance:

 Deflection under design loads

 Effects of repeated wind loading.
 Changes in dimension and shape of components arising from building movements, including
settlement, creep, twisting, and racking.
 Thermal movement.

The following main structure movements have an impact on façade design and has to be provided/ discussed
with the Structural Engineer:

 maximum vertical deflection at slab edge (before cladding installation)

 maximum differential (between adjacent floors) vertical deflection at slab edge due to dead loads
at long term and live loads (after cladding installation)
 Inter storey drift
 column axial shortening

The limits of displacements and movements of the primary structure are defined here below.

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9.1.1 Vertical slab/beam deflection

For the cladding design, the vertical deflection of slab edge has to be decomposed between vertical movement
before cladding installation (slab deflection during construction) and after cladding installation (slab deflection
under permanent loads at long term and live loads).

The vertical deflection of a slab/beam can be subdivided in different components as per the sketch here below:

Where:

 w1 is the pre camber of the slab or the beams if any (this is not relevant for this project)

 wa is the deflection occurred during construction (before cladding installation)

 wb is the long term deflection under permanent loads (after cladding installation)

 wc is the deflection under live loads (after cladding installation)

In the following are given criteria for slab deflection.

9.1.1.1 Criteria for slab deflection (before cladding installation)

It has been agreed with Structural Engineer that the deflection of the slab during construction should be limited
to 5 mm at slab edge.

This is considered as the maximum deflection which can occur during the construction of the building. This
limitation is taken into account for the bracket design (see §9.3 ).

9.1.1.2 Criteria for total slab deflection at long term

As per the basis of structural design [1] and codes, the total deflection at long term has to be limited to L/240
capped at 30 mm.

This is considered as the maximum deflection which can occur during the design life of the building.

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9.1.1.3 Criteria for incremental slab deflection at long term

As per the basis of structural design [1] and codes, the incremental deflection at long term has to be limited to
L/360 capped at 20 mm.

The incremental deflection is the deflection that occurs after façade panels installation.

9.1.1.4 Criteria for differential slab deflection at long term

This criteria is the most relevant for stack joint and façade design.

In curtain wall, both interlocking transom and mullion joints are required to accommodate the service
movements of the frame and maintain weather tightness. Where occupied floors are next to unoccupied floors
(or stiffer floors next to current floors), both opening and closing movements will occur.

The differential vertical deflection of the slab edges/ beams (between adjacent floors) has to be limited to

10 mm for any relevant load cases/combinations defined in the Structural Design.

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9.1.2 Storey drift

The inter storey drift (horizontal displacement at each floor) has to be limited. The total horizontal displacement
u is not relevant for façade design.

Allowable storey drift under wind:

As per project basis of design [1], the allowable inter story drift under wind (return period of 25 years) is:
ℎ
𝑢≤
500
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠

The drift is tested according AAMA 501.4, with a design displacement as per above. After this test, the
performance in terms of air and watertightness has to be maintained. In the following, a test is performed
again with an horizontal displacement of 1.5 x design displacement in order to verify the non-disengagement
or detachment of the façade elements though weather performance may be compromised.

Allowable storey drift under seismic:

The elastic drift will be tested according AAMA 501.4. After this test, the performance in terms of air and
watertightness has to be maintained. In the following, a test is performed again with an horizontal
displacement of 1.5 x elastic displacement (as recommended in AAMA 501.4) in order to verify the non-
disengagement or detachment of the façade elements though weather performance may be compromised.

Note: Inter-storey drift testing will be done according to the most onerous criteria defined under wind or
seismic drift value.

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MIC – Façade Department
LUSAIL

9.1.3 Column axial shortening and compensation

The façade shall accommodate the axial shortening under dead loads at long term and under live loads. Those
movements has to be transmitted by the Structural Engineer to the Façade Engineer at a later stage.

In a first estimation, the remaining axial shortening after façade installation is considered as 1 mm per meter
high.

9.1.4 Summary of vertical movements to be accommodated by stack joint

The movements which affect the curtain walls can be divided in two categories:

 Movement which occurs during the construction (before cladding installation)

Vertical movements before cladding installation (mm)

Vertical deflection of slab edge under dead loads

5 mm (@ slab edge)
(short term).

 Movement which occurs during the service life (after cladding installation)

Vertical movements after cladding installation (mm)

Column shortening ~ 1 mm/m

Maximum Differential vertical deflection of slab edge 10 mm (@ slab edge)

Thermal movement of cladding due to temperatures +1.2 mm/m

defined in §5.4 -0.7 mm/m

Fabrication tolerances +/- 2 mm

Those allowable/maximum deflection are combined as per the load combinations defined at 0. A ψ factor of 0.6
is applied on the thermal movement to consider this is an accompanying action.

For a floor height of 4.25 meters, this corresponds to an allowable movement in the horizontal stack joint of:

 Opening movement: -14 mm

 Closure movement: + 20 mm

9.2 Tolerances of construction

A tolerance on the position (X,Y,Z) of the primary concrete structure of ± 25 mm is considered. This will be
considered in the design of curtain wall support brackets (see §9.3 ).

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MIC – Façade Department
LUSAIL

9.3 Tolerances in the brackets

The tolerance in the bracket design have to take into account the tolerances of construction defined in §9.2 and
the vertical deflection occurring before installation of cladding (see §9.1.1 and §9.1.3):

X Y Vertical

Tolerances in mm ± 25 ± 25 +25/-30

A vertical tolerance of +25/-30 mm is sufficient to accommodate the slab edge deflection during construction
and before cladding installation.

Section 10 - THERMAL DESIGN

As per projects specifications, the U-value shall be equal or less than:

 1.8 W/m²K for vision part of the curtain wall (including frames)

 1.1 W/m²K for glazing

The thermal design will be performed with BISCO software developed by PHYSIBEL.

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