• Project scope:

✓ work that must be done and processes that must be used in order to
deliver a product
✓ “How” part of the scope management
✓ completely work oriented
✓ consists of a single product
✓ completion of the project scope is measured against the plan
• Product scope:
✓ functions and features that characterize a product or a service
✓ oriented toward functionality of the product
✓ “What” part of the scope management
✓ may include subsidiary elements, each with their own separate but
interdependent product scopes
✓ Completion of the product scope is measured against the
requirements
• Managing project scope is primarily concerned with defining and
controlling what is and is not included in the project
• scope forms the backbone of the project and is something that is capable of
making or breaking the entire project

• Why Project scope Management | project scope management helps avoid

common issues like
o Constantly changing requirements
o Pivoting the project direction
o final outcome isn’t what was expected
o Going over the discussed budget
o Falling behind the project deadlines
• Project scope Management Processes

➢ Initiation
- Strategic planning: determining long-term business objectives,
predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new
products and services

➢ Scope planning
- planning process for selecting SW projects
▪ develop an IT strategic plan
▪ perform a business area analysis
▪ define potential projects
▪ select SW projects and assign resources
- Methods for selecting Projects
✓ broad organizational needs
• Three important criteria for projects
o need for the project
o funds available
o strong will to make the project succeed
✓ categorizing projects
• One categorization is whether the project addresses
- a problem
- an opportunity, or
- a directive
• another categorization
- how long it will take to do
- when it is needed
- overall priority of the project
✓ financial methods
• methods for determining the projected financial
value
o Net present value (NPV) analysis
- difference between the present value of
cash inflows and the present value of
cash outflows over a period of time
- analyses the profitability of a project
- calculating the expected net monetary
gain or loss from a project
- higher (positive) the NPV, the better

o Return on investment (ROI)

- income divided by investment
- higher the ROI, the better

o Payback analysis
- amount of time it will take to recoup, in
the form of net cash inflows, the net
dollars invested in a project
- Many organizations want SW projects to
have a fairly short payback period
- occurs when the cumulative discounted
benefits and costs are greater than zero
 ✓ weighted scoring models
Steps
- identify criteria important to the project selection
process
- assign weights (percentages) to each criterion so they
add up to 100%
- assign scores to each criterion for each project
- Multiply the scores by the weights and get the total
weighted scores
The higher the weighted score, the better
- Project charters: document that formally recognizes the existence
of a project and provides direction on the project’s objectives and
management
- Scope statement: document used to develop and confirm a
common understanding of the project scope; Scope statement
includes
• project justification
• brief description of the project’s products
• summary of all project deliverables
• statement of what determines project success
➢ Scope definition
- further define the work by breaking it into manageable pieces
- Good scope definition
✓ improve the accuracy of time, cost, and resource estimates
✓ defines a baseline for performance measurement and
project control
✓ aids in communicating clear work responsibilities
- work breakdown structure (WBS): outcome-oriented analysis
of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of
the project
• foundation document in project management
• provides the basis for planning and managing project
schedules, costs, and changes
 - Approaches to developing WBS
o Using guidelines - organizations prepare guidelines
o analogy approach - review WBSs of similar projects
o top-down approach
o bottom-up approach
➢ Scope verification
✓ process of obtaining the stakeholder's formal acceptance of
the project scope and associated deliverables
✓ verifying that the Scope Statement you have is the baseline for
the upcoming project and getting agreement from all the
stakeholders
✓ Potential outputs from Scope verification
o Accepted Deliverables
o Requested Changes
o Recommended Corrective Actions
➢ Scope change control
✓ Scope control: concerned with influencing the factors that
create project scope changes and controlling the impact of
those changes
- assures all requested changes and recommended
corrective actions are processed through the project
Integrated Change Control process
- project scope creep: Uncontrolled changes;
unauthorized, informal changes to the project scope
- project scope change control system: defines the
procedures by which the project scope and product
scope can be changed