Bena R. A Simple Approach To Trigonometry. Proving... 2022

MATHEMATCS
Improve Your Math Fluency
What Are Trigonometry Identities ?

Mathematical : Analysis and Applications Specialty
by
Dr. Ricardo Bena
A Simple Approach to Trigonometry

A Self-Teaching Workbook for
Novices and Beginners
All rights are reserved. However, teachers or parents who purchase one.
Copy of this workbook (or borrow one physical copy from a library) may.
Make and distribute photocopies of selected pages for instructional (noncommercial) purposes
for their own students or children only.
Author : Dr. Ricardo Bena U .C.M University of Chicago
Author : Dr. JAMAL BENACHIM U.C.M University of Chicago
Copyright ©2022 Dr. Ricardo Bena .

2
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3
Notes to the Teacher or Paren

What sets this book apart from other books is its approach. It is not just a
math book, but a system of teaching math. Each daily lesson contains three key
parts : Review Exercises, Helpful Hints, and Problem Solving. Teachers have flexi
bility in introducing new topics, but the book provides them with the necessary
structure and guidance. The teacher can rest assured that essential math skills
in this book are being systematically learned.
This easy-to-follow program requires only fifteen or twenty minutes of ins

truction per day. Each lesson is concise and self-contained. The daily exercises
help students to not only master math skills, but also maintain and reinforce
those skills through consistent review - something that is missing in most math
programs. Skills learned in this book apply to all areas of the curriculum, and
consistent review is built into each daily lesson. Teachers and parents will also
be pleased to note that the lessons are quite easy to correct.
This book is based on a system of teaching that was developed by a math ins
tructor over a thirty-year period. This system has produced dramatic results for
students. The program quickly motivates students and creates confidence and
excitement that leads naturally to success.
Please read the following How to Use This Book section and let this program
help you to produce dramatic results with children and math students.
How to Use This Book

This book is best used on a daily basis. The first lesson should be carefully
gone over with students to introduce them to the program and familiarize them
with the format. It is hoped that the program will help your students to develop
an enthusiasm and passion for math that will stay with them throughout their
education.
4
As you go through these lessons every day, you will soon begin to see growth in
the students confidence, enthusiasm, and skill level. The students will maintain
their mastery through the daily review.
Step 1 :
The students are to complete the review exercises, showing all their work.
After completing the problems, it is important for the teacher or parent to
go over this section with the students to ensure understanding.
Step 2 :
Next comes the new material. Use the Helpful Hints section to help intro
duce the new material. Be sure to point out that it is often helpful to come
back to this section as the students work independently. This section often
has examples that are very helpful to the students.
Step 3 :
It is highly important for the teacher to work through the two sample pro
blems with the students before they begin to work independently. Working
these problems together will ensure that the students understand the topic,
and prevent a lot of unnecessary frustration. The two sample problems will
get the students off to a good start and will instill confidence as the students
begin to work independently.
Step 4 :
Solutions are located in the back of the book. Teachers may correct the
exercises if they wish, or have the students correct the work themselves.
5
Trigonometric Identities are useful whenever trigonome

tric functions are involved in an expression or an equation.
Trigonometric Identities are true for every value of variables
occurring on both sides of an equation. Geometrically, these
identities involve certain trigonometric functions (such as sine,
cosine, tangent) of one or more angles.
Sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary trigonometry func

tions whereas cotangent, secant, and cosecant are the other
three functions. The trigonometric identities are based on all
the six trig functions. Check Trigonometry Formulas to get
formulas related to trigonometry.
What are Trigonometric Identities ?
Trigonometric Identities are the equalities that involve trigono

metry functions and holds true for all the values of variables
given in the equation.
There are various distinct trigonometric identities involving the

side length as well as the angle of a triangle. The trigonometric
identities hold true only for the right-angle triangle.
All the trigonometric identities are based on the six trigonome

tric ratios. They are sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and
cotangent. All these trigonometric ratios are defined using the
sides of the right triangle, such as an adjacent side, opposite
side, and hypotenuse side. All the fundamental trigonometric
identities are derived from the six trigonometric ratios.
6
CONTENTS
apte Degrees to Radians
1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Converting Degrees to Radians.................................................................16
1.3 Exercises........................................................................................................... 18
1.4 Converting Radians to Degrees.................................................................18
Chapter 2 Identifying Trig Functions in Right Triangles
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 21
2.2 Identifying Trig Functions............................................................................. 21
2.3 Trigonometric Functions of 30°, 60°, 90° Triangles............................... 28
2.4 Trigonometric Functions of 45°, 45°, 90° Triangles............................... 29
2.5 Exercises........................................................................................................... 34
Chapter
3 Finding the Reference Angle
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 39
3.2 Finding the Reference Angle ..................................................................... 40
3.3 Exercises .......................................................................................................... 42
7
8
Chapter
4.1
4 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS
Introduction .................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Pythagorean Identities................................................................................. 50
4.3 Exercises........................................................................................................... 54
Chapter
5.1
5 Odd and Even Functions
Introduction .................................................................................................... 55
5.2 Definition Functions : Even, Odd ............................................................. 56
5.3 Trigonometric Functions : Even, Odd ...................................................... 56
5.3.1 How to Simplify an Expression Using Even/Odd Identities............ 59
5.4 Exercises........................................................................................................... 60
Chapter
6.1
6 Introduction
Angle Sum Formulas
61
6.2 Introduction 61
6.3 Sum and Difference Identitie : cos (u ±v) 62
6.4 Double-Angle Formulas............................................................................... 64
6.5 Summary of Identities ................................................................................ 67
6.6 Exercises........................................................................................................... 68
Chapter 7 Half-Angle Formulas

9
7.1 Half-Angle Formulas cosine, sine, and tangent ................................. 69
7.2 Summary of Half-Angle Formulas ........................................................... 72
7.3 Exercises ......................................................................................................... 73
Chapter 8 Power Reduction Formulas
8.1 Introduction 75
8.2 Double angle and power reduction formulas ..................................... 75
8.3 Summary of Power Reduction Formulas ............................................... 77
8.4 Exercises ......................................................................................................... 78
Chapter 9 The Inverse Trig Functions
9.1 Introduction 81
9.2 Inverse Function Identities .......................................................................... 81
apte The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 95
10.2 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines ............................................................ 96
10.3 Exercises ...................................................................................................... 105
Solve Algebraic Equations that Involve Trig Functions
11.1 Introduction 117
11.2 Exercises and Answers 118

10
11.3 Exercises ....................................................................................................... 122
apte ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Introduction
This workbook helps students understand a variety of standard trig identi

ties. Each chapter begins with a concise introduction to pertinent concepts and
includes fully solved examples to help serve as a guide. Hints and answers to
the problems can be found at the back of the book. The following kinds of trig
identities are covered :
ф A Pythagorean identity follows from the Pythagorean theorem. For example,
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (1)
Can be derived by applying the Pythagorean theorem to a right triangle.
@ An odd/even function identity refers to identities such as
cos (-x) = cos x (2)

Or
sin(-x) = - sin x (3)
Each of the six standard trig functions (sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cose
cant, and cotangent) is either an even function or an odd function.
11
@ An angle sum identity involves the sum (or difference) of two angles in the
argument of a trig function, like
cos(x + y) = cos(x) x cos(y - sin(x) x sin(y) (4)
(4 In a double angle identity, the argument of one trig function has twice the
angle of another trig function, such as
cos(2x) = cos2(x) - sin2(x) (5)
(5 In a half-angle identity, the argument of one trig function has onehalf the
angle of another trig function, such as
cos( 2) = ^H^px) (6)
(6 In a multiple angle identity, the argument of one trig function is a multiple

of the angle of another trig function, like
cos(3x) = 4cos3(x) - 3cos(x) (7)
(7 In a power reduction identity, a power of a trig function is expressed in terms

of smaller powers of trig functions, like
1+cos(2 x)
cos( x) =------ ~ (8)
(8 Sum/Product identities relate the sum of two trig functions to the product of
two trig functions, like
Dr. JAMAL BENACHIM 12 Dr. Ricardo Bena

cos(x) + cox(y) = 2cos( —2У) x cos( 2 У) (9)
(9 Angle shifting identities shift the angle, like
П
cos(2 - x)=sin(x) (10)
(10 The law of sines and law of cosines apply even to acute or obtuse triangles.
(1Г An inverse function identity involves an inverse trig function, such as
sin 1( x ) + cos 1( x ) = 2 (11)

Chapitre 1
Converting Degrees to Radians
Take some time to understand these concepts, and study the examples. Once
you understand the following examples, you are ready to practice the technique
yourself. You may need to refer to the examples frequently as you begin, but
should try to solve the exercises all by yourself once you get the hang of it. Be
sure to check the answers at the back of the book to ensure that you are solving
the problems correctly.
1.1 Introduction
There are two common methods for measuring angles. One method is to divide
a circle up into 360 slices, where each slice equals one degree (◦). In the degree
measure, a full circle corresponds to (360°), a right angle is (90°), an equilateral
triangle has (60°) angles, and so on. Degrees are very common in science and
engineering , since a protractor is typically ruled in degrees.
A second method for measuring angles is to work with radians instead of de
grees. Radians are defined such that 2n radians correspond to a full circle. The
unit radian is often abbreviated rad. In terms of radians, a right angle is П rad,
15
1.2. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANCSHAPITRE 1. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS
an equilateral triangle has angles of 3 rad, and so on. Radians are very common
in math courses since many geometric formulas involve n.
Since both units for angular measure degrees and radians are very common,
it’s useful to be able to convert degrees to radians or vice-versa.
1.2 Converting Degrees to Radians

The main idea behind the conversion is geometric. For example, (60°) is one-
°
sixth of a circle, since (60°) equals 366° . Therefore, the same angle in radians is П
rad, since onesixth of 2n is 26n, which reduces to n . Similarly, 90° is one-fourth
of a circle, since 360° divided by 4 equals 90°. This equates to П rad, since 2n
divided by 4 reduces to П .
The conversion factor needed to convert degrees to radians or vice-versa is :
180° = n radians
The reason for this is that a full circle is 180° or 2n radians. Therefore, 360° is
equivalent to 2n radians. If we divide both quantities by 2, we find that 180°
equates to nradians.
Dividing both sides by n, you can see that 1 radian equates to approximately
57, 3 degrees. However, it’s usually more convenient to remember that 180° = n
radians than to memorize the number 57, 3.
In this chapter, we will practice converting degrees into radians. The way to do
this is to multiply by n radians and divide by 180°, as illustrated in the following
examples.

CHAPITRE 1. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIAN1S.2. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS
Instructions : Convert the given angle from degrees to radians.
Procedure : Multiply the given angle by n and divide by 180°. If the result is
a fraction, see if the fraction is reducible. That is, if the numerator and denomi
nator are both evenly divisible by an integer greater than 1, then the fraction is
reducible. Reduce a fraction by dividing both the numerator and denominator by
the greatest common factor (as in the examples that follow).
,—• Example nConverting Degrees to Radian
Convert the given angle from degrees to radians :
@ 60° @ 110°
@ 100° @ 300°
Solution :
(1 Convert the angle from degrees to radians : 60°
60 х-П- = -61 n = nrad

180° 180 3
Both the numerator (60) and denominator (180) are divisible by 60 :

120
60 — 1 , 180
— 2 60 — 3? . ' The
— 3 ouro v is
d VInswer
I '!■■> о a_i 1 d 23п iad>
ГО /"1
@ Convert the angle from degrees to radians :100°
n 100 10 5n
100 x rad
180° 180 П =18 П = ”9”

100
20 — C 180
— 5, — Q9. ' The
20 — d VI ouro v 1is
I '!■■> о answer d 59n Vd a
râ^d.
(3 Convert the angle from degrees to radians :120°120
*
120 x-L. — 120 n = 12 n — 2nrad

180° 180 18 3

1.3. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 1. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS

120
60 — 2, 180
— 1 60 — О 'T'b
— 3. оn
The <ah.s^wer i cis 2 n3 t*râ^d.
q /"I
1.3 Exercises
—• Exercise ClConverting Degrees to Radian

_______________________ J
(^ ) (£ 0 (3 )
@ 117° @ 96° d3 555°
О
ЧО
0
СЧ
<N
О
@ 45°
00
О
(10 5° (13 220°
CO
1П
<N
0
@ 85°
LT
0
(Ц 270° d7120°
@ 12°
0
СЧ
L
00
00
O >
<—• Exercise Converting Degrees to Radian
@ 36° @ 117° C512

12 132
@ 153° @ 63°
(13 606°
122'
@ 75° @ 85°
@ 48° @ 12° (17 162

14 132'
1.4 Converting Radians to Degrees
This section is just like the previous chapter, except that this time we will prac
tice converting radians into degrees. The way to do this is to multiply by 180° and
divide by n radians, as illustrated in the following examples.
Take some time to understand the concepts, and study the examples. Once

CHAPITRE 1. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIAN1S.4. CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREES
Instructions : Convert the given angle from radians to degrees.
Procedure : Multiply the given angle by 180 and divide by n. Each answer in
this chapter will be an integer in degrees ; none of the answers in this chapter is
a fraction. However, the given angle in radians may be a fraction ; multiply the
fraction by the specified conversion factor, as illustrated in the examples below.
Note : In this chapter, the n’s will cancel.
Converting Radians to Deg
e given angle frorn radians to de
@ П rad @ 3nrad
f4 4nrad f6 5^rad

1.4. CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREECSHAPITRE 1. CONVERTING DEGREES TO RADIANS
► Exercise Converting Radian to Degrees
Convert the given angle from radians to degrees :
1 2nrad
5 ® 124nrad (14) 18n rad
6
(19)
1П rad
(24) 15nrad
2 17nrad ^nrad
(10
3 2nrad (10 20n rad nrad
218 (20 19nrad (20 П rad
2040
5
(16
4 П rad
(11) 40 rad
12nrad (2! nrad
918 (26) 3nrad
5 n rad
(17 1^rad
6 23nrad
(12 30n rad
6
(22 100n rad
5 (27 4nrad
(13
7 24nrad 3П rad (18) 6П rad (20 5n rad
100 rad
(28) П rad
► Exercise © Converting Radian to Degrees
Convert the given angle from radians to degrees :
1 20П rad 240nrad (12 300n rad 07 (22 1000П rad

5 60 rad 130nrad
2 2nrad
® 120r ra1 aud
240 (13
300rad
(18)
647rad (23 50n rad
3 20nrad 1000rau
4 3nrad
® 14n rad (j4 180nrad
60 rad
(19) 14n rad
(10 20500nrad (24) 150nrad

d5
200 rad
(20
1890nrad
300 rad
5 4nrad
6 130nrad Q1 800 rad 06 12600nrad (21) 90П rad (25) 200П rad
400 rau

Chapitre 2
Identifying Trig Functions in Right

Triangles
2.1 Introduction
The word Trigonometry can be broken into the parts Tri, gon, and metry, which
means Three angle measurement, or equivalently Triangle measurement. Throu
ghout this unit, we will learn new ways of finding missing sides and angles of
triangles which we would be unable to find using the Pythagorean Theorem alone.
The basic trigonometric theorems and definitions will be found in this portion
of the text, along with a few examples, but the reader will frequently be directed
to refer to detailed tutorials that have numerous examples, explorations, and
exercises to complete for a more thorough understanding of each topic.
2.2 Identifying Trig Functions

The basic Trigonometry functions sine (sin), cosine (cos), and tangent (tan)
are defined as the ratios of sides of right triangles. In a right triangle, the sine
of an angle equals the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse, the cosine of
an angle equals the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse, and the tangent
21
2.2. IDENTIFYING TRIG FCUHNACPTITORNES2. IDENTIFYING TRIG FUNCTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES
equals the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side.
A right triangle has one 90r angle. The opposite and adjacent sides make the
90r angle. The third side, which is the longest side, is called the hypotenuse.
The angle in the argument of the trig function lies between the adjacent side and
the hypotenuse. Study the triangle below. Also study the definitions of the sine,
cosine, and tangent. Given different shapes and orientations of right triangles,
it is crucial in trigonometry that you can correctly identify the sine, cosine, and
tangent of a specified angle. This chapter provides extensive practice in order to
help you develop this skill.
. . adjacent
cos( x) = ;------ ;--------
hypotenuse
. . . opposite
sin x) = ------- •--------
hypotenuse
, . — opposite
I'WiYl ____
adjacent
It may be helpful to memorize soh-cah-toa, which is an abbreviation for sineopposite

hypotenuse, cosine-adjacent-hypotenuse, tangent-opposite-adjacent. Students who
can write down soh-cah-toa can often correctly identify the sine, cosine, and tan
gent of an angle when looking at a right triangle. Note that x is the lowercase
Greek letter theta, and is very commonly used as the variable for an unknown
angle.
There are three additional trig functions the cosecant (csc), secant (cos), and
cotangent (cot) which are reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions :
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent

opposite ; adjacent ' opposite
It is important to note is that the cosecant is the reciprocal of sine function,

CHAPITRE 2. IDENTIFYINGTRIGFUNCTIONSINRIGHTT2R.I2A.NIGDLEENSTIFYINGTRIGFUNCTIONS
while the secant is the reciprocal of the cosine function ; many students do
not find this association to be intuitive.
In this chapter, each problem gives you a right triangle with two of the sides
known and one unknown angle identified as 0. For each triangle, you need to de
termine two basic trig functions -i.e. sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant,
and cotangent. In order to do this, you will need to be able to determine which
side is adjacent to 0 , which side is opposite to 0 , and which side is the hypote
nuse. You will also need to apply the Pythagorean theorem in order to determine
the unknown side.
According to the Pythagorean theorem, the
opposite AB, adjacent AC, and hypotenuse
BC are related by the following equation :
AB 2 +AC2 = BC2
Instructions : For each right triangle, express the two specified trig functions
as reduced fractions.
Procedure : First, determine the unknown side using the Pythagorean theo
rem (as in the examples that follow). You need to be able to determine which side
is opposite to 0 , which side is adjacent to 0 , and which side is the hypotenuse.
Use the definitions of the basic trig functions (on the previous page) in order to
express each trig function as a fraction.

See if each fraction is reducible. That is, if the numerator and denominator are
both evenly divisible by an integer greater than 1, then the fraction is reducible.
Reduce a fraction by dividing both the numerator and denominator by the grea
test common factor (as in the examples that follow).
Factor any perfect squares out of the squareroot (as in one of the examples
that follow). For example, in —18, we can factor 18 as 9 times 2. Since 9 is a
perfect square 3 x 3 = 9, we can write -18 = —9 x 2 = —9 x —2 = —32 x —2 = 3—2. Also,
rationalize the denominator (as in one of the examples that follow). For example :
-I = 1 x--3 = -3 and: --0 = -0 x--5 = 215.
V3 V3 V3 3 5 V5 V5
Example 1 Pythagorean theorem
sin(в);cos(0) =? :
The adjacent to 0 is 4, the opposite to 0 is 3,
and the hypotenuse can be found from the
Pythagorean theorem :
AB2+AC2=BC2
BC -32-42 = -9 + 16 = -25 = 5
sin(0) = AB = 3 ; cos(0) = AC = 4
BC BC 5 BC BC 5
Example (2 Pythagorean theorem
tan(0);cos(0) =? :
The adjacent to 0 is 0, 4, the opposite to 0 is
0, 3, and the hypotenuse can be found from
the Pythagorean theorem :
AB2 + AC 2 =BC2
BC = Vo, 42 + 0, 32 = -0,16 + 0, 9 = -0, 25 = 0, 5
AB AB 0, 3 AC AC 0, 4
tan(0) = AC "■■I ; c0S(0)= BC "5

Example 3 3 Pythagorean theorem
tan (в); sec (в); cos (в) =? :

The adjacent to в is 8, the opposite to в is 6,
and the hypotenuse can be found from the
Pythagorean theorem :
AB 2 + AC2=BC2
BC = V82 + 62 = V64+36 = V100 = 10
tan(в) = AB = 6 ; cos(в) = AC = — = 0,8

v ' AC 8 BC 10 10
sec( в )=AC 10
4
Instructions : For each right triangle, express the two specified trig functions
as reduced fractions. Check your answers in the back of the book.
Note : The triangles are not drawn to scale. The side that looks longer (except for
the hypotenuse, which is always longest) may actually be shorter, and the angle
that looks larger (except for 90°, which is clearlymarked with a box) may actually
be smaller.
Exercise 0

ê Exercise 3

ê Exercise 5

2.3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUCHAPOTREOF :IDE,N6TFY9NGTTRANGLUINCTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES
2.3 Trigonometric Functions of 30° , 60° , 90° Triangles
We begin by finding the values of trigonometric functions for 30r. We sketch a

30° , 60° , 90° right triangle with hypotenuse of length x and envision this triangle
as being half of a 60°, 60°, 60° equilateral triangle with sides of length x.
Noting that the altitude of the equilateral triangle bisects its base, it follows that
the shortest side of the 30° , 60° , 90° triangle has length 2. We apply the Py
thagorean Theorem to determine the length, l , of the third side of the 30° , 60° ,
90°triangle in terms of x.
2 x2 2
l + 2 =x
2
2
12 = x - x
2
l 2 - 3 xX
4
3xx
2 2
Using the resulting side lengths, along with the definitions of the trigonometric
functions, we have :
1
sin (30°) =
x 2
ZV3x.2
cos(30°) = - ---------
x

CHAPITRE 2. IDENTIFYING TRIG TRNCTNOSEINRCGHTNJTIANGLEF 45° , 45° , 90° TRIANGLES
x/2 1
tan(30°) = ^2^ = -1=
3Xxl2 V3
Taking the reciprocals of these three function values results in the remaining
three trigonometric function values :
CSC(30°) sin(30°) 2
sec (30°) =----- =—- = —-

cos (30°) y3
cot (30°) =----- =----- - = —3

v t tan(30°)
We note that these trigonometric function values apply to any 30° angle. The
reader is encouraged to determine the trigonometric function values for 60° angles.
2.4 Trigonometric Functions of 45° , 45° , 90° Triangles
To find the values of the trigonometric func

tions for 45° , we sketch a 45° , 45° , 90° right
isosceles triangle with hypotenuse h and re
maining two sides each of lengthx.
Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the hypotenuse can be written in terms of x

as follows.
x2 + x2 = h2
2x2 = h2
h = — 2x

2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUCHAPOTREOF 4DENTFWGTTSANGLECTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES
The resulting trigonometric function values for 45° are
x
sin(45°) = -^- 1
= -1=
У2x 2/2
x1
cos (45°) = -У- = —
2x x 22
tan(45°) = X=1
x
csc(45°) = 1йЫ = -2
sec(45°)= cos(45°) = -2
cot (45°) =----- = 1

tan (45°)
After rationalizing denominators and adding trigonometric functions for 60° , we

summarize the trigonometric function values for these special cases in the follo
wing table.
Trigonometric Function Values for 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°
The tangent of 90° is undefined because of the division by zero (the opposite
side is finite, while the adjacent side is zero).
All of the values of the trig functions that we just derived are tabulated below.
в 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
1 Уй Уз
sin в 0 1
2 ~2 2
Уз У2 1
cos в 1 0
2 2 2
Уз
tan# 0 1 Уз undefined
V
Instead of also memorizing the values of the secant, cosecant, and cotangent
functions at these angles, it is simpler just to memorize the following reciprocal

relationships :
csc(в) = . 1 ; sec(3) = —; cot(3) = —^7—

Sin( 3) cos ( 3) tan( 3)
Memorization technique : Here is a simple method for memorizing the above

table :
@ Now divide each number by 2. These are the sines of 0° , 30° , 45° ,60° , and
90° .
0 1/2 V2/2 \'3/2 1
@ To get the cosines of the same angles, write the same numbers in reverse.
1 V3/2 V2/2 1/2 0
@ To get the tangents of the same angles, divide the sine by the cosine.
0 v'3/3 1 V3 undefined
Take some time to try to memorize the sine and cosine of 0° , 30° , 45° , 60°
, and 90° . It may help to make flashcards with the problem on one side and
the corresponding answer on the other side. You also need to memorize that the
tangent equals the sine divided by the cosine, and how to obtain the cosecant,
secant, and cotangent from the sine, cosine, and tangent.
tan( 3) = Sin (3). ;csc( 3) = . 1 ;sec( 3) = —;cot( 3) = —

cos (3) sin (3) cos (3) tan (3)

2.4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUCHAPOTREOF 4DENTFWGTTSANGLECTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES
Instructions : Determine the answer to each problem. You should know the
answers to the sines and cosines after memorizing them. You can determine the
answer to a tangent by dividing sine by cosine. The secant, cosecant, and co
tangent can be found by finding the reciprocal of the cosine, sine, and tangent,
respectively. Some of the angles are given in degrees, while some angles are given
in radians. Degrees will be indicated with a degree symbol (◦), whereas angles in
radians will have a n, but the radians will be implied.
Procedure : First, memorize the sine and cosine of 0° , 30° , 45° , 60° , and
90° (or memorize how to make the table described at the bottom of the previous
page). If the problem is a sine or cosine, you will just have an answer, but will not
have any work to show (unless you need to first convert from radians to degrees).
If the problem is a tangent, divide the sine of the angle by the cosine of the angle.
If the problem is a secant, cosecant, or cotangent, take a reciprocal of the cosine,
sine, or tangent, respectively. If the angle is given in radians instead of degrees,
you can convert the angle to degrees using the method of Chapter 1.
Rationalize the denominator. For example : 1 1 x Л3 = V and : A° = A° x ^5 =

3 V3 V3 3 5 V5 V5
2V5.
Example <■ Trigonometric Functions
ф sin(45°). According to the table, the answer is \2.
@ tan(30°). According to the table, the answer is v?.
@ cos(30°). According to the table, the answer is \3.

-
—• Example Trigonometric Functions
ф cos{ 6). First, convert the angle from radians to degrees :
n i 180° n rad x 180° 180°

raraX x------- - = —--------- — = —— = 30°
6 n rad 6 x n rad 6
According to the table, the cosine of 30° is ^3.
@ tan(f). The formula states to divide sin(f) by cos{П
n i 180° n rad x 180° 180°

rad x------- - =-------------- -— =------- = 60°
3 n rad 3 x n rad 3

sin (60°)
tan(60°) =
cos(60°)
@ sec{y). The formula states to divide 1 by cos(n
n i 180° n rad x 180° 180° o

radx = = =90
2 n rad 2 x n rad 2
sec(90o) =----- 1—? = 1 =

undefind
cos(90°) 0
ê Exercise Determine the answer to each problem
(1) esc 0° (2) cot 45° (3) tan 0°
(4) cot(n/2) (5) sec 90° (6) cos 0°
(7) cot 0° (8) sec(n/2) (9) cot 45°
(10)tan(n/2) (11)sec(n/6) (12) sin 30°

2.5. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 2. IDENTIFYING TRIG FUNCTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES
2.5 Exercises
Exercise 77 ) Determine the answer to each problem
(1) sec 30° (2) sin 30° (3) cos(tt/4)
(4) esc 0° (5) sin(n/6) (6) tan(ir/3)
(7) tan 0° (8) sin 30° (9) sin 0c
(10) sec 45° (11) cot 60° (12) sec 90°
(13) tan 90° (14) sec 30° (15) esc 30е
(16) sin (it/3) (17) sec(tt/4) (18) sin 30°
(19) cos 45° (20) sec 0° (21) esc 90°
(22) sec 60° (23) cos 90° (24)cos 0°

CHAPITRE 2. IDENTIFYING TRIG FUNCTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES 2.5. EXERCISES
p-^ Exercise (8j| Determine the answer to each problem
(1) esc 45° (2)sec(n/3) (3) csc(n/6)
(4) sin(n/2) (5) csc(n/4) (6) esc 45°
(7) tan 90° (8) sec 45° (9) sin(n/6)
(10) esc 0° (11)cos(n/2) (12) tan 90°
(13) cot 45° (14)sec 0° (15) cos 0°
(16) cos 60° (17) tan 90° (18)cos(n/3)
(19)tan 0° (20) cot 0° (21) sin 30°
(22) sin(u/6) (23) cos 45° (24) cos 90°
---------------------------- •

» Exercise Determine the answer to each problem
(1) cos 0° (2) tan(ir/2) (3) cot 45°
(4) sec 0° (5) sec 30° (6) cot 0°
(7) csc(n/4) (8) cot 90° (9) sec 90°
(10) sin(n/3) (11) esc 30° (12) sin 60°
(13)cos(n/3) (14)cot 0° (15) cot 30°
(16) cot 60° (17) csc(n/3) (18) sec 60°
(19) sin(tt/2) (20)cot 0° (21)sec 0°
(22)sec(n/6) (23) cos(u/2) (24) sec 30°

CHAPITRE 2. IDENTIFYING TRIG FUNCTIONS IN RIGHT TRIANGLES 2.5. EXERCISES
‘ Exercise Determine the answer to each problem
(1) sin 30° (2) sec0° (3)tan(n/6)
(4] cos 60° (5) esc 90° (6) cot(n/2)
(7)tan 45° (8) sec 30° (9)sec(n/3)
(10) esc 30° (11) cot 45° (12)cos(n/4)
(13) sin 0° (14)tan(n/2) (15) csc(n/4)
(16) cot 90° (17) tan 90° (18)sec 0°
(19) tan 0° (20) tan 30° (21) csc(n/2)
(22) cot(n/4) (23) cos 30° (24)cot 30°
__ ---------------------------- •

p-^ Exercise Determine the answer to each problem
(1) esc 0° (2) cot 45° (3) tan 0°
(4) cot(n/2) (5) sec 90° (6) cos 0°
(7) cot 0° (8) sec(it/2) (9) cot 45°
(10)tan(n/2) (11)sec(n/6) (12) sin 30°
(13) sec 90° (14) cot(n/6) (15)csc(n/3)
(16) sin(n/2) (17)tan(n/2) (18) sec 30°
(19) sec 0° (20) cos 90° (21) sec 60°
(22) esc 90° (23) cos(ir/6) (24)cos(n/2)
---------------------------- •

Chapitre 3
Finding the Reference Angle
3.1 Introduction
If you need to evaluate a trig function at an angle between 90° and 360° , it is
useful to first determine the reference angle. The reference angle is an angle
between 0° and 90° , which gives the same value for the trig function apart from
a possible minus sign. In this chapter, we will focus on how to determine the
reference angle, and in Chapter 7 we will see how this relates to evaluating a trig
function at an angle between 90r and 360°.
The standard convention for measuring angles in trigonometry is counterclo

ckwise from the +x-axis, as illustrated below. With this system, 0° corresponds
to the +x-axis, 90° corresponds to the +y-axis, 180° corresponds to the -x-axis,
270° corresponds to the -y-axis, and 360° is back to the +x-axis.
39
3.2. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE CHAPITRE 3. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE
90°
270°
Angles between 0° and 360° can be divided into four quadrants. The standard
convention for numbering the four quadrants is to use Roman numerals I , II ,
III , and I V as illustrated above. An angle between 0° and 90° is in Quadrant I,
an angle between 90° and 180° is in Quadrant II, an angle between 180° and 270°
is in Quadrant III, and an angle between 270° and 360° is in Quadrant IV.
Note that the angle is unchanged, geometrically, if you add 360° to it. For
example, 45°, 405°, 765°, and -315° are all the same angle. Therefore, an angle
between -90° and 0° lies in Quadrant IV and an angle between -180° and -90°
lies in Quadrant III.
In trigonometry, it is often useful to refer to the unit circle. The unit circle
lies in the xy plane, centered about the origin, and has a radius of 1 unit, as
illustrated on the following page. For any angle between 0° and 360° , we can
draw a corresponding right triangle in the unit circle with a hypotenuse of one
unit and legs that are parallel to the x- and y-axes, also as illustrated on the
following page. In Chapter 7, we will see how such a unit circle can help us
determine the sign of the basic trig functions in each quadrant. For now, we will
focus on how drawing a right triangle in the unit circle helps us find the reference
angle.
3.2 Finding the Reference Angle
Instructions : Determine the reference angle for the given Quadrant II , III ,
or I V angle. Also, draw a unit circle, draw the right triangle formed in the unit
circle for the given angle, draw the right triangle formed in the unit circle for the
reference angle, label the given angle, and label the reference angle.

CHAPITRE 3. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE 3.2. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE
Procedure : If the given angle is negative, first add 360° to it. Next, determine
in which quadrant the given angle lies :
d An angle between 90° and 180° is in Quadrant II.
@ An angle between 180° and 270° is in Quadrant III.
@ An angle between 270° and 360° is in Quadrant IV.
Finally, use the correct formula to find the reference angle :

d If the given angle lies in Quadrant II, subtract the given angle from 180°.
@ If the given angle lies in Quadrant III, subtract 180° from the given angle.
(3 If the given angle lies in Quadrant IV , subtract the given angle from 360°.
--• Example aFinding the Reference Angle
d 120°. This angle is in Quadrant II : The reference angle is 180° -120° =
60°.
(2 220°. This angle is in Quadrant III : The reference angle is 220° -180° =
40°.
@ 280°. This angle is in Quadrant IV : The reference angle is 360° - 280° =
80°.
<—• Example Finding the Reference Angle
d -150°. First, add 360° : -150° + 360° = 210°. This angle is in Quadrant
III : The reference angle is 210° - 180° = 30°.

d -60°. First, add 360° : -60° + 360° = 300°. This angle is in Quadrant IV :
The reference angle is 360° - 300° = 60°.
d -250°. First, add 360° : -250° + 360° = 110°. This angle is in Quadrant
II : The reference angle is 180° - 110° = 70°.

3.3. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 3. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE
3.3 Exercises
• Exercise aFinding the Reference Angle
Determine the reference angle for the given Quadrant II, III, or IV angle.
Also, draw and label a diagram.
(1) 239° (2) 325° (3) 163°
(4) 145° (5) 222° (6) -162°
(7) 330° (8) -55° (9) 91°
(10) 257° (11) 306° (12) 126°
(13) 146° (14) 296° (15) 102°

CHAPITRE 3. FINDING THE REFERENCE ANGLE 3.3. EXERCISES
p-^ Exercise |^J Finding the Reference Angle
(1) 203° (2) 331° (3) 188°
[4] 195° (5) 341° (6) -98°
(7) 109° (8) 208° (9) 315°
(10) 116° (11) 220° (12) -179°
(13) -104° (14) 249° (15) 135°
(16) 111° (17) 288° (18) -28°

—• Exercise J Finding the Reference Angle
Determine the reference angle for the given Quadrant II, III, or IV angle
Also, draw and1 label a diagram.
(1) 336° (2) -11° (3) -160°
(4) 327° (5) 211° (6) 92°
(7) -145° (8) -15° (9) 230°
(10) 109° (11) -36° (12) 346°
(13) -79° (14) 96° (15) 297°
(16) 250° (17) 176° (18) 232°

p-* Exercise Finding the Reference Angle
(1) -49° (2) 338° (3) 200°
(4) 98° (5) 312° (6) 145°
(7) 99° (8) 195° (9) -120°
(10) 311° (11) -52° (12) 209°
(13) 140° (14) 214° (15) 332°
(16) 330° (17) 98° (18) 165°

p-^ Exercise (Т 1 Finding the Reference Angle
(1) 227° (2) 302° (3) 161°
(4] -7° (5) 159° (6) 230°
(7) -163° (8) 228° (9) 136°
[10] 176° (11) 154° (12) 103°
(13) 220° (14) -146° (15) 195°
(16) 231° (17) 345° (18) 120°

—• Exercise ) Finding the Reference Angle
[1] 253° (2) 160° (3) 304е
[4] 120° (5) 196° (6) 208°
(7) -45° (8) 264° (9) -4°
(10) 309° (11) 116° (12) 145°
(13) 322° (14) 175° (15) 140°
(16) -13° (17) 122° (18) 214°

—• Exercise ClFinding the Reference Angle
(1) 321° (2) 279° (3) 311°
(4) -2° (5) 97° (6) 103°
[7] 251° (8) 205° (9) 130°
(10) 265° (11) -113° (12) 344’
(13) 251° (14) 337° (15) 254
(16) -47° (17) 298° (18) 153’

Chapitre 4
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND

FORMULAS
4.1 Introduction
The basic trig functions sine (sin), cosine (cos), and tangent (tan) are de
fined as the ratios of sides of right triangles. In a right triangle, the sine of an
angle equals the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse, the cosine of an
angle equals the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse, and the tangent
equals the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side.
A right triangle has one 90r angle. The opposite and adjacent sides make the
90r angle. The third side, which is the longest side, is called the hypotenuse.
The angle in the argument of the trig function lies between the adjacent side and
the hypotenuse. Study the triangle below. Also study the definitions of the sine,
cosine, and tangent. Given different shapes and orientations of right triangles,
it is crucial in trigonometry that you can correctly identify the sine, cosine, and
tangent of a specified angle. This chapter provides extensive practice in order to
help you develop this skill.
49
4.2. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIESCHAPITRE 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS
4.2 Pythagorean Identities

Recall that the standard trig functions relate the sides of a right triangle. The
longest side is the hypotenuse; it is opposite to the right angle. One leg is cal
led the opposite side; it is opposite to the angle in the argument of the trig
function. The other leg is called the adjacent side ; the angle in the argument
of the trig function is formed by the adjacent and the hypotenuse. The six stan
dard trig functions are the cosine, sine, tangent, secant, cosecant, and cotangent.
_ _ adj.
cos( x) = hp. csc(x) = hyp.
o o opp.
sin< x) = Tpp- sec< x) = hyp
tan x)) _
tan((x = OPP
adj. cot(' xO) = adj
opp.
Note that secant and cosine are reciprocals, sine and cosecant are reciprocals,
and tangent and cotangent are reciprocals. (Although some students intuitively
expect the cosecant and cosine to go together because they both have cos in
their names, these two functions are not reciprocals. The cosecant function is
the reciprocal of the sine function, whereas the secant function is the reciprocal
of the cosine function.)
sec(x)=co1(X) ;csc(x)=sn1(X) : cot(x)=tan1(x)
Also note that tangent and cotangent can be expressed as the following quo
tients :
sin( x ) cos(x )
tan(x) = cot(x) =
cos( x) sin( x)
According to the Pythagorean theorem, which applies to every right triangle, the
square of the adjacent side plus the square of the opposite side equals the square
of the hypotenuse. For example, for the right triangle shown below, the hypote
nuse is AC, the side opposite to x is AB, and the side adjacent to x is BC . The

CHAPITRE 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS4.2. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
Pythagorean theorem for this right triangle is :
• The hypotenuse is AC.
t The side opposite x is AB.

• The side adjacent to x is BC.
AB 2 + BC2=AC2
The definitions of the standard trig functions can be combined with the Pythago
rean theorem to form the following Pythagorean identities :
@ sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

@ tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x)
@ 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x)
We will derive the first identity in Example 1, the others will be explored in the
exercises.
Example <D Pythagorean identities
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
Solution : Consider the right triangle shown

above. The Pythagorean theorem is :
AC2 = BC2 + BA2

Divide both sides of the equation by AC2 .
AC2+ 2 = 1
AA
For angle x above, the adjacent is BC, the opposite is BA, and the hypotenuse is
AC . Therefore,

4.2. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIESCHAPITRE 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS
cos (x) = AC and sin (x) = AC
Substitute these expressions into the previous equation.
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
Note
Note :
Alternatively, if you draw a right triangle for the unit circle, the hypote
nuse will be 1 and you can derive the above identity in fewer steps.
Let’s start with the triangle formed by the unit circle, which visualizes all right
triangles of hypotenuse one. Note, that the adjacent side corresponds to the x
component of the right triangle and the opposite side corresponds to the y com
ponent of the right triangle. The two components form the (x, y) point along the
circumference of the circle.
Then, using the definitions of the trigonometric functions cosine and sine, we
can substitute the variables which represent the adjacent side x, the opposite
side y, and hypotenuse 1 of the right triangle into the equations.
C0S в = hj = x = x sin в = hyp. = 1 =У
After simplifying the equations, the adjacent

side corresponds directly with the cosine
function and the opposite side corresponds
with the sine function for a given angle.
Next, recall the equation for Pythagoreans Theorem which relates the squares of
the sides together as shown below :
x2 + y2 = 1
Then, by substituting the corresponding sine and cosine function above, which
we found to correspond to the x and y components of the triangle, we get Pytha
goreans identity.

CHAPITRE 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS4.2. PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

The above identities (along with the reciprocal identities for secant, cosecant,
and cotangent from the previous page) allow any trig function to be expressed
exclusively in terms of any other trig function. For example, we can express the
tangent function in terms of the cosine function (see Example 2) as :
1-cos2(x)
tan (x) = ±——
± x)—
cos(~
Example express the tangent function in the cosine
• Show that :
1-cos2(x)
tan (x) cos(~
= ±—— x)—
Solution : Solve for sine in the Pythagorean identity. When you take the square
root, consider both possible signs. For example :
V9 = ±3
because (-3)2 = 9 and 32 = 9
sin( x) = ±д/1 -cos2 (x)
because cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1
Substitute this expression into the ratio formula for tangent (from the previous
page) :
sin(x) = V1-cos2( x)
tan (x) = cos(x) ± cos(x)
We will explore other trig identities of this nature in the exercises.

4.3. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 4. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES AND FORMULAS
4.3 Exercises
Exercise 1
d Derive : tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x) (5 Show that : tan(x) = ± ,sin(x) =

1- sin2( x)
d Derive : 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x)
(6 Show that : sin(x) = dsec (x)-1-
sec( x)
® Show that: sin(x) = ±/1 - cos2(x)
d Show that : csc(x) = ddn.(x)
tan( x)
d Show that : sec(x) =
(8 Show that : tan(x) = ± , 1 =
±У 1 + tan2 (x) csc (x)-1
Exercise (2J
d Given that : sin(x) = 0.6 ; determine cos(x) without taking an inverse.
@ Given that : cos(x) = 13 ; determine tan(x) without taking an inverse.
@ Given that : tan(x) = 25L; determine cos(x) without taking an inverse.
@ Given that : sec(x) = 7 ; determine cot(x) without taking an inverse.
Exercise (3J
d Solve for x in the following equation (assuming that 0 < x < 2n )
5sin2(x) - 3cos2(x) = 1
sin2 (x) tan2 (x) = 3 - sin2 (x)
sin (x) - V3cos2 (x) =
V3 + tan (x) = 2 + sec (x)

Chapitre 5
Odd and Even Functions
5.1 Introduction
We use the notation f(x) to mean that f is a function of x. It is important to

realize that f (x) does not mean to multiply f by x. For example, sine is a func
tion. When we write y(x) = sin (x), we are indicating that y is a function of x.
A function is considered to be even if changing the sign of the argument leaves

the value of the function unchanged. For example, y (x) = x2 is an even function
because y (-x) = y (x). To see this with numbers, let x = ±3, for which y (-3) = (-3)2 =
9 is the same as y(3) = (3)2 = 9. If y (-x) = y(x) for all possible x for which the func
tion is defined, the function is even.
A function is considered to be odd if changing the sign of the argument changes

the sign of the value of the function. For example, y (x) = x3 is an odd function be
cause y (-x) = -y (x). To see this with numbers, let x = ±2, for which y (-2) = (-2)3 =
-8 is the negative of y(2) = (2)3 = 8. If y (-x) = -y (x) for all possible x for which the
function is defined, the function is odd.
55
5.2. DEFINITION FUNCTIONS: EVEN, ODD CHAPITRE 5. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
5.2 Definition Functions : Even, Odd
Term Definition
An even function is a function with a graph that is sym

Even Function
metric with respect to the y-axis and has the property
that f (-x) = f (x).
An odd function is a function with the property that

Odd Function f (-x) = -f (x). Odd functions have rotational symmetry
about the origin.
5.3 Trigonometric Functions : Even, Odd
We can evaluate trigonometric functions of angles outside the first quadrant

using reference angles as we have already done with the sine and cosine func
tions. The procedure is the same : Find the reference angle formed by the terminal
side of the given angle with the horizontal axis. The trigonometric function va
lues for the original angle will be the same as those for the reference angle, except
for the positive or negative sign, which is determined by x- and y- values in the
original quadrant. (Figure) shows which functions are positive in which quadrant.
II sinf smf
cscf cost
tanf
sect
cscf
cotf
III tanf IV cost

cotf sect

CHAPITRE 5. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS5.3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: EVEN, ODD
To help remember which of the six trigonometric functions are positive in each
quadrant, we can use the mnemonic phrase A Smart Trig Class. Each of the
four words in the phrase corresponds to one of the four quadrants, starting with
quadrant I and rotating counterclockwise. In quadrant I, which is "A" , all of
the six trigonometric functions are positive. In quadrant II, "Smart" , only sine
and its reciprocal function, cosecant, are positive. In quadrant III, "Trig", only
tangent and its reciprocal function, cotangent, are positive. Finally, in quadrant
IV, "Class", only cosine and its reciprocal function, secant, are positive.
Because sine, cosine, and tangent are functions (trig functions), they can
be defined as even or odd functions as well. Sine and tangent are both odd
functions, and cosine is an even function. In other words,
sin (-x) = - sin (x) ; cos (-x) = cos (x) ; tan (-x) = - tan (x)
Example 1 Trigonometric Functions : Even, Odd
Show that the sine function is an odd function.
Solution :
Proof : From the definition of cosine and sine in the unit circle,
One way to do this is to consider a right triangle on the unit circle (as shown
above). The point (x,y) lies at one vertex of the triangle and also lies on the circle.
The angle is measured counterclockwise from the +x-axis. The adjacent to the
indicated angle is x, the opposite to the indicated angle is y, and the hypotenuse

5.3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS : EVEN, ODD CHAPITRE 5. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
is 1 because it is a radius of the unit circle. Since the sine function equals the
opposite over the hypotenuse,
sin( 0) = 1 =y
Ifwe change the sign of the angle, the point will have coordinates (x; -y), as shown
on the previous page. The opposite will be -y and the hypotenuse will still be 1 :
sin(-0) = -y = - y = - sin( 0)
An alternative method is to graph the sine function. This graph is antisymmetric
about the vertical axis, such that for any point (x,y) on the curve, there is an
antisymmetric point on the curve with the opposite sign of both x and y. For
example, when x = pir, the sine function is
sin( -) = 23-
and when x = -p-, the sine function is
( )
sin -n = -^
showing that
s-n П
П = -s-n -nП X
—• Example Trigonometric Functions : Even, Odd
Show that the cosine function is an even function..

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- •
Solution :
One way to do this is to consider a right triangle on the unit circle (as shown
on the previous page). The point (x,y) lies at one vertex of the triangle and also
lies on the circle. The angle is measured counterclockwise from the +x-axis. The
adjacent to is x, the opposite to is y, and the hypotenuse is 1 because it is a
radius of the unit circle. Since the cosine function equals the adjacent over the
hypotenuse,
cos (0) = x = x
Ifwe change the sign of the angle, the point will have coordinates (x; -y), as shown
in the previous diagram. The adjacent will still be x and the hypotenuse will still
be 1 :

CHAPITRE 5. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS5.3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: EVEN, ODD
cos (0) = 1 = x = cos (6)

An alternative method is to graph the cosine function. This graph is symmetric
about the vertical axis, such that for any point (x,y) on the curve, there is a
symmetric point on the curve with the opposite sign of x and the same value of
y. For example, when x = pi, the cosine function is
cos(3j= 2
and when x = -pi, the cosine function is
cos {-3) = 2
showing that
- 3П
( = cos 3П
5.3.1 How to Simplify an Expression Using Even/Odd Identities
These identities will all make appearances in problems that ask you to simplify
an expression, prove an identity, or solve an equation. So whats the big red flag?
The fact that the variable inside the trig function is negative. When tan (-x), for
example, appears somewhere in an expression, it should usually be changed to
- tan (x).
Mostly, you use even/odd identities for graphing purposes, but you may see
them in simplifying problems as well. You use an even/odd identity to simplify
any expression where -x (or whatever variable you see) is inside the trig function.
The following steps show you how to simplify :
[1 + sin (-x)] [1 - sin (-x)]

ф Get rid of all the x values inside the trig functions.
You see two sin(-x) functions, so you replace them both with -sin (x) to get
[1 + (- sin x)] [1 - (- sin x)].
@ Simplify the new expression.
First adjust the two negative signs within the parentheses to get [1 - sin (x)] [1 + sin (x)],
and then FOIL these two binomials to get 1 - sin2 (x).
@ Look for any combination of terms that could give you a Pythagorean identity.
Whenever you see a function squared, you should think of the Pythagorean
identities. The three Pythagorean identities are

5.4. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 5. ODD AND EVEN FUNCTIONS
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1 ; 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x) ; tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x)
@ Looking at the identities, you see that 1 - sin2(x) is the same as cos2(x). Now
the expression is fully simplified as cos2 (x).
5.4 Exercises
d Show that the secant function is (6 Show that the sin3( в) is an odd
an even function. function.
@ Show that the cotangent func @ Show that the cos2 (в) is an even
tion is an odd function. function.
@ Show that the tangent function @ Show that the cos3 (в) is an even
is an odd function. function.
@ Show that the cosecant function @ Show that the sin(в )cos( в) is an
is an odd function. add function.
@ Show that the sin2 (в) is an even Show that the csc(в)cocot(в) is
function. an even function.
Exercise
d Given that sin(x) = 0, 15, deter d Given that cot(x) = 2, determine

mine sin(-x) without taking an cot(-x) without taking an in
inverse. verse.
d Given that cos(x) = 3, determine d Given that csc(x) = 3, determine
cos(-x) without taking an in csc(-x) without taking an in
verse. verse.
d Given that tan(x) = 0, 7, deter d Given that sec(x) = 1, 6, deter
mine tan(-x) without taking an mine sec(-x) without taking an
inverse. inverse.

Chapitre 6
Angle Sum Formulas
6.1 Introduction
There are six so-called addition formulae often needed in the solution of trigo
nometric problems. In this unit we start with one and derive a second from that.
Then we take another one as given, and derive a second one from that. Finally
we use these four to help us derive the final two. This exercise will improve your
familiarity and confidence in working with the addition formulae. The proofs of
the formulae are left as structured exercises for you to complete.
In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake
the practice exercises provided.
After reading this text, you should be able to :
• work with the six addition formulae
6.2 Introduction
There are six so-called addition formulae often needed in the solution of trigo
nometric problems. In this unit, we start with one and derive a second from that.
61
6.3. SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIE: COS (U ±V) CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS
Then we take another one as given, and derive a second one from that. And then
we are going to use these four to help us derive the final two. This exercise will
improve your familiarity and confidence in working with the addition formulae.
6.3 Sum and Difference Identitie : cos (u ±v)
Consider the following two diagrams :
The triangles P OQ and AOB are congruent. Therefore,
d (P ,Q) = d (A, B)
By squaring both sides, we have that
d(P,Q)2 = d(A,B)2
We calculate both sides separately :

d(P,Q)2 = [cos (u) - cos (v)]2 + [sin (u) - sin (v)]2 Expand the squares
= cos2 (u)-2cos(u)cos(v) + cos2 (v) + sin2(u)-2sin(u)sin(v) + sin2 (v)
= cos2 (u) + sin2 (u) + cos2 (v) + sin2 (v) -2cos(u)cos(v)-2sin(u)sin(v)
= 1 + 1 -2cos(u)cos(v) -2sin(u)sin(v) Group terms
= 2 -2cos(u)cos(v) -2sin(u)sin(v) P y thagorean identity

CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS 6.3. SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIE: COS (U ±V)
d (A, B)2 = [cos (u -v) -1]2 + [sin (u -v) -0]2
= cos2 (u -v) -2cos(u -v)+ 1 + sin2 (u -v) Expand the squares
= 1 -2cos(u -v)+ 1 P ythagorean identi ty
= 2 -2cos(u -v)
Therefore,
d(P,Q)2 = d(A,B)2
^ 2 - 2cos(u)cos(v) - 2sin(u)sin(v) = 2 - 2cos(u -v)
^-2cos(u -v) = -2cos(u)cos(v) - 2sin(u)sin(v) Subtract 2 on both sides
^ cos(u - v) = cos(u)cos(v) + sin(u)sin(v) Divide by - 2 on both sides
—• Formulas ClDifference Formula for Cosine
• Therefore,the difference formula for cosine is :
cos (u - v) = cos (u) cos (v) + sin (u )sin (v)
• Sum Formula for Cosine :
cos( u + v) = cos( u - (-v)) = cos( u )cos(-v) + sin( u )sin(-v) Difference formula
= cos(u)cos(v) - sin(u)sin(v) Even - Odd Identities.
t Therefore, the sum formula for cosine is :
cos (u + v) = cos (u) cos (v) - sin (u )sin (v)
—• Formulas Sum/Difference Formulas for Sine
• Similarly, we can calculate for the sine function to

find the difference formula for sine :
sin (u - v) = sin (u) cos (v) - cos (u )sin (v)
and the sum formula for sine :
sin (u + v) = sin (u) cos (v) + cos (u )sin (v)

6.4. DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS
•• Formulas Sum/Difference Formulas for tangent
• Therefore,the difference formula for tangent is :
tan (u '- 'v ) = tan(u)-tan(v)

1+tan( u )tan(v)
• Sum Formula for tangent :
tan (' u + v1) = 1-tan(u)+tan(v)

tan( u )tan(v)
6.4 Double-Angle Formulas
We can use the sum formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to find the double
angle formulas :
ф Double-Angle Formula sin(2u)

sin (2u) = sin (u +u)
= sin (u) cos (u) + sin (u)cos(u) Sum f ormula.
= 2 sin (u) cos (u)
@ Double-Angle Formula cos(2 u)

cos (2u) = cos (u + u)
= cos (u) cos (u) - sin (u) sin (u) Sum f ormula.
= cos2 (u) - sin2 (u)
Since sin2 (u) + cos2 (u) = 1, we also have that
cos (2u) = 2cos2 (u) - 1
and
cos (2u) = 1 - 2sin2 (u)
(3 Double-Angle Formula tan(2u)

CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS 6.4. DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS
tan (2u) = tan (u + u)

tan (u) + tan (u)
Sum f ormula.
1 - tan (u) tan (u)
tan (u) + tan (u)
1 - tan2(u)
• Example О Trigonometric Identities
If sin( в) = - 5 and cos( в) = 5 , find tan( в) and cot( в)
Solution : Using the ratio identities we have
_3
sin (в) 5 3
tan( в ) =
cos( в ) 4 4
5
4
cos (в) 5 4
cot (в) = Sin---- ——
v c cos (в) _3 3
5
Note that, once we found tan (в), we could have used a reciprocal identity to find
cot (в) :
cot( в) = —= Д- = -|-
v t tan(в) -3 3
► Example fa) Trigonometric Identities
If sin(в) = 3 and в terminates in quadrant II, find cos(в)
Solution We can obtain cos( в) from sin(в) by using the identity :
cos(в) = ±^ 1 - sin2 (в)
If sin( в) = 3 , the identity becomes
3
cos( в) = ± Substitute — for sin(в).
5
Square to get ~^=.
i -—
25 5 25
S u btract
4
= ±- Take the square root of the numerator and denominator separately.
5
Now we know that cos( в)is either +4 or - 5. Looking back to the original state-

6.4. DOUBLE-ANGLE FORMULAS CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS
ment of the problem, however, we see that 0 terminates in quadrant II; therefore,
cos(0) must be negative.
4
cos(0) = —
5
—• Exercise aTrigonometric Identities
If cos( 0) = 1 and 0 terminates in quadrant IV, find the remaining

trigonometric ratios for 0.

CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS 6.5. SUMMARY OF IDENTITIES
6.5 Summary of Identities
•• Formulas aSummary of Identities :
@ Reciprocal Identities
css v(xs) = sin(

— x) ’ ; ses v(x>) = cos(x) ’ ; cot(vx)> =-^-
tan(x)
® Quotient Identities
tan (x) = snx ; cot (x) = cosx

c c cos( x) V s Sin( x)
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1 ; 1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x); 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x)
(i^ Even-Odd Identities
sin(-x) = - sin( x) ; cos(-x) = cos( x) ; tan(-x) = - tan( x)

@ Sum/Difference Formulas
cos (x + y) = cos (x) cos (y) + sin (x) sin (y)

cos (x - y) = cos (x) cos (y) - sin (x) sin (y)
sin (x + y) = sin (x) cos (y) + cos (x) sin (y)

sin (x - y) = sin (x) cos (y) - cos (x) sin (y)
vij Double-Angle Formulas
2tan(u)
sin(2 u) = 2sin( u )cos( u) tan(2 u) = 1-tan2( u)
cos (2u) = cos2 (u) - sin2 (u) = 2cos2 (u) - 1

cos (2u) = cos2 (u) - sin2 (u) = 1 - 2sin2 (u)

6.6. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 6. ANGLE SUM FORMULAS
6.6 Exercises
ф Find the exact value of cos{ 3 - 4)
@ Find the exact value of : sin (52)
63 Derive cot (2x) = cot2(x)-1

L/enve cot(x-x) — cot(x)
Derive sec(2x) — sec (2X\

2-sec2(x)
Derive : tan (2x) — 2 tan2x\

1-tan2( x)
@ Prove : cos4(x)-sin4(x) — 1 - tan2 (x)

c^ cos^-( x)
@ Prove : tan (x) + cos (x) — sin (x) [sec (x) + cot (x)]
Exercise
® Prove : cos4(x)-sin4(x) — 1 - tan2 (x)

cos2( x)
@ Prove : tan (x) + cos (x) — sin (x) [sec (x) + cot (x)]
® Prove : 1 + cos (x) — -,sln (x\

1- cos( x)
<4 Pr kov^^ :: 1+cos(

i ove I (x)x)
sln + x) — ^V2csc(x)
1+cos(csc
sin( x)
<4 De sec(x
rive : sec
erve ) - sec(x)sec(y)csc(x)csc(y)
csc(x)csc(y )+sec(x)sec(y)
Exercise
Prove the identity :
[sin (x) - cos (x)]2 — 1 - sin (2x)
@ [sin2 (x) - 1 —cos (2 x ) + sin2( x)
sin (2 x) — 2tan(x)
^3 sin (2 x)— 1+tan2( x)
<4 t (2 ) - 2sin(x)cos(x)
<4 tan(2x)— 2cos2(x)-1
@ cot (x) - tan (x) — 2 cot (2x)
<6 sin(2x) - tan (x)

<6 1+cos(2 x)—tan( x)

Chapitre 7
Half-Angle Formulas
7.1 Half-Angle Formulas cosine, sine, and tangent
The half-angle formulas for the sine and cosine functions can be derived from
two of the double-angle formulas for the cosine function. Consider the double
angle formula cos (2t) = 2 cos (t) -1. Solving this for cos2 (t) gives :
COS2( t )= 1+CO2s(2 t )
Taking square roots of both sides of this last equation and replacing t with 0
results in the half-angle formula for the cosine function :
1 + cos (2 X 2)
0\
cOs2
2/ 2
results :
/0 1 + cos(0)
cos —
2 2
The ± in front of the radical is determined by the quadrant in which the angle
0 resides. It is left to the reader (See Exercise 1) to verify that the half-angle
69
7.1. HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS COSINE, SINE, AND TANCGHEANPITRE 7. HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
formula for the sine function is :
. / 0 \ = ±л//1-------
sin
- cos( 0)
22
Exercise О half-angle formula for the sine
Verify the half-angle formula for the sine function :
. /0\ /1 - cos( 0)
sin = ±\ -------
2/ 2 2
Example 1 Half-Angle Formulas
Without the use of a calculator, determine the value of cos 124
Solution : Note that 12 = 3 - П results :

n п n
С0Л^) = С0Л3 -4
= cos(П)cos(П) + sin П)sin ( П

34 34
_ 1 V2 V3 22
= 2 X 2 + 2 X 2
the identity becomes :
( n
П 12
24) = c0s 2
s----------
/1 + cos 2 x 124
= S 2
1 + cos(n>)
= S 2
_ 11 + ^42(1 + V3)
N 2
Similar calculations would provide the values of cos(44), cos(64), and so on- This
technique also works with the other trigonometric functions as demonstrated in
Exercise 2.

CHAPITRE 7. HALF-ANGLE FOR7M.1U.LAHSALF-ANGLE FORMULAS COSINE, SINE, AND TANGENT
г-* Exercise half-angle formula for the sine
Use the formula derived in Exercise 1 and the value computed in

Example 1 to evaluate sm(2U.
The half-angle formulas for the sine and cosine functions provide a means
for establishing a similar identity for the tangent function. To see this construct
the quotient of half-angle formulas for the sine and half-angle formulas for the
cosine. to obtain :
1- cos( e)
tan
/ 0 \ =----
sin 2
t—
2
i-cos( e)
2 1 - cos(e)
2 cosf2 i+cos( e) i+c2s( e) \ i + cos (e)
2
Once again, the sign of the last expression above is determined by the location
of the angle 2 : There are two additional half-angle formulas for the tangent
function. The derivation of these is left to the reader. (See Exercise 3).
r-* Exercise half-angle formula for the sine
Verify the half-angle identities :
sin( e) i - cos( e)
i + cos (e) sin( e)
Example (2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
Half-angle formulas for the tangent function
2-^3
30° i - cos(30°)
tan(i5°) = tan \ 2 + V3
"2 i + cos(30°)
» Example Half-Angle Formulas
A half-angle formula for the cotangent function follows :
i i i + cos( в)
tan(I) + /i-cos(e) \ i - cos(e)
2 -y i+cos(e) 1

7.2. SUMMARY OF HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS CHAPITRE 7. HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS
Hence,
I2 + V3
cot (15°) = \ 2-V3
7.2 Summary of Half-Angle Formulas
r~• Formulas Summary of Half-Angle Formulas :
The standard half-angle formulas are :

_ 1-cos( 0) _ _ 1+cos( 0)
CD sin2 (2) = cos 2(
2 ; = 2
-cos( в) _ 1+cos( в )
@ tan2 /2) _= 11+cos( 0)
_
; cot 2I<2) = 1-cos( 0)
(ш) tan( 2 ) = csc(0) - cot( 0 ) ; c ot (2) = csc (0) + cot (0)
@ 0) _ sin( 0) _
cot ' e2
sin( 0)
2 — 1+cos( 0) ; 1-cos( 0 )
tan( 2 ) 1-cos( 0) . cot( 2 ) = 1+cos( в )

= sin( 0) ; sin( 0)
tan( 2 ) = tan( 0) ; cot( 2 ) = 1+sec( в)

(Vi) 1+sec( 0) ’ tan( 0)
(vii) tan( 02 ) -1±^1+tan2( 0)

;
/0) = tan(0)
tan( 0) 2 -1±^1+tan2( в)
{ )
(Vii ) ___ 2
2
) 2
s ec ( ) _ 1+cos( 0)
.
; CdC 2 0
2
_ 2
1-cos( 0 )
—• Example aHalf-Angle Formulas
Derive : cos2{2) = 1+c2s(0)
Solution : Begin with the following form of the double angle formula (chap
ter 3) for cosine written in terms of 0 :
cos (2 0) = 2cos2 (0) - 1
Add 1 to both sides of the equation :
1 + cos (2 0) = 2cos2 (0)

CHAPITRE 7. HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS 7.3. EXERCISES
Divide both sides of the equation by 2.
1+СО;(2 в ) =cos2( в )
Let : в = 2 such that : 2в = x.
1 + cos(x) x
= cos2
2 2
Example (5 Half-Angle Formulas
1-cos( в )
Derive : tan2 в2
1+cos( в )
Solution : Write tangent as the ratio of sine to cosine, and then apply the
half-angle formulas for sin and cosine.
1-cos( в )
2
1+cos( в )
2
= 1 - cos( в) 2 =1 - cos( в)
2 1 +cos(в) 1 +cos(в)
Note that 2’s cancel. Recall that the way divide two fractions is to multiply
by the reciprocal of the second fraction
7.3 Exercises
r—• Exercise aHalf-Angle Formulas
Derive :
® sin^2) = ®^ (6 cot(2) = csc(в) + cot(в)
@ cos2 (2) = 1+2в (7 csc2(в) = —2-тж

2 1-cos( в)
< 3
43 tan
t 2( в=)_1+cos(
2
1-cos(в)
в)
2
1+cos( в )
tan( в )
<< 4 cot2 ( в ) = 1+cos(в)
4 cot 2 = 1—cos(в) - 1±^1+tan2( в )
- 1±^1+tan2( в )
@ tan (2) = csc (в) - cot (в)
tan( в )

7.3. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 7. HALF-ANGLE FORMULAS

Chapitre 8
Power Reduction Formulas
8.1 Introduction
Power reduction formulas function a lot like double-angle and half-angle for
mulas do. They are used to simplify the calculations necessary to solve a given
expression. Power reduction formulas can be derived through the use of double
angle and half-angle formulas, and the Pythagorean Identity ( sin2 (0) + cos2 (0) = 1
). In power reduction formulas, a trigonometric function is raised to a power
(such as sin2 (0) or cos2 (0) ). The use of a power reduction formula expresses the
quantity without the exponent
8.2 Double angle and power reduction formulas
In the previous section, we developed formulas for expressions such as cos( 0 + в) :

These formulas lead naturally to another set of identities involving double angles
and half-angles.
Recall the sum-of-angle identities equations :
cos(0+ в) = cos (0) cos (в) - sin (0) sin (в)
sin (0 +в) = sin (0) cos (в) + cos (0) sin (в)
If we replace 0 and в with the same angle, 0 , these identities describe the sine
and cosine of 20 , expressing trig functions of a doubled angle in terms of the
original.
cos (20) = cos2 (0) - sin2 (0) (8.1)
sin (20) = 2 cos (0) sin (0) (8.2)
75
8.2. DOUBLE ANGLE AND POWER REDUCTIONCHFOAPRIMTRUELA8S. POWER REDUCTION FORMULAS
The first equation, equation (8.1), is particularly applicable. It can be used to

reduce the power of cosine and sine. For example, suppose we add equation (8.1)
to the Pythagorean Identity ( sin2(0) or cos2(0) equation ). We will get section).
We will get : 2cos2(0) = 1 + cos(20). After dividing by 2, we obtain an equation for
cos2 (0) :
2/m 1+COS(2 0) rom
cos (0) =----- 2------ (8-3)
In a similar manner, we could subtract equation (8.1) from the Pythagorean

identity, getting : 2sin2 (0) = 1 - cos (20). After dividing both sides by 2 we have a
formula for sin2 (0) :
sin2 (0) = 1 - co2s(2 0) (8.4)
These are sometimes called "power reduction formulas" because they allow us
to reduce the power on one of the trig functions when the power is an even integer.
For example, we can reduce the fourth power on cosine in cos4 (0) = cos (0) 2
by substituting for cos2 (0) and then expanding the expression.
1 + cos (20) 2 1 + 2cos (20) + cos (20)

cos4 (0) = cos (0) 2 =
2 4
Since :cos2(20) = 1+co^(40) we can again reduce the power on cos2 (20), writing :
4( 0) 1 + 2cos(2 0 ) + cos2(2 0)
= 4 [1 + 2 cos (2 0) + cos2
(20)
= 4 1 + 2 cos (2 0) + 1 + cos (4 0)
2
3 + 4cos(20)+ cos (40)
8
We may then simplify the last expression by using the common denominator 8
and so write :
cos4 (0) = - (3 + 4 cos (2 0) + cos (4 0))
8
In this way we have reduced the exponents on cosine from a fourth power to a
first power at the expense of increasing the angles from x to 2x and 4x.

CHAPITRE 8. POWER REDUCTION FORM8U.3L.ASUMMARY OF POWER REDUCTION FORMULAS
8.3 Summary of Power Reduction Formulas
Formulas 0
Power Reduction Formulas :
@ The first four power reduction formulas for sine and cosine are :
sin2( в )=1 - cos’2 в)

2
; cos2( в )= 1+cos(2 в)
3sin(в) - sin(3в)
sin3( в ) =
4
3cos( в) + cos(3 в)
cos3 ( в ) =
4
. 4(в)=3 — 4cos(2в) + cos(4в)
8
4 (в) = 3 + 4 cos (2 в) + cos (4 в)
4
. 5(в) 10sin(в) - 5sin(3в) + sin(5в)
16
5( в) 10cos( в ) + 5cos(3 в ) + cos(5 в)
16
@ The first two power reduction formulas for tangent and cotangent are :
tan2(в) = 1 -2 *an(в' ; cot2(в) = 2cot(2в)cot(в)+1

tan (2в)
tan’ (в) = 3 tan( в) + 2 tan (3 в) - 6t в >tan<3 в >

an(tan (2 в)
cot3 (в) = 3cot( в) + 2cot(3 в) + 6cot( в )cot(2 в) cot (3 в)
The first two power reduction formulas for secant and cosecant are :
2 2sec(2в) 2 2sec(2в)
sec (в) = ; csc (в) =
v s sec(2в)+1 sec(2в) - 1
3 sec(2 в )sec(3 в)
sec3 (в) = 4sec( 3 в) — 6------------------------
(в) 4sec(3 в) 6 sec(2 в ) + 1
3 sec(2 в )sec(3 в)
csc
csc 3 ((в * ((3
в)) = -44csc
csc 3вв)) - 66-----sec
-— в) - —
(2-------- 1 -

8.4. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 8. POWER REDUCTION FORMULAS
8.4 Exercises
Exercise О
Derive :
@ sin3(0) = 3sin(0)-sin(30)
@ cos3(0) = 3cos(0)+cos(30)
@ sin4( 0) = 3-4cos(2 0 )+cos(4 0)

8
@ cos4(0) = 3+4cos(2 в )+cos(4 в)
4
@ sin5 (0) = 10sin( 0 )-5sin(3 0 )+sin(5 0)
16
10cos( 0 )+5cos(3 0 )+cos(5 0)
cos5( 0 ) =
16
Derive :
(1 sin(50) = 16sin5 (0) - 10sin(0) + 5sin(30)

(2 cos (50) = 16cos5 (0) - 10cos (0) - 5cos (30)
@ tan3(0) = 3tan(0) + 2tan(30) - 6tan(fntan)30)
@ cot3 (0) = 3 cot (0) + 2cot (30) + 6 cot (0) cot (20) cot (30)
(5 csc3 (0) = -4csc (30) - ese^seff0)
Г6
<6 sec = 4s
sec3((0)) = ec(30)-
4sec(3 ) 66sec(20)sec(3
sec(20)+1 0)
Simplify each expression :
(T) cos2(28^) - sin2(28^) (5 cos2 (60) - sin2 (60)
@ cos2(37^) - sin2(37^) (6 6sin(50)cos(50)
@ cos2 (90) - sin2 (90) @ 2cos2(37^) -1
@ 4sin(80)cos(80) @ 1 - 2cos2(17^)

CHAPITRE 8. POWER REDUCTION FORMULAS 8.4. EXERCISES
Exercise (4)
Use a double angle, half angle, or power reduction formula to rewrite

without exponents. :
d cos2(5в) @ sin4(3в)
@ cos2(6в) @ cos2(в) sin4 (в)
@ sin4 (8в) (6 cos4(в)sin2(в)
Prove the identity :
(d [sin (в) - cos (в)]2 = 1 - sin (2в)
@ [sin2 (в) - 1] =cos(2в) + sin4(в)
<3 t (2в) _ 2sin(в)cos(в)

<3 tan(2в)= 2cos2(в)-1
d cot (в) - tan (в) = 2 cot (2в)
@ i+n§S)=tan(в)
® cos*2) )2;в
1+cos(2 в) _ 2cos( в)
'—s sin(2в)-cos(в) = 2sin(в)-1
@ sin (3в) = 3 sin (в) cos2 (в) - sin3 (в)
@ cos (3в) = cos3 (в) - 3sin2 (в) cos (в)

8.4. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 8. POWER REDUCTION FORMULAS

Chapitre 9
The Inverse Trig Functions
9.1 Introduction
Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from

side measurements in triangles. They also provide useful antiderivatives and ap
pear frequently in the solutions of differential equations. This section shows how
these functions are defined, graphed, and evaluated, how their derivatives are
computed, and why they appear as important antiderivatives.
9.2 Inverse Function Identities
The function sin(30°) equals one-half because the side opposite to 30° is always
one-half as long as the hypotenuse in a 30° - 60° - 90° triangle. The sine function
tells us what the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse is for a given angle.
There also exists an inverse sine function sin-1 , which tells us what angle ma-
kesthe opposite side over the hypotenuse equal to a specified ratio. For example,
( )
sin-1 2 equals 30° or 150°. The inverse sine of one-half, which we express as
sin-1 Q) , asks what angle you could take the sine of and get an answer of one-
half. (It is important to note that sin-1 does not mean to find one over the sine
function it is not a multiplicative inverse.)
When we use the sine function, the argument is an angle and the answer is a
fraction between 1 and +1. When we use the inverse sine function, the argument
is a fraction between 1 and +1 and the answer is an angle.
Consider the equation x = sin(0). If you want to solve for 0 in this equation,
81
9.2. INVERSE FUNCTION IDENTITIES CHAPITRE 9. THE INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS
take the inverse sin of both sides : sin-1 (x) = sin-1 (sin 0) = 0, or 0 = sin-1 (x). Note
that sin-1 (sin 0) = 0. That is, if you take the sine of angle and then take the inverse
sine of the resulting fraction, you get back the original angle as a solution.
If you know how to find the sine of an angle, its easy to find the inverse
sine of a fraction its essentially the same thing backwards. For example, since
sin (90°) = 1, it follows that sin-1 (1) = 90°. The other inverse trig functions work the
same way. For example, since tan (120°) and tan(300°) both equal -V3, it follows
that tan"^-V3) equals 120° or 300°.
In general there are two possible answers to an inverse trig function because
each trig function is positive and negative in two different quadrants. For example,
cos-^-1) equals 120° or 240° because cos(120°) = cos(240°) = -1.
Instructions : Determine the two angles that solve each problem. Check your
answers by applying the trig function to each angle and see if you obtain the
same ratio including the same sign as the given argument of the inverse trig
function.
Procedure : To find the inverse trig function of a fraction, first find the refe
rence angle i.e. which Quadrant I angle could you apply the trig function to in
order find the absolute value of the fraction ? Then determine the two angles in
Quadrants I-IV corresponding to the reference angle that give the specified trig
function the correct sign.
If the problem gives you an inverse secant, inverse cosecant, or inverse co
tangent, first find the reciprocal of the argument and then treat it as an inverse
cosine, sine, or tangent, respectively, because ses(0) = ',,.., csc(0)
cos(0)
L..
■sin(0), and
cot(0) = tan(0). For example, sec-1 (2) is the same as cos-1(2), which is 60° or 300°.

CHAPITRE 9. THE INVERSE TRIG FUNCTIONS 9.2. INVERSE FUNCTION IDENTITIES
There may only be one answer if the answer lies on the x- or y-axis i.e. if the
answer is 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270°.
Example <D Inverse Function Identities
cos 1 ( 2 ) .The Quadrant I reference angle for which the cosine of the
angle
would equal 23- is 30° : That is, cos(30°) = 2^ The cosine function is po
sitive in Quadrants I and IV. The Quadrant IV angle corresponding to 30° is :
360° - 30 = 330°. The answers to this example are 30° and 330°.
► Example Inverse Function Identities
csc-1 (-1). The Quadrant I reference angle for which the cosecant of the
angle
would equal 1 is the same as the Quadrant I reference angle for which
the sine of the angle would equal 1 (since cos( 0) = sn^) and 1 = 1). This is
90° : That is, sin(90°) = 1 and csc(90°) = 1 . But we need -1, not +1. Since
sin(270°) = 1 and csc(270°) = 1, there is just one answer to this problem, 270°
(which lies on the border of Quadrants III and IV).
Example ( 3 Inverse Function Identities
tan 1 (-1). The Quadrant I reference angle for which the tangent of the
angle
Tirrii 11U 0*011 I ol 1 IC ° fс* 1T"! I О П ° \ — S1I1(45°) J

°
would equal 1 is 45 OP tan°(45
(since ° ) — cos(45 ) and sin (45 ° \ — ,c ° \ — A/2 •
°° ) — 2
° ° ) — cos (45 ) :
That is, tan(45°) — 1. The tangent function is negative in Quadrants II and
IV. The Quadrant II and IV angles corresponding to 45° are 180° - 45° — 135°
and 160° - 45° — 315°. The answers to this example are135° and 315°.

r~* Example Inverse Function Identities
sec-1 (-2). The Quadrant I reference angle for which the secant of the
angle
would equal 2 is the same as the Quadrant I reference angle for which the
cosine of the angle would equal 2 (since sec sec(0) = cos^ ). This is 60r : That
is, cos(60°) = 1 and sec(60°) = 2. The secant and cosine functions are negative
in Quadrants II and III. The Quadrant II and III angles corresponding to 60°
are 180° - 60° = 120° and 180° + 60° = 240°. The answers to this example are
120° and 240°r.
Inverse Function Identities
cot-1 (0). The Quadrant I reference angle for which the cotangent of the
angle
would equal 0 is the same as the Quadrant I reference angle for which the
tangent of the angle would be undefined (since cot(0) = tan1(0)) : This is 90° :
That is, tan (90°) is undefined and cot (90°) = 0. The alternate angle is 270°.
The answers to this example are 90° and 270°.
Instructions : Determine the answers to each problem. Most of the problems

have two answers (in two different Quadrants).
Exercise <D
Inverse Function Identities
Determine the answers to each problem :
(1) cot 4-1) (2) tan (3) cot Х(л/3)
(4) cot~1(—\'3) (5) tan 4— 1) (6) esc 41)
(7) tan X( —(8) tan x(v3) (9) esc-1 (2)

у* Exercise J Inverse Function Identities
(1) cos"1 (2) cot-1(—л/з) (3)sin x(0)
[4] sec *(2) (5) sec x(v2) (6) sin"1 (~y)
(7) csc-1(—2) (8) csc-1(—v’2) (9) sec 1 ( з )
(10) cot-1(—1) (11) cos-1 (12) sec-1(—2)
(13) cos-1 (-y) (14)sec"1(2) (15) csc"1(—2)
(16) sec~1(x'2) (17)cos-1(0) (18) sin"1 (y)
(19) cos"1(l) (20)sec-1(l) (21) cot-1(—\3)
(22) cot-1(—1) (23) sin"1 (24) cot"1 (undefined)

г** Exercise Inverse Function Identities
[1] esc x(—2) (2) cos x(-j) (3)sec 1(—2)
(4) csc-1(l) (5) sec-1(—2) (6) esc*1 (2)
(7) соГ1(-л/з) (8)tan-1(0) (9) esc*1 (~y)
(10)cos-1(l) (11) CSC*1 (12) sin*1^)
(13) cot-1(—7з) (14)tan-1(l) (15)cos-1(0)
(16) sin-1 (17) sin-1(l) (18) sec-1(V2)
(19) cos-1 Q) (20) cos*1 (~y) (21) csc-‘
(22) cot-1(V3) (23) tan*1 (y) (24) sec*1 (undefined)

p-* Exercise Inverse Function Identities
(1) sin"1^) (2) cos’1 (i) (3) cot"1(l)
[4] esc"1 (undefined) (5) tan"1 (-y) (6) cot-1(—1)
(7) tan-1(l) [8) cos’1 (-^) (9) sec-1(—V2)
(10) cot"1 (undefined) (11) sin"1 (~y) (12) tan"1(—\ 3)
(13) csc"1(—2) (14) cot-1(—л/З) (15) cos"1 (y)
(16) sin"1(0) (17) sec"1 (-^) (18) esc"1 y—)
(19) csc-1(V2) (20) sin-1(-y) (21)cos-1(0)
(22)sec-1(l) (23) cot"1(v3) (24)sec"x(2)

ê Exercise (§ J Inverse Function Identities
(1) sin-1 (7) (2) cot-1 (undefined) (3) esc г(— 1)
(4) cos x(-y) (5) tan’* (-f) (6) sin"x(l)
(7) sin-x(0) (8) cot-1(-V3) (9) esc"1 (undefined)
(10) cot"1 (undefined) (11)tan-1(0) (12) sec"x(—2)
(13) esc-* (14) sec-1 (undefined) (15) csc-1(—2)
(16) sin-1 (y) (17)sec-1(l) (18) cot-1(—1)
(19) sec-1(—V2) (20) cos"1 (21) cos"1 (y)
(22) csc-1(—2) (23) sec"^-^) (24) esc"1 (^)
- ----------------------------------------- •

ê Exercise (@ J Inverse Function Identities
(1) COS А(у) (2) sec x(—V2) (3) sec 4—2)
(4)sin-‘(i) (5)sec“1(l) (6) cos-1(0)
(7)tan-(-^) (8) esc-1(2) (9) sin-1(0)
(10) csc-1(—1) (11)cos-1(l) (12) csc-1(V2)
(13) tan-1(—1) (14) cos-1 (~y) (15) sin-1 (y)
(16)cos-1(±) (17) cot-1(—1) (18) tan-1(—1)
(19) sin"1 (^) (20) соГ1^) (21)sec“1(l)
(22) cot-Ô) (23) sin-1(0) (24) cos-1 (|)

у* Exercise (Д J Inverse Function Identities
f , _i / 2V3\
[1] tan x(-V3) (2) esc —- (3) esc 1(-1)
[4] sec-1 (5/2) (5) sec-1(2) (6) cos"1 (-y)
(7) cos-1(l) (8) sec-1 ) (9) cot"1 (-y)
(10) csc-1(—V2) (11) sec-1 (undefined) (12) соГ^-д/з)
(13)tan-1(0) (14)cos-1(l) (15) sin-1(0)
(16) sec-1 (—2) (17) cot-1(—1) (18)tan-1(l)
(19) cos"1 1) (20) sin"x(0) (21) sin"1 (f)
(22) cot-1(0) (23) tan-1(-y) (24) sec-1(—v'2)

p-^ Exercise (^J Inverse Function Identities
(1)csc-1(l) (2) tan 40) (3) CSC-1 (-î)
[4] cot-1(l) (5) tan-1 (-y) (6) tan-4-1)
[7] cos-41) (S) sin-1 g) (9) sin-1(0)
(10) cot-1(—1) (11) cos-1(0) (i2) sin-1 (|)
(13) cot-1(—V3) (14) sin-1(—y) (15) sin-1(-y)
(16) tail-1 (17) csc-1(v 2) (18) cot-1 (undefined)
(19) tan-1 (-f) (20) cot-1(0) (21) sin-1(0)
(22) sin-1 (~y) (23) sin-1 Q) (24) esc-1 (~^y)

p-* Exercise Inverse Function Identities
(1) csc-1(—1) (2) cos-1 (~y) (3) cot 4-1)
(4) cot-1 (undefined) (5)sec-1(l) (6) esc-1 (undefined)
(7) csc-1(—1) (8) sin"1 Q) (9) tan-1(—1)
(10)tan-1(0) (11) csc~1(—2) (12)sec-1(2)
(13) cot-1(—V3) (14) sin-1(—y) (15) sin-1(-y)
(16)tan-1 (17) csc-1(V2) (18) cot-1 (undefined)
(19) tan’1 (-^) (20) cot-1(0) (21) sin-1(0)
(22) sin-1 (~y) (23) sin-1 Q) (24) esc-1 (~pp)

у* Exercise ЛД Inverse Function Identities
(l)sin-'(-^) (2)cot r(— 1) (3) esc 41)
(4) sin-41) (5) sin-1(0) (6) tan"4-l)
(7) csc-1( —1) (8) sin’1 Q) (9) cot-1(—v4)
(10) csc“4~2) (11) sec“4~2) (12) соГ41)
(13) sec-1(—2) (14)cos-1 (15) sin-1(—1)
(16) sin-1 (y) (17) sec-1(—1) (18) cos-1 (y)
(19) sin-1 (-y) (20) tan-1 (undefined) (21) cot-1(—1)
(22) esc-1 (undefined) (23)sec-1(l) (24) cot-1 (undefined)
■________________________________________ -------------------------------------------- •

p-* Exercise fl] Inverse Function Identities
[1] sec 1 (undefined) (2) tan 1 (^4) (3) sec-1 (^1)
(4) cos4 (-4) (5) sec-1(2) (6) cos-1(l)
(7) tan’ 41) (8) sec-1(—2) (9) cos-1 (y)
(10) csc-1(—2) (11) tan-1(—1) (12) sec’1 (-^)
(13) cot-1(0) (14) cos-^-j) (15)sec~1(—\ 2)
(16) cot-1 (-y) (17) sin"1 (~y) (18)csc-1(l)
(19) sec-1(—2) (20) sin“1(0) (21) cot"1 (undefined)
(22) sin-1 (-j) (23) csc-1(—1) (24) tan“1(—1)

Chapitre 10
The Law of Sines and the Law of

Cosines
Essential Question : What are the Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines
10.1 Introduction
The law of sines and law of cosines are especially useful for solving for unk
nown angles and sides in acute (all angles less than 90 ◦) and obtuse (one angle
greater than 90◦) triangles i.e. triangles that do not have right (90◦) angles. First,
we will derive these laws, and then we will discuss how to apply them.
What You Will Learn :

(J) Find areas of triangles.
@ Use the Law of Sines to solve triangles.
(3 Use the Law of Cosines to solve triangles.
Finding Areas of Triangles : So far, you have used trigonometric ratios to solve
right triangles. In this lesson, you will learn how to solve any triangle. When the
triangle is obtuse, you may need to find a trigonometric ratio for an obtuse angle.
95
10.2. LAW OF SINES AND LAWCOHFAPCIOTRSEIN1E0S. THE LAW OF SINES AND THE LAW OF COSINES
Finding Trigonometric Ratios for Obtuse

,—• Example
Angles
Use a calculator to find each trigonometric ratio. Round your answer
to four decimal places.
@ tan(150o) | @ sin(120o) | @ cos(95o)
SOLUTION :
@ tan(150o) «-0, 5774 | @ sin(120o) « 0, 8660 | @ cos(95o) «-0, 0872
10.2 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
Consider the triangle illustrated (which is acute, but the resulting laws that
we derive will apply in general). In our notation, the uppercase letters A ,B, and
C represent the lengths of the sides, while the corresponding lowercase letters a,
b, and c represent the angles opposite to the respective sides.
The same triangle is also illustrated above to the right, with the addition of a
dashed vertical line to represent the triangles height, H . The height divides the
original triangle into two right triangles. Let us write down an equation for the
sines of angles b and c :
■ h H . H H
sin( b ) = C > sm( c ) = в
We can eliminate the height, H , by solving for it algebraically in each equation :
H = C x sin (b) = B x sin (c)
We can rewrite this as :

sin (b) sin (c)
B = C

CHAPITRE 10. THE LAW OF SINES AND THE LAW1O0.F2.COLASWINEOSF SINES AND LAW OF COSINES
We can easily rotate the triangle so that a different side is the base and show
that, in general,
sin (a) sin (b) sin (c)
A = B = C
The previous equation is known as the law of sines, and is useful for solving for
an unknown side or angle in an acute or obtuse triangle, as we will see in the
examples.
Now let us consider a different property of the same triangle. In the triangle
illustrated above on the right, we have divided the base, A, into segments D and
E . First, we apply the Pythagorean theorem to each of the right triangles :
D2+H2=C2 ; E2+H2=B2
Again, we eliminate the height, , by solving for it in each equation :
H2= C2-D2=B2-E2
Next, we write down an equation for the cosine of angle c :
E A E
cos( c )=Ъ
B
Solving for E in the above equations gives :
E = B x cos(c)
Looking at the above triangle, it is easy to see that :
A=D+E

Let us substitute E = B x cos (c) and D = A - E = A - B x cos(c) into the previous

equation with the squares :
C2 -(A-Bxcos(c))2 = B2 -(B x cos (c))2
Now we simplify the previous equation algebraically :
C2 = (A-B x cos (c))2 +B2 -(B x cos (c))2
Therefore,
C2 = A2 - 2A xB x cos(c)+B2 x cos2 (c) + B2 -B2 x cos2 (c)
Note that cos2 (c) means to first find the cosine of the angle c, and then square
the result. The B2 x cos2 (c) and -B2 x cos2 (c) terms cancel, yielding the following
result :
C2=A2-2AxBxcos(c)+B2
This equation is known as the law of cosines, and is useful for solving for an unk
nown side or angle in an acute or obtuse triangle, as we will see in the examples.
Conceptually, the law of cosines is a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem

to triangles in general (not just right triangles) : The -2AxBxcos(c) term accounts
for how the shape of the triangle affects the length C .When c = 90°, the triangle
is a right triangle, the cross term is zero since cos(c) = cos(90°) = 0, and the law of
cosines becomes the Pythagorean theorem, C2 = A2 + B2
It is also useful to remember that the three internal angles of any triangle always
add up to 180°. That is a+b+c = 180°. Once you know two of the three angles, you
can solve for the third angle using this relationship.

Equations : The law of sines is
sin( a) sin( b)
(10.1)
A = B ’
The law of cosines can be written three different ways :
C2 = A2 - 2A x B x cos (c) + B2 (10.2)
B2 = A2 - 2A x C x cos (b) + C2 (10.3)
A2 = B2 - 2B x C x cos (a) + C2 (10.4)
The three interior angles satisfy ;
a + b + c = 180°
Instructions : For each triangle, determine the indicated unknown distance or

angle. An unknown angle will be called 0, while an unknown distance will be
called x .
Procedure : Apply the law of sines or cosines to solve for the indicated unk
°
nown. If you know two of the interior angles, use a + b + c = 180 to solve for the
third interior angle.
Label the angles as a, b , and c and their respective opposite sides as A, B , and
C . That is, side A must be opposite to angle a, for example. It is very important
that you correctly identify the symbols when applying the law of sines and law of
cosines.

If you know two sides and the angle opposite to one of the sides, the law of
sines can be used to solve for the angle opposite to the other of the two sides that
you know. For example, if you know A, B, and a , the law of sines allows you to
solve for angle b. Similarly, if you know A, C , and a , the law of sines allows you
to solve for c . You can also use the law of sines if you know two angles and one of
their opposite sides. For example, if you know A, a, and b , the law of sines allows
you to solve for the side B.
If you know two sides and one angle, the law of cosines allows you to solve for
the missing side. For example, if you know A, B, and c , the law of cosines allows
you to solve for C . If you know all three sides, the law of cosines lets you solve
for the interior angles. For example, if you know A, B, and C , the law of cosines
allows you to solve for c .
Note that you can use the law of cosines three different ways :
C2= A2-2AxBxcos(c)+B2 ; B2 = A2-2AxCxcos(b) + C2 ; A2= B2-2BxCxcos(a)+C2
Factor any perfect squares out of the squareroot. For example, in \/12, we can
factor 12 as 3 times 4. Since 4 is a perfect square (2 x 2 = 4), we can write \/12 =
V3 x 4 = V3 xV4 = V3 x V22 = 2 V3
■—• Example Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
x =? First, label A, B, C,a,b, and c, as we did on the right diagram.

We know a, b and A, and were looking for B, so we use the law of sines :
sin( a) sin( b) sin(60°) sin(45°)
A = B or 9 = x
Cross multiply and then use algebra to solve

for the unknown, x :
x = 9sm(45o)
sin(60°)
V2 2 V2 V2 33
= 9~2 x 4 = 9 x
3
To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the
second fraction.

Example ( 3 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
We know A, B and C, and were looking for C,

so we use the law of cosines :
C2 = A2 - 2A x Bcos(c) + B2
Substitution by numbers :
x2 = 82 - 2 x 8 x 5cos(60o) + 52
= 64 - 80 x 1 + 25 = 64 - 40 + 25 = 49
2
x= 1
—• Example aLaw of Sines and Law of Cosines
0 =? First, label A, B, C,a,b, and c, as we did on the right diagram.
We know B, C and c, and were looking for b,

so we use the law of sines :
sin( b) sin( c) sin( 0) sin(120o)

B C or 15 15V3
Cross multiply and then isolate sin(0) :
15V3sin( 0 ) = 15sin(120o)
■ /ж 15 V3 1
sin( 0 ) =-----Fx — = Й
15 V3 2 2
Now take an inverse sine on both sides of the equation :
1
sin 1 (sin 0) = sin 1
2
0 = 30o
(When taking an inverse sine, there are two possible answers : The alternate
answer, 150o, is not possible since a + b + c = 180o and c = 120o.)

в =? First, label A, B, C,a,b, and c, as we did on the right diagram.
We know A, B and C, and were looking for a, so we use the law of cosines :
(Vw)2 = (V2)2 - 2 x V2 x 4cos(в) + 42 Or (VI0)2 = (V2)2 - 2 xV2x 4cos(в) + 42
Use algebra to isolatecos( в) :
10 = 2 - 8V2cos в +16
8V2cosв = 2+16-10 = 8 4
Г- Г- 7^
8 1 1 V2 V2 .. ■ ■ ' , -/
cos в = — = — = —— = — —------------------
8V2 V2 H2V2 2 -To
x= 7 6
c = 4/ -
Now take an inverse cosine on both sides of /5 = -
the equalion : '
! Г! A =
в = cos-1 (cos в) = cos-4 -2 j = 45°
(The alternate answer, 315°, to the inverse cosine is not possible since a + b +
c =180°.)
Example Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
в =? First, label A, B, C,a,b, and c, as we did on the right diagram.
We know A, B and C, and were looking for a, so we use the law of cosines :
(\/10)2 = (V2)2 - 2 x 2X x 4cos(в) + 42 Or (Vw)2 = (V2)2 - 2 x V2 x 4cos(в) + 42
Use algebra to isolatecos( в) :

10 = 2 - W2cos в +16
W2cos в = 2+16 - 10 = 8
8 1 1 V2 V2
cos в = —= = — = —, , = —
П2 v2 пxvx 2
x= 7

Now take an inverse cosine on both sides of the equation :
V2
(
— I = 45
(The alternate answer, 315°, to the inverse cosine is not possible since a + b +
c =180°.)

We know a, c, and C, and were looking for B. We could use the law of sines
if we knew b. So we first find b, knowing that the interior angles add up to
180° : b = 180° - a - c = 180° - 75° - 45° = 60°. Now we use the law of sines :
/тА
6/ \x
sin( b) sin( c) sin (60°) sin (45°) / 4r\
B C x 6
Cross multiply and then use algebra to solve
for the unknown, x : /\
/a\
xsin(45°) = 6sin(60°) 75\ в = x
Xb c = 45\
sin (60°) ^/2 V3 V2 6—3 6—3 V2 r

x =6 x . = 6 x —— 6 x — x — = —— = —— x — = 3V6
sin (45°) У2 2. 2 2 2 V2
To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the
second fraction.

• Example (!д Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
We know A, C and c, and were looking for B, so we use the law of cosines :
C2 = A2 - 2A x Bcos (c) + B2
Or :
52 = V52 - 2V5 x xcos(135°) + x2
Lors du calcul, vous obtenez :

25 = 5 - 2V5 x(-22) + x2
20 = V10 x + x2
Since there is a term proportional to x2 a term proportional to x, and a

constant term, this is the quadratic equation. The first step toward solving
the quadratic equation is to cast the equation in standard form, which is
ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where the constants a, b, and c are the standard symbols
for the quadratic equation they are not the angles from the triangle above,
even though the same symbols are used for both). To do this, we move the
terms around (following the rules of algebra, of course) :
V10x + x2 - 20 = 0
We can now identify the constants of the quadratic equation :
a= 1 ; b = V10 ; c = -20
The solution to the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c =0 is :
- b ± у/b 2 - 4ac
x =---------
2 a Й-----------

CHAPITRE 10. THE LAW OF SINES AND THE LAW OF COSINES 10.3. EXERCISES
Substituting the constants a, b, and c into the quadratic formula gives
-V10 ± ^1102 - 4 x 1 x (-20)

x=
2x 1
: Here, we factor out the 110
-1 ±4 9 -1 ± 3
x = "V10 x------------ 10 x--------
2 2
Since x is the length of a triangle, it cant be negative, so we only keep the

root that makes x positive :
-1 + 3 2 ,—
x = V10 x—— = V10 x 2 = V10
10.3 Exercises
Instructions : For each right triangle, determine the indicated unknown dis
tance or angle. No calculator is needed.
Note : The triangles are not drawn to scale. Except for obtuse triangles where
the largest angle and longest side are, in fact, largest, a side that looks longer
than another may actually be shorter and an angle that looks larger than another
may actually be smaller.

10.3. EXERCISES CHAPITRE 10. THE LAW OF SINES AND THE LAW OF COSINES
Exercise Law of Sines and Law of Cosines




г-* Exercise 1Я Law of Sines and Law of Cosines

Exercise © Law of Sines and Law of Cosines


г-* Exercise Law of Sines and Law of Cosines

Exercise та
Law of Sines and Law of Cosines



Chapitre 11
Solve Algebraic Equations that

Involve Trig Functions
11.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we focus on how to solve algebraic equations that involve trig
functions in particular, how to solve for the angle. The basic algebraic steps
are the same as those involved in solving for an unknown in any other alge
braic equation : You generally collect the variables on one side of the equation
and constants on the other side (though there is sometimes an exception to this
rule, when there are two different trig functions present in the equation as we
will learn in an example), factor out the unknown (or apply the quadratic equa
tion, if applicable), and divide by the coefficient of the unknown to solve for it.
Since youre reading a trigonometry workbook, hopefully, you are already fluent
in algebra. Therefore, we will focus on the trigonometry aspect of these algebra
problems.
The main idea is this : Isolate the trig function, then apply the inverse of the trig
function to both sides of the equation. When there are two different trig functions
present, you must first apply one or more trig identities so that after substitu
tions only a single trig function remains. Sometimes, you may get a quadratic
equation in the trig function. You solve this the same was that you would solve
an ordinary quadratic equation, except that the result equals the trig function
and then you apply the inverse trig function to both sides. These techniques are
best illustrated by examples, so in this chapter we will keep the introduction very
brief and move onto the examples.
117
11.2. EXERCIHSAEPSITARNED1A1N.SSWOELRVSE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOLVE TRIG FUNCTIONS
Instructions : Determine the angles that solve each problem by applying al
gebra and, where applicable, trigonometric identities (see Chapter 10).
Procedure : Isolate the trig function, then apply the inverse of the trig function
to both sides of the equation. When there are two different trig functions present,
you must first apply one or more trig identities so that after substitutions only
a single trig function remains. Sometimes, you may get a quadratic equation in
the trig function. You solve this the same was that you would solve an ordinary
quadratic equation, except that the result equals the trig function and then you
apply the inverse trig function to both sides.
After isolating the trig function, follow the technique of Chapter 8 in order to
find the angles corresponding to the inverse trig function. There may be a subtle
point involved in this, especially if the argument of the trig function contains
more than just the unknown by itself ; see the examples for an illustration of
this.
11.2 Exercises and Answers
—• Exercise aSolve Equation
Solve Equation : 2sin( в)+ 3 = 4
First isolate the sine function, then take an inverse sine on both sides :
2sin(в) = 4 - 3
sin( в ) = 2
в = sin-1Q) = 30° or 150°
Exercise Solve Equation
Solve Equation : 3tan(2в) = V3
First isolate the tangent function, then take an inverse tangent on both
sides :

CHAPITRE 11. SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOL1V1E.2.TREIXGEFRUCNISCETSIOANNSD ANSWERS
tan(2 6) = -3
2 6 = tan-1^— =30° or 210°

3
We must set 26 equal to each possible angle and solve for 6 in each case :
26 = 30° leads to 6 = 15°, while 26 = 210° leads to 6 = 105°. The two solutions
are 6 = 30° and 6 = 105°.
Solve Equation : 2sec(6)-4=1 -3sec(6)
First isolate the tangent function, then take an inverse tangent on both
sides :
5sec6 = 5
sec 6 = - = 1
5
6 = sec-11 = 0°
Exercise © Solve Equation
Solve Equation : 2csc 6 = 4sin 6
When there are two (or more) different trig functions, you must make one
or more substitutions until a single trig function remains. In this case, we
can write csc 6 = sn^ :
2
-------= 4sin 6
sin 6
2
------ x sin6 = 4sin6 x sin6
sin 6
2 = 4sin2 6
2 1
sin2 6 =
2 _ _
. „ 1 1 V2 V2
sin 6 = ±— = ±— x — = ± —
V2 <2 V2 2
6 = sin-1 ±— =45°, 135° , 225° , or 315°

2

11.2. EXERCIHSAEPSITARNED1A1N.SSWOELRVSE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOLVE TRIG FUNCTIONS
There are four possible answers because there are two angles corresponding
to each sign.
ê Exercise Solve Equation
Solve Equation : V2sin 0 = -V6cos 0
can use tan 0 = cin0 :
V2tan 0 = -Тб
-V6 6 r-
tan 0 = —— = = v3
V2 V 2
0 = tan-1(Тз) = 120° or 300°
Solve Equation : 5cos 0 = 0
First isolate the cosine function, then take an inverse cosine on both sides :
cos 0 = 0
0 = cos-1 (0) = 90° or 270°
-
Exercise aSolve Equation
Solve Equation : 2sin{ 2) = -V2tan{ 2)
sin( 0)
can use tan(0) = cos( 0)
2sin
v2sin ( )
0/2
cos(0/2)
It may be tempting to divide both sides by sin(2) here, but there are two
good reasons not to do this : First, if sin 2) equals zero, you had better not

CHAPITRE 11. SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOL1V1E.2.TREIXGEFRUCNISCETSIOANNSD ANSWERS
divide by zero; and second, you will miss one possible solution. The correct
approach is to factor sinf 2) as follows :
42) 1
0 =0 or 2^2^ }=0
0=sin-1(0) or ч;.....,1ч=-2
2 = 0° or 180° or cos (0/2} = -22
0 = 0° or 360° or - = cos-1 -— =135° or 225°

2 2
0 = 0°, 270°, 360°, or 450°
Solve Equation : 2cos2 0 = 3 + cos 0
This is the quadratic equation i.e. it is quadratic in cos 0. If you define x

to be cos 0 , the equation looks like 2x2 = 3 + x The first step toward solving
the quadratic equation is to cast the equation in standard form, which is
ax2 + bx + c = 0. To do this, we move the terms around (following the rules of
algebra, of course) :
2 x2 -x- 3 = 0
We can now identify the constants of the quadratic equation :
a= 2 ; b = -1 ; c = -3

11.3. EXERCIHSAEPSITRE 11. SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOLVE TRIG FUNCTIONS
The solution to the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 , is :
-b ± Vb2 - 4ac -(-1)2 ± т/(-1)2 - 4 x 2 x (-3) _ 1 ±V1 + 24 _ 1 ± V25 _ 1 ± 5

x =---------------------- --
2a ’ 2x2 = 4 =4=4
x= - or 4
3 3
x= -1 or -
2
Recall that x = cos 0 :
1 3\
0 = cos 11(-1) or cos 421
The second case does not have a real solution, so the only answer is 0 = 180°.
11.3 Exercises
Solve Algebraic Equations that Involve Trig

Exercise 9 I
Function
(1) л/2 cos в — sin2 0 = cos2 0 (2) sin2 0 + 3 cos2 0 = 3
(3) 1 — sec2 (20) = tan2 (20) (4) 2 cos2 0 — 2 sin2 0 = — \ 3

CHAPITRE 11. SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOLVE TRIG FUNCT1I1O.3N.SEXERCISES

Function
(1) 4 cos 0 = 3 sec в [2] tan(20) = 3 cot(20)
(3) tan в — — 2 sin 0 (4) 3 esc 0 = —6 cot 0
[5] sin(20) = cos 0 (6) 2 tan 0 = —\/2 sec 0


CHAPITRE 11. SOLVE ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS THAT INVOLVE TRIG FUNCT1I1O.3N.SEXERCISES

Function
(1) 2V2 sec 0 — 2 = sec2 0 (2) 2 sin2 (30) = 3 sin(30) - 1
(3) v 3 cos 0 — y3 = sin 0 (4) 2 cos 0 = 3 tan 0


Chapitre 12
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
TO THE READER
A Word of Thanks...
Thank you very much for going through the workbook. I sincerely hope that it
has led you to realize that evaluation of derivatives, limits, and integrals is not as
difficult as it is often perceived to be !
...and a Request
Every published work involves a lot of hard work and perseverance on the part
of the author. The present workbook is no exception. Starting with the choice
and discussion of topics, selection of examples and exercises, and going on to the
writing of solutions and checking and rechecking the same (offline and online)
together with formatting, proof reading, and cover designing, every step requires
time and effort. If you appreciate the long haul that went into completion of this
workbook, I will be grateful if you post an honest review on Amazon.com. While
doing so, you can tell how this workbook has helped you and what you liked (or
disliked) about it. Your feedback in the form of a review will surely make a diffe
rence and will be greatly appreciated.
May I also request for your help in pointing out errors that might have escaped
my attention despite a lot of effort to produce error free manuscript ? It would be
a pleasure to hear from you at amghawn1@gmail.com. Once again, thanks a lot
for your support !
127
CHAPITRE 12. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Ricardo Bena has over 20 years of experience teaching university math in
California, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, and Louisiana. Dr. Ricardo Bena is also an
author of math and science workbooks. Whether in the classroom or as a writer,
Dr. Ricardo Bena loves sharing knowledge and the art of motivating and engaging
students.
As a math teacher, Dr. Ricardo Bena observed that many students lack fluency
in fundamental math skills. In an effort to help students of all ages and levels
master basic math skills, he published a series of math workbooks on arith
metic, fractions, long division, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, logarithms, and
calculus entitled Improve Your Math Fluency.

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MATHEMATCS

Improve Your Math Fluency

What Are Trigonometry Identities ?

Dr. Ricardo Bena

A Simple Approach to Trigonometry

Author : Dr. Ricardo Bena U .C.M University of Chicago

Author : Dr. JAMAL BENACHIM U.C.M University of Chicago

Copyright ©2022 Dr. Ricardo Bena .

Free Gift for a 5-Star Amazon Review!

Tell your friends about our award-winning math materials,

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No

For any information, correction, or assistance you can send a

Notes to the Teacher or Paren

This easy-to-follow program requires only fifteen or twenty minutes of ins­

How to Use This Book

Trigonometric Identities are useful whenever trigonome­

Sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary trigonometry func­

What are Trigonometric Identities ?

Trigonometric Identities are the equalities that involve trigono­

There are various distinct trigonometric identities involving the

All the trigonometric identities are based on the six trigonome­

apte Degrees to Radians

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 15

1.2 Converting Degrees to Radians.................................................................16

1.4 Converting Radians to Degrees.................................................................18

Chapter 2 Identifying Trig Functions in Right Triangles

2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 21

2.2 Identifying Trig Functions............................................................................. 21

2.3 Trigonometric Functions of 30°, 60°, 90° Triangles............................... 28

2.4 Trigonometric Functions of 45°, 45°, 90° Triangles............................... 29

3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 39

3.2 Finding the Reference Angle ..................................................................... 40

3.3 Exercises .......................................................................................................... 42

4.2 Pythagorean Identities................................................................................. 50

5.2 Definition Functions : Even, Odd ............................................................. 56

5.3 Trigonometric Functions : Even, Odd ...................................................... 56

5.3.1 How to Simplify an Expression Using Even/Odd Identities............ 59

6.3 Sum and Difference Identitie : cos (u ±v) 62

6.4 Double-Angle Formulas............................................................................... 64

6.5 Summary of Identities ................................................................................ 67

Chapter 7 Half-Angle Formulas

7.1 Half-Angle Formulas cosine, sine, and tangent ................................. 69

7.2 Summary of Half-Angle Formulas ........................................................... 72

7.3 Exercises ......................................................................................................... 73

Chapter 8 Power Reduction Formulas

8.2 Double angle and power reduction formulas ..................................... 75

8.3 Summary of Power Reduction Formulas ............................................... 77

8.4 Exercises ......................................................................................................... 78

Chapter 9 The Inverse Trig Functions

9.2 Inverse Function Identities .......................................................................... 81

apte The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines

10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 95

10.2 Law of Sines and Law of Cosines ............................................................ 96

10.3 Exercises ...................................................................................................... 105

Solve Algebraic Equations that Involve Trig Functions

11.1 Introduction 117

11.2 Exercises and Answers 118

11.3 Exercises ....................................................................................................... 122

apte ABOUT THE AUTHOR

This workbook helps students understand a variety of standard trig identi­

ф A Pythagorean identity follows from the Pythagorean theorem. For example,

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 (1)

Can be derived by applying the Pythagorean theorem to a right triangle.

This easy-to-follow program requires only fifteen or twenty minutes of ins

Trigonometric Identities are useful whenever trigonome

Sine, cosine, and tangent are the primary trigonometry func

Trigonometric Identities are the equalities that involve trigono

All the trigonometric identities are based on the six trigonome

This workbook helps students understand a variety of standard trig identi

It may be helpful to memorize soh-cah-toa, which is an abbreviation for sineopposite