ASSIGNMENT COVER MASTER OF GLBOAL TRADE

ASSIGNMENT COVER PAGE

Course Code: BUSM4814

Course Name: Global Trade

Location & Campus: RMIT SGS Vietnam

Title of Assignment: BUSM4814 – s3697355 - Individual report

File (s) Submitted: BUSM4814 – s3697355 - Individual report

Team Name/Group #:

Student Name Student ID Student Contribution to Assessment

Number
Anh Phan s3697355 100%

Assignment Due Date: 21 November 2021

Date of Submission: 21 November 2021

Number of Pages including this one:

Word Count
Main content, excluding appendices
and references)

0
ASSIGNMENT COVER MASTER OF GLBOAL TRADE

Localizing Technology & Sustainable

Global Trade: What is the deal?

Thuc Anh Phan – s3697355

BUSM4814 Global Trade

Lecturer: Steven Clarke

November 19th, 2021 word count: 2533 words

Table of Contents
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ASSIGNMENT COVER MASTER OF GLBOAL TRADE

Introduction (283 words)

Localizing Technology (technology localization)

I. What is it? 417 words

II. Literature Review 1693 words
Theory of comparative advantage

Global strategic rivalry theory

The Porter’s national competitive advantage theory

III. Analysis
Relationship between localizing technology & organizational management
Knowledge Management
Human Resources Management
Manufacturing Management
Delivery Management
Information Technology & Electronic Business

The business practices of and environment around technology localization

IV. Recommendations

Conclusion 144 words

Reference

Appendix

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Introduction (283 words)

When understanding how the flourishing development of global trade in recent decades, it is a must
to study the theory and reality of localizing technology1, besides these buzzwords: globalization
(Appendix 1) and internationalization. By reviewing the theoretical background, factual evidence
and practices of technology localization, its drives and influences in the international trading
environment would be identified and analyzed. Additionally, it is an opportunity for the academic
community to conduct research distinguishing the difference between the theory and reality, in terms
of this technological movement.

In the beginning, this paper would undergo a detailed definition of localizing technology and
decipherment of the environment in which localizing technology stays. Next, the technology
localization would be evaluated along with the theory of comparative advantage and global strategic
rivalry theory to determine the theoretical influences on its development and role, and which theory
has a more significant impact on the technology localization.

Moreover, this paper would continue to assess the technology localization by making a relation with
the above theories with Porter’s national competitive advantage theory, as well as viewing how each
of them intertwines with others which impacts the modern business operational process and
organizational management. By learning these relationships, a general picture depicting the
environment within which localizing technology has been applied would be pieced together.
Furthermore, it can be seen whether the current environment is conducive to technology localization
to be made use of by the business community and the effectiveness of technology localization.
Thereafter, based on the above-mentioned analysis, a set of recommendations would be provided in
this paper.

Let the paper begin by providing a detailed definition of technology localization which would form a
context upon which to base the analysis.

Localizing Technology (technology localization)

I. What is it? 417 words
Since providing a business to the world has become a popular choice among business communities,
it is crucial to fully understand what localizing technology is and what makes it worth to the global
business community.

The localizing technology, also known as technology localization, is technical support for foreign
entities and based on the present technological achievements shaping a product and/or content and/or
service to the demands and needs of an overseas population, which can be a specific locale, market
and culture of a region or nation (TechTarget, 2015). Theoretically, based on the taste of end-buyers
in a local market and the needs of an entity, a product, and/or content and/or service would be
customized at a certain level, to precisely aiming to an organization’s target audience; together with
the support of advanced technological development, these adaptations occur at a faster rate and yet,
cheaper cost. In real life, localizing technology can be shown in the technology catching-up and
transfer, as well as the deployment of newly learnt technology in the organizational practices
(Schmidt and Huenteler, 2016).

1
also known as technology localization
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Because of those characteristics, technology localization is considered as the by-product of the

uprising internationalization where a company comes up with a number of products, services and
internal operational procedures to bestow upon its expansion to international markets. Acclaro
(2021) explained that to any firm taking internationalization as its business principle, countless
demands and needs coming from its stakeholders are something that must be satisfied regularly.
Consequently, it triggers two of the most severe disadvantages: the inadequacy in solution provision
and advertising engagement to thousands or millions of global consumers which are completely
different from one to another. Therefore, to cope with those issues, companies have adopted
technology localization as a customizing tool to support various organizational functions and such as
leadership and other internal business communications, strategic marketing, operations and delivery
management, and information and communications technology2, which would be later discussed in
depth.

With the above exploration, it can be seen the technology localization can mainly support
organizations and firms in the primary sector which focuses on gaining the unprocessed materials
from the natural resources3 (European Environment Agency, n.d.), the secondary sector which turns
a set number of collected materials from primary sector into finished products that are definitive or
involved in further constructions4 (Simandan, 2009), and tertiary sector wholly concentrating on
providing services to the public (Vias, 2009); it is because all of the finished solutions can be for
exports or imports based on the domestic and global demands. The supports of technology
localization towards these sectors would be continually discussed further.

In the next part, the technology localization would be viewed under the academic scope allowing the
paper to understand the research progress of the now investigating topic.

II. Literature Review 1693 words

Overall, the localizing technology is a relatively prominent topic in the academic community; still, it
is required to have further research and discussions from the academic standpoint to fully
acknowledge the potentials and risks of this topic.

In recent years, localization, which is the organizational or national response to shift the focus from
international business or trading activities to the domestic business or trading ones because of the
disadvantageous circumstances coming from the COVID-19, as well as territorial disputes among
nations and their key industries, has been played as a significant change in the already value-
conflicted and -inequal international trading atmosphere (Seymour & Oldfield, 2021). Together with
the existing inadequacy in solution provision and advertising engagement across the globe, it is
vitally detrimental to the international operation of many companies and even countries. For those
reasons, localizing technology is one of the resolutions to repel the growing anti-globalization
movement due to its characteristic as technical support to satisfy a foreign market’s demands and
needs.
Firstly, it is crucial to understand the environment where the localizing technology stays and how it
thrives. Glocalization is considered by many scholars to be the starting point of every localization,
including technology localization. According to Blatter (2013), glocalization is the philosophy
emphasizing thinking globally and acting locally which can be intertwined by communication and
2
ICT
3
Examples: agriculture, hunting, fishing, and natural resources’ exploitation
4
Example: heavy and light manufacturing, food processing, oil refining and energy production.
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travel in both business and personal levels. Among the multinational companies, it has been one of
the common ways to do business and the term started to gain its popularity after the 2002 HSBC
campaign called ‘The World’s Local Bank’ presenting to the public the optimistic idea of how the
characteristics of an area can be implied into the operational processes of a multinational
organization (Renteria, 2016). Besides, Robertson (2015) used the Chinese financial system as an
example to demonstrate that any localizing adaptation, which can be applied to technology
localization, would be born and developed from the collaboration of the international and domestic
key players in both political and economic areas; those players can be the local and global financial
institutions, governments, influential corporations and individuals. Along with the social, political
and economic circumstances of a particular time, a business entity can choose one of the four
localizing approaches: full localization which a once global business model is locally remolded and
under the local management at present (Liu, 2013), replica localization concentrating on the
unconditional implementation a foreign business model (Pearson, 2011), modified localization
which an international company mirrors its behaviors from the locals while maintains its natural
characteristics (Cumming and Fleming, 2014), and absent localization originating from either an
international firm’s dominance and fully committed execution the foreign business model in a local
market or the failed application of a global business model to the local market (Robertson, 2015).
Additionally, for a higher probability of successfully localizing an international business to a newly
and culturally diverse market, Emile et al. (2021) provided a hint that the global corporations should
thoroughly observe and fundamentally understand not only the socio-economic and political
circumstances of that market but also the locals’ consumption behaviors and habits, cultural
metaphors, local-preferred appearance, values, beliefs, rite and practices as well as fully address
those when communicating and advertising to the local market. Finally, Chen et al. (2013) found a
strong and positive relationship between the localization and the Internet of Things5, one of the most
well-known achievements of the 4.0 industrial revolution; as a result, the transnational
communication, either between person to person or person to
machine or machine to machine, would be likely to gain a higher quality. Specifically, the
localization, including the technology localization, allowed the IoT, a system obtaining the
independent subsystems which can perform on the existing infrastructure, be more accurate in
correctly identifying and providing information of a location as well as managing and monitoring the
dataset and data algorithms, geographic routing solutions, wireless sensor network – a data
acquisition tool, etc. with a significantly cost-effective advantage due to the cost reduction in the
energy consumption, required complicated equipment and location for the data execution: local
regions (Chen et al., 2013).

However, as the nature of the international business environment has shifted, those firms are
required to implement both transnational and local traits than purely showcase a local appearance as
it used to be, which technology localization would soon play its supporting role to the general
organizational management. In order to understand how this supporting relationship, a summary of
academic understanding on the localizing technology as technical support to key organization
functions and an evaluation of that overview with academic theories, would be provided below.
Firstly, Murniati et al. (2018) took the example of transformative Indonesian country leader, Joko
Widodo, to point out that the leaders can have localizing technology as strategical support in the
trust-gaining expressions of his or her existing understanding in his or her domestic leadership
characteristics, multiculturality and preferable communication style in any culturally diverse
environment; this can be executed through the seamlessly back and forth transition between the
5
IoTs
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locally customized leader-follower communicative exchange based on each area’s tradition, and the
digital communication technology channels6 giving out the leader’s direct and indirect messages
with highly intercultural, yet individualized, motivating and idealized approaches to both existing or
potential followers. Next, inheriting the support of localization in IoT, ICT is one of the top interests
of any firm in terms of successful business operation, regardless of the size, at any local market; and
localizing technology can help develop the suitable ICT and get the end-users to familiar and apply it
into practice. Particularly, Wasson and Squires (2011) explained that localizing technology in the
designing or upgrading process can bridge the ongoing changes in international and domestical
cultural insights, norms, beliefs, professional practices and social relationships, something would be
useful for the technological non-native developers to create their solutions and associated
infrastructures in a way fit the above-mentioned human elements which able to maintain the
solutions’ relevancy to the end-users that directly connect them with the outside world; hence,
increase the success probability of the new technologies’ launch and implementation in the foreign
location. In addition, the strategic planning on a firm’s business expansion to the international
market is another pivotal organizational function to which technology localization can contribute.
According to Teagarden & Cai (2009), the technology localization of foreign products and services
is one of the fundamental learning steps, becoming the foundation for the evolution of company
components’ performance and overall, that firm’s competitiveness in which is necessary for its
international expansion (Appendix 2). Moreover, Cooke et al. (2018) put an addition that in the
progress of an entity’s international expansion, the influence of technology localization can be seen
in the following organizational components: knowledge management, human resources
management, manufacturing management, delivery management, electronic business operation -
which would be in further analysis.
Secondly, to determine how is technology localization influenced through academically theoretical
viewpoints, this paper would provide an evaluation of that overview with the following academic
theories.

Theory of comparative advantage

Due to the noteworthy trend of entities participating the global trade, one of the important end-goals
of any company is to maintain or create the comparative advantage through the hold of lower
opportunity cost7 compared to its trading partners while producing its products and services
(Ricardo, 2000). From the understanding of localizing technology listed above, a relationship
between it and the comparative advantage is questioned whether it can be formed during that trend.
Specifically, Keller (2001) said the national technology level can cause an impact to the national
comparative advantage in its international trade. It is because the local companies and even industry
would learn already diffused technological knowledge, which mostly comes from the developed
nations with advanced technology level, and then localize it to fit their instant yet basic needs of
cost-cutting and satisfaction from end-users; thereafter, these localized technologies would be going
through R&D8 process to be more efficiency and effectiveness, in terms of the operational costs,
time and performance on the industrial level which including the organizational one (Keller, 2001).
Because of no academic papers directly researching the theory of comparative advantage-localizing
technology relationship and how are they particularly impacted each other at the organizational
level, the influence of this theory on technology localization cannot be determined; although
between them, there could be a strong relationship which potentially benefits to the related parties.
6
such as social media, customized advertising email, SMS and electronic marketing
7
to choose different production options and in exchange for the benefit loss, which based on an company’s specific circumstances and goals
8
Research and Development
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Global strategic rivalry theory

This Krugman-Lancaster theory on the global trade discovered a number of suggestions on how
international firms, especially multi-national ones, can make up the strategic decisions to establish
and exploit their sustainable competitive advantage to master the competition in the global
marketplace; it leads to the influence on the landscape of both global trade and international
investment (MBA Knowledge Base, n.d.). Boari et al. (2003) identified that there is a relationship
between global strategic rivalry and localization in the learning curve of a firm, meaning the
relationship between the duration of absorbing knowledge and resulting proceedings. To be specific,
this relationship occurred when the research participating companies identified the competitors
inside and outside of the industry they were in while attempting to create their sustainable
competitive advantage through localization, including its technological aspect, to boost the business
growth, performance and competitiveness. Because of that, compared with the theory of comparative
advantage, the global strategic rivalry theory has a more significant impact on technology
localization.

The Porter’s national competitive advantage theory

In this theory, one of its key ideas is that besides the inherently possessed factors such as
geographical location, land, natural resources, labor pool and population size, a national competitive
economic advantage can be created and exploited by that country’s industries and/or firms (Porter,
1990) as well as supported by the technology localization; Porter (1990) believed that such
competitive economic advantage would enhance the productivity and profitability, besides the
competitiveness in the international trade. Enright (1998) wrote that to avoid failure in alluring the
business participants to the development building programs for local industrial clusters, the
companies and broadly, industries should be aware not only the roots of the target industrial base,
the government intervention and definition of the cluster in business term, but also the present
economic and social circumstance of an area. To avoid such failure and efficiently boost
competitiveness, these programs’ developers and executors should thoroughly and carefully identify
and characterize the local industrial clusters and multinational firms, as well as understand their
motivations and needs – which high level of technology localization can support in collecting,
processing and managing those data sets (Enright, 1998; Britton, 2004).

III. Localizing Technology and Business in real life

In this part, the paper would have the analysis of the relationship localizing technology
and general organizational management, which would particularly put each key
component of this management next to technology localization. Thereafter, an
evaluation on the present real-life business practices of and environment surrounding
technology localization would also be provided.

Relationship between localizing technology & organizational management

To understand this relationship, this paper would divide the organizational management
into five sub-parts representing five fundamental organizational functions, and each of
them would be analyzed on how technology localization supports and makes its impact
into these functions.

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Knowledge Management
The paper would focus on the analysis of three foundation areas of this sub-topic, which
are knowledge accumulation, storing and sharing. Generally, there are noteworthy
inequalities in these areas and with the acceleration of digitally technological
development, they would be harder to addressed and resolved.

In knowledge accumulation, there were two crucial points behind this organizational
behavior, which were a) problem solving in organizational work and projects is the main
reason for companies require accumulate new knowledge from the foreign knowledge
sources, and b) this knowledge assimilation has occurred more often in recent years due
to the increasing external professional standards applied to and between organizations,
which the companies required to absorb in and gradually turn it into the common
organizational practices along with the currently executing common knowledge and
values; therefore, they would be remained in both domestic and international markets
(Thalmann and Schäper, 2018). However, it is seen that the speed of knowledge absorb
between firms was significant different from one another, especially to the local small
and medium-sized enterprises9 as these entities have insufficient internal
competences and resources to effectively and efficiently follow the practice (Ger, 1999),
as well as the application of localization, including the technology localization, in
accumulating knowledge is limited at the organizational level, and for some business
models and locations, required to be executed at the industrial and national level
(Schmidt and Huenteler, 2016). Consequently, without any intervention from the
external forces, the local companies, especially the SMEs, and more broadly, industries
can fall into the Achilles and the turtle paradox in the international trading market.

Next, the localizing technology plays a relatively crucial role in the knowledge storing;
and the operation of these knowledge-intensive business service firms could be an
example of the localizing technology role. Specifically, if a knowledge-intensive business
service firms were effectively adapted the latest technological advancements such as
internet, and tailored them into its needs and customers’ demands, there would be an
increase in the market opportunities for these companies because the virtually
knowledge storage allowed its current and potential customers to have a virtual yet high-
quality access which at the same time increase the customers’ purchasing probability
(Antonelli, 1998). Eventually, like a domino effect, the knowledge accumulation and
storing would positive affect the knowledge sharing among the knowledge providers,
middlemen and end-users, as well as between the end-users.

New technologies provide an opportunity for business services providers to store and market
knowledge, and for business services users to better access and purchase it
New information and communication technologies a€ect the state of information itself, changing its
divisibility and storage, its processing, transportation and communication, and consequently its
accessibility and tradability. This in turn increases the market opportunities for knowledge-intensive
business service ®rms. By means of new information technologies, these ®rms gain a greater
command of the knowledge economy, building up connectivity and receptivity by establishing an
interface between each member of the information network and the information itself

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SMEs
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New information and communication technologies profoundly a€ect the ability to access, retrieve,
process and store information. The tradability, divisibility and transportability of information is
greatly enhanced by new information technologies that make it possible to deliver a growing variety
of services to a growing variety of remote users. Hence we expect to see a strong association
between both the levels and the rates of growth of business services and communication services
across the main sectors and industries of the European economy. More speci®cally, we hypothesize
that the larger the usage intensity of communication services, the larger is the use of business
services.

In every market, knowledge uneven distribution is an uprising concern to the many firms,
especially the small and medium-sized enterprises.

The concentration of knowledge development around the economy’s big players and into
few regions leads to rising inequalities of knowledge distribution. Due to shorter
innovation cycles, more and more knowledge is ephemeral. To stay competitive, both
trends force organizations to absorb increasingly more distant knowledge faster and
with less opportunities of reuse. This situation is particularly challenging for small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) with their limited resources. Joining networks focused
on the acquisition of external knowledge and is one promising solution for SMEs.

Knowledge: https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/chapter/10.1007%2F978-
3-319-73546-7_11
Technology and international standards adaptation of a business or a nation/region
https://www-tandfonline-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/full/
10.1080/08039410.2018.1534751
https://www.proquest.com/docview/216146074/fulltext/5C97993E06CC4A5DPQ/1?
accountid=13552
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S0959378016300164?via%3Dihub
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308596116300404?
casa_token=E8w0yUCe-
wgAAAAA:nHOeH5orul1K60r6WGxIs6rUjLwaIMNWNDZhwRRJmHQUZy1hfyUBrjMSYBOzQ3BO
x0nZFIgElA
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669582.2020.1811291?
casa_token=t66BAYHXkTMAAAAA
%3AsPpf0KA1WsK66xAukwQj1VwfdJqJDisryBAFH_77aQ2aJeLR0CaqUguL1PL4_Gg-
cQxzaQraa7Px
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919303258?
casa_token=o93Vf-WUQZQAAAAA:pGHjP36JyUfqDQWT1WSSzwwv4wX2AXq-
h2xxyEUoEJP6ugU2tWEyNNRXj1xK_8Bu3Af8NHsS6w
https://www-cambridge-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/core/services/aop-cambridge-
core/content/view/B2460283A771405066A6FEB7ADB63422/S0020589315000445a.pdf/div-
class-title-localizing-global-competition-law-in-vietnam-a-bottom-up-perspective-div.pdf

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09640568.2021.1877642?
needAccess=true
innovation performance of a business
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2046366143?accountid=13552&forcedol=true&pq-
origsite=primo
https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/article/10.1007/s001910050061

Human Resources Management10

The concentrating analysis of the relationship between localizing technology and HRM
would be seen in the following areas: the human resources training, employer branding
and electronic HRM.

HR training: http://hj.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1566610/FULLTEXT01.pdf
https://eprajournals.com/jpanel/upload/1218am_4.EPRA%20JOURNALS%20-7190.pdf
HRM: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01572642/document
https://www.academia.edu/6798399/
Learning_from_Dragons_who_are_Learning_from_Us_Developmental_Lessons_from_China
s_Global_Companies

Manufacturing Management
The supply and global value chain would be analyzed along with localizing technology,
besides the application of 4.0 Industrial Revolution’s achievements into the
manufacturing processes.

Manufacturing: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/9/1650
Supply chain
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Soni-Agrawal/publication/
282245678_Designing_Effective_Performance_Management_System_Business_Innovations
/links/5667bb7708aef42b57878129/Designing-Effective-Performance-Management-
System-Business-Innovations.pdf#page=125
https://scholarworks.bridgeport.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/4446/1015-
MOO-LA-FINAL-FRD.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rmit/reader.action?docID=5582822
https://pubs-acs-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.5b02892
https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/full/10.1016/
j.jom.2018.03.002
Value chain
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s41825-019-00020-y.pdf
https://sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/fman/11/1/article-p229.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
253353379_Frameworks_for_Global_Strategic_Analysis

Delivery Management
In this sub-part, the navigating technologies and tracking methods would be the main
areas of delivery management which put into this analysis with the localizing technology.

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HRM
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GPS, navigation and tracking (Delivery management)

https://dl-acm-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/book/10.1145/2830571
https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/document/8409950
https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=8265605
https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=5464357&tag=1

Electronic Business Operation

The e-commerce and web communications would be included with the information
technology in the analysis of technology localization-electronic business operation
relationship.

IT http://eprints.eudl.eu/id/eprint/3194/
Translation: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rmit/reader.action?docID=5389174
(pp.7)
E-commerce & Web communication
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mar.21192?
casa_token=bWPd93BgOCQAAAAA
%3AAMVSd8wpNn5QcoJSbq8NvPGW12phVmbYj42ANnee0rR1SgwsShMu0hEv1ov8ZbAb-
Vp28dI39RtzHw
https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75013-
2_8
https://dl-acm-org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.1145%2F3130515.3130520
https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/science/article/pii/
S0167404818301524
https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/ehost/detail/detail?
vid=0&sid=18d7e792-8f8c-482d-8b87-df6477015dac
%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=415677&db=nlebk
https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/ehost/detail/detail?
vid=0&sid=68b35c84-05eb-43ec-b88d-
9140b5c3d187%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d
%3d#AN=117417827&db=bth

The business practices of and environment around technology localization

This part would provide an evaluation on the present real-life business practices of and
environment surrounding technology localization to see the effectiveness of technology
localization and whether the current environment is conducive to technology localization
for the business community to apply into their daily business practices.

- Other IRL example

https://janusww.com/publications/the-importance-of-localization-in-manufacturing/
https://www.tarjama.com/how-to-localize-your-product-for-a-new-market/
https://www.localizationlab.org/blog/2018/11/19/why-localizing-technbspmatters
https://www.acclaro.com/blog/top-10-tips-localization-strategy/

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https://productschool.com/blog/product-management-2/localization-products/
https://www.ibc.org/trends/the-evolution-of-localisation-technology/7170.article
https://lokalise.com/
https://summalinguae.com/e-commerce/e-commerce-localization-guide/
The most successful marketing messages are those specifically targeted to its audience. Seth Godin,

one of today’s most insightful marketers, explains:

“Anticipated, personal and relevant advertising always does better than unsolicited junk.”

This personalization applies to most forms of communications, from traditional marketing and
product pieces to digital content, which is why localization is so important. 

Expert localization allows for rapid growth into global markets while showcasing your company as

professional, caring and customized for a particular audience. 

Localization (abbreviated l10n, with 10 representing the number of letters between the L and the

N) is created by translation teams, which can include in-country linguists and designers who are

well-versed in their area of expertise. 

Localization uses a translation tool (courtesy of internationalization) to translate text into the

native language of your choice. Expert designers then craft a customized look and feel that matches

the cultural idiosyncrasies in that target audience’s region. 

When performed by experts, localization empowers companies to expand into new markets and

communicate with potential customers as one of them—in their language, with their familiarities. It

can help turn product launches, apps, websites, brochures and how-to guides into powerful tools

to build your business across language markets. This way, your company can enjoy maximum

engagement by overcoming cultural barriers. And when your customers are happy, everyone

benefits.

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IV. Recommendations
From the above-mentioned review and analysis of technology localization as well as my
viewpoint, there would be …… solutions to the matters of localizing technology.

Conclusion 144 words

To conclude, this paper has provided a fully detailed overview of localizing technology, also known
as technology localization, through the academic and business perspectives. Additionally, the
theories of international trade are also put into the paper to identify the degree of theoretical impacts
to the real-life practices, in terms of the topic of technology localization. Thereafter, analysis and a
set of recommendations are provided in the paper.

Besides, further academic studies on the topic of localizing technology should be conducted with
more details. It is due to the following limitations of the existing academic papers: a significant gap
in the relationship between existing theories and working practices, lack of well-designed studies of
the relationship between the organizational governance with localizing technology, as well as lack of
academic assessment of the risk and potential of localizing tech to an industry, cross-industrial and
national business environment.

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S0959378016300164?via%3Dihub#fig0005

Appendix

Appendix 1

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Appendix 2

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