FND 502 FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
2nd Semester, SY 2023-2024
Course Facilitator: Dr. Eleanor Jamero
Team Task 1
MATRIX OF PHILOSOPHIES IN EDUCATION
Educational
Essentialism
Philosophy
This is a teacher-centered educational philosophy
that emphasizes learning skills through traditional
subjects like reading, writing, math, and science.
Description Essentialists value a focus on these core subjects
over a wider array of subjects, as they believe
students are able to gain deeper knowledge when
exposed to fewer core subjects.
 To promote intellectual growth of learners for
competence
 To instill all students with the most essential or
basic academic knowledge and skills and
Aims of Education
character development.
 To transfer the traditional knowledge and
cultural heritage of a certain society and
civilization to students
Curriculum  Strong emphasis on basic skills in elementary
and on disciplined knowledge and scholastic
achievement in secondary schools.
 There should be a common core curriculum
that is taught to all students.
 Essentialists believe that the core knowledge
could change.
Behaviorism
This educational philosophy is based on the belief
that human behavior can be explained based on
response to external stimuli. When translated into a
classroom setting, Behaviorists believe that the best
educational environment can be obtained when
student behavior is shaped by arranging specific
conditions for learning.
 To promote behavior that is desirable and
discourage that which is not
 To manipulate the environment of a subject —
the students — in an effort to change the
subject's observable behavior.
 To promote a more scientific approach to
psychology by emphasizing objectivity
 Curriculum should be organized so students
experience success in mastering the subject
matter.
 Behaviorists are very perspective and
diagnostic in their approach.
 Rely on step-by-step structured methods for
learning.
 Behaviorism in curriculum includes careful

Role of Teachers and a. Teachers:
Students  It is the teacher's responsibility to establish the
tone of the classroom. This implies that in
contrast to the content being taught, the teacher
also needs to take the classroom setting into
considerations.
 Teacher leads the class through an established
instruction, including opportunity for practice,
examples, and explanations.
 Teachers are responsible to evaluate their
student's learning and make sure they reach set
goals. Exams, quizzes, and other tests to gauge
mastery of key concepts and abilities are
examples of methods for assessment.
 An essentialist teacher should be highly skilled
in their subject, which will allow them to
contribute to the learning experiences of their
students.
b. Students:
 Students should attend formal education to be
able to acquire the knowledge and skills
necessary for successful participation in both a
democratic and a technologically advanced
society.
 Students undergo thorough academic training
in core subjects along with guidance on
analyzing and sequencing of the learner's needs
and behaviors.
a. Teachers:
 Teachers must act as role models for their
students, modeling the necessary actions and
behaviors. When students observe positive role
models and receive praise for emulating such
activities, students are more likely to adopt
similar habits themselves.
 It is teacher’s responsibility to make sure the
classroom is run well so that learning can take
place for the students.
 Teachers must possess knowledge of
educational psychology in order to design a
classroom behavior reward system that works.
 Teachers are responsible to plan activities and
lessons that promote a development of desired
behaviors. Through such activities,
students should be able to practice and
reinforce desired behaviors.
 Teachers provide students with immediate,
comprehensive feedback on their performance.
Students are guided toward the intended
learning outcomes and appropriate behavior is
reinforced through the use of this feedback.
c. Students:
 Student are responsible to learn how to adapt or
modify a learnt behavior in response to the
teacher's introduction of particular stimuli.
 Students are viewed as response to outside
stimuli. They exhibit observable behaviors in
response to environmental cues. These
behaviors are frequently influenced by the
 developing psychological wellness and cultural
literacy.
 Students should engage in class discussions,
ask questions, and work toward developing a
thorough comprehension of the key concepts
and skills covered in the curriculum.
 Students are expected to adhere to traditional
teaching practices and show respect for the
authority of their teachers. Adhering to set
policies and guidelines in the classroom is part
of this.
Proponents - 1. William Bagley (1934)
(Give 2 only if  Was an American educator and editor bown on
applicable) March 15, 1874 in Detroit.
 Essentialism stresses the essential knowledge
and skills that productive citizens should have,
rather than a set of external truths.
 Published chiefly on the topics of teacher
education, curriculum, philosophy of
education, and educational psychology.
 Promoted a core of traditional subjects as
essential to a good education.
 A critic of progressive education which he
believed damaged the intellectual and moral
standards of students.
 He introduced the term essentialism in 1930.
2. James D. Koerner (1959)
 Received his Ph.D. in American studies as
Washington University in 1952.
 He recently completed a 2-year study of
teacher education, the results of which was
published in a book entitled “The Miseducation
of American Teachers”.
results of their acts, both positive and negative.
 Students take an active part in the process of
reinforcement.
1. John B. Watson (1878-1958)
 John Broadus Watson was an American
psychologist who popularized the scientific
theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a
psychological school.
 Was born in South Carolina on January 9,
1878, to impoverished parets, Pickens and
Emma Watson.
 Believed that human behavior resulted from
specific stimuli that elicited certain responses.
 He is known for his controversial “Little
Albert” experiment. Little Albert was a 9-
month-old participant who entered the
experiment without a fear of white rats. Watson
paired the white rat with a loud bang repeatedly
to create an association between the two
unrelated stimuli, and little Albert began to fear
the white without the noise.
2. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
 Burrhus Frederic Skinner was an American
psychologist, behaviorist, inventor, and social
philosopher. He was considered as the father of
 3. H.G. Rickover (1959)
 Hyman G. Rickover was an admiral in the
United States Navy.
 Known as the father of “Nuclear Navy”.
 Founded the Center for Excellence in
Education and Research Schience Institute.
 He believed that US standards of education
were unacceptably low.
 His first book centered on education was a
collection of of essays calling for improved
standards of education, particularly in Math
and Science, entitled “Education and Freedom
(1959).
4. Paul Copperman (1978)
 The author of books such as the Literacy Hoax:
The Decline of Reading, Writing, and Learning
in the Public Schools and What We Can Do
About It.
 He founded the Institute of Reading
Development
5. Theodore Sizer (1985)
 Was a leader of educational reform in the
United States.
 Founder of the Essential school movement and
was known for challenging longstanding
practices and assumptions about the
functioning of American Secondary Schools.
Evidence(s) of  Philippine Educational System gives
Influence in importance to the basic skills like reading,
Philippine writing, and arithmetic.
Educational System  The values of discipline and patriotism is also
evident.
 Each subject has its own set of competencies to
behaviorism, and the Edgar Pierce Professor of
Psychology at Harvard University from 1958
until his retirement in 1974.
 He says that a person is first exposed to a
stimulus, which elicits response, and the
response is then reinforced (stimulus, response,
reinforcement).
 Operant Conditioning was based on two
assumptions: cause of human behavior is
something in a person’s environment; the
consequences of a behavior determine the
possibility of it being repeated.
 Reinforcement and punishment are two ways to
encourage or discourage behaviors.
 Public and private schools in the Philippines
give emphasis to a classroom that is conducive
for learning. Classrooms should be well-lit,
with proper ventilation and visual aids should
be visible anywhere inside the room.
Classroom’s physical structure is important.
 be followed. Student’s proficiency is then  Psychological climate in the Philippines’
measured by standardized test like National classroom setting is also important. Learners
Achievement Test. must feel protected, respected, and safe. In that
way, learners can learn and perform the best
way possible.
 Rewards system in terms of acknowledgement
of academic awardees are present in the
Philippine Educational System.

Team E Members:
Balajadia, Jamill C.
Cayumo, Daisy Velle C.
Pasadilla, Rhyza C.
Roscales, Ruby Jane P.
Villanueva, Gelanie B.