Group Members:

Alsola, Ernesto
Andrino, Carlo
Belogolo, Ahl Jane
Giducos, Jenerose
Lora, Angel Ann
Six Major Philosophies in Education
1. Perennialism: The word itself means ‘eternal’; ‘ageless’; ‘everlasting; ‘unchanged.

Curriculum: Perennialists think it is important that individuals think deeply,

analytically, flexibly, and imaginatively. The perennialist curriculum is
universal and is based on their view that all human beings possess the
same essential nature. That’s why it focuses on attaining cultural
literacy, stressing students’ growth in enduring disciples. They also
recommend that students learn from reading and analyzing the work of
history.

Teaching Methods: Subject-centered, methods of disciplining the mind through

reading and discussion.

Classroom: The classroom is closely organized and well-disciplined environment,

which develops in students a lifelong quest for the truth. Perennialism is a
teacher-centered educational philosophy that focuses on everlasting ideas
and universal truths.

Evaluation: Teacher – made tests, standardized tests, memory work, and spelling
bees.

Teacher: Serves as the known master of discipline. Teachers should allow learners to
learn through the importance of reading books. Teachers instill to learners
respect for authority, duty, consideration, and practicality

2. Essentialism: Refers to the traditional or back to the basic approach in education. The
defining feature is “essence precedes existence”.

Curriculum: The core curriculum is traditional American virtues. It has a strong

emphasis on basic skills in elementary schools and disciplined
knowledge and scholastic achievement in secondary schools. There
should be a common core curriculum that is taught to all students. Also,
essentialists believe that the core knowledge could change.

Teaching Methods: Use instructional strategies, Lecture, Memorization, Homework,

Teacher and subject centered, and mastery learning.

Classroom: Students in this system would sit in rows and be taught in masses. The
students would learn passively by sitting in their desks and listening to the
teacher. The essentialist classroom is centered on students being taught
about the people, events, ideas, and institutions that have shaped
American society.

Evaluation: They help teachers to evaluate whether students pay proper attention in
class and whether they understand the required course material or not.
These enable teachers to determine whether goals of education are being
met or not. That’s why; the assessments conducted under essentialism
 serve a number of purposes.

Teacher: It is a teacher centered that’s why, the teacher is accountable for student
learning and the teacher is an expert of content knowledge. The teacher
teaches discipline and hard work.

3. Behaviorism: Is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and

other animals. It assumes that behavior is either a reflex evoked by the
pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence
of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and
punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current
motivational state and controlling stimuli. Although behaviorists
generally accept the important role of heredity in determining behavior,
they focus primarily on environmental events.

Curriculum: The Behavioral Approach is based on a blueprint, where goals and

objectives are specified. Contents and activities are arranged to match
with specified learning objectives. The learning outcomes are evaluated
in terms of goals and objectives that are set at the beginning.

Teaching Methods: Behaviorist teaching methods tend to rely on so-called “skill and
drill” exercises to provide the consistent repetition necessary for
effective reinforcement of response patterns. Other methods
include question (stimulus) and answer (response) frameworks in
which questions are of gradually increasing difficulty; guided
practice; and regular reviews of material.

Classroom: Behaviorist Learning Theory in the Classroom In the behaviorist learning

theory, the idea is to create specific behaviors through rewards for
wanted behaviors and consequences for unwanted behaviors. When it is
applied to a classroom setting, it becomes a method of operant
conditioning.

Evaluation: Behaviorists assess the degree of learning using methods that measure
observable behavior such as exam performance. Behaviorist teaching
methods have proven most successful in areas where there is a “correct”
response or easily memorized material.

Teacher: The teacher’s role is to manipulate the environment to shape behavior. The
teacher provides input (stimuli) and expects predictable output (the desired
change in behavior).

4. Progressivism: Learning is based on the questions of one's experience. It is

the learner who thinks, solves, and gives meaning through
his/her individual experiences.
Curriculum: The subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative, and interactive. It
focused on students' interests, human problems, and social
development.

Teaching Methods: Methods of teaching include discussions, interaction (teacher

with students), and group dynamics.

Classroom: Engage them in social activities by teaching them social

responsibilities and democracy. It relates day-to-day activities to real
life.

Evaluation: Assessment by the class presentation or workshop organized by a

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