Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

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Engineering Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engstruct

Experimental and finite element analysis of flexural performance of RC

beams retrofitted using near-surface mounted with CFRP composites and
cement adhesive
Ahmed H. Al-Abdwais a, *, Riadh S. Al-Mahaidi b
a
PhD Civil Engineering Department, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
b
Professor of Structural Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite has been used effectively for the rehabilitation of concrete and steel
Cement adhesives structures in the last decades due to its excellent properties compared with conventional reinforcing materials
Textile such as steel. Despite the major role of epoxy resins as a bonding material between fibre and substrate, the rapid
Composites
deterioration of the mechanical properties at elevated temperature is the critical issue for the epoxy matrix.
CFRP strengthening
Bonding
Therefore, substitution of epoxy adhesive with cementitious bonding agent will be beneficial in order to provide
Epoxy more resistant systems at elevated temperatures. Near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique with
cement adhesives has only been investigated for torsion. Flexural performance is a significant factor in the
strengthening of different structures. This paper reports the experimental study on the behavior of small scale
retrofitted beams using Near-Surface Mounted strengthening system with carbon fiber reinforced polymer
(CFRP) textile and laminate and cement-base adhesives for flexure. The beams retrofitted with modified cement-
based adhesive achieved 98% to 100% ultimate loads of that beams strengthened with epoxy adhesives. Nu­
merical analyses is utilized to evaluate the experimental results, and comparable results were observed between
the experimental results and finite element analysis.

1. Introduction Since the major role in determining of bonding properties is the

The demand for rehabilitation of and increased load capacity for
different structures has grown around the world during the last decades,
due to design faults, increasing load capacity, and the degradation of
structures with time resulting from harsh environments. The high
strength of FRP composites compared to their weight and their ease of
application have attracted researchers to employ this material in civil
engineering applications, especially for the reinforcement of of concrete
and steel structures. The most commonly-used bonding materials are
epoxy adhesives. Different structures have been retrofitted using CFRP
with epoxy adhesive around the world [1]. However, the epoxy matrix
has disadvantages associated with its application, including flamma­
bility, moisture impermeability, the negative effects of emission of toxic
fumes with curing, and skin irritation [1,2]. In addition, the most critical
factor is the degradation of mechanical properties of the epoxy resins
when exceeding the glass transition temperatures (60–82C◦ ), as re­
ported in ACI 440.2R 2008 [3].
bonding material [4], the resistance of the adhesive to temperature plays
the major role in the strengthening performance of structures exposed to
high temperature. It would be beneficial to replace the epoxy with
cementitious adhesives to enhance the resistance at high temperatures.
The most investigations on strengthening of RC structures using
cementitious adhesives as a bonding agent have been conducted for
externally-bonding with CFRP textile and fabrics [1–2,5–8]. Few of
research have been conducted on the use of NSM strengthening systems
with cementitious adhesives [9].
The application of cement adhesives for NSM strengthening systems
has been studied by Al-Abdwais and Al-Mahaidi. A modification has
been conducted to provide specific physical characteristics for this type
of strengthening system [11]. The bond characteristics with concrete
using different types fibers (textile and laminates) have been studied and
excellent results have been reported [12,13]. This strengthening tech­
nique using the cemenitious adhesive has been investigated on the
torsional performance of RC beams by Ghaidak and Al-Mahaidi [14,15].

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ahmed.h.abdulraheem@nahrainuniv.edu.iq (A.H. Al-Abdwais), ralmahaidi@swin.edu.au (R.S. Al-Mahaidi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112429
Received 21 November 2020; Received in revised form 12 April 2021; Accepted 20 April 2021
Available online 4 May 2021
0141-0296/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

Fig. 1. Geometrical details of beams.

investigation with two types of bonding materials, epoxy adhesive and

Table 1
the modified cement-based mortar. Equivalent cross-section areas of
Variables of beams.
laminate and textile were selected to compare the strength of these two
Beam Number of CFRP Quantity of Type of Bonding different types of fibres. CFRP textile were used for the first group of four
designation specimens CFRP material
nf × tf × bf
beams, two of them retrofitted with the modified cement adhesive and
the other two using epoxy. Four longitudinal grooves were cut in the
SR-Control 1 _ _ _
soffits of the beams 4 mm wide and 20 mm deep and four strips of CFRP
STC 2 Textile 12 × 1.5 × Cement mortar
2.33 textile were used for each beam; each strip had three weaves of fibre
STE 2 Textile 12 × 1.5 × Epoxy (total area = 42 mm2).
2.33 The other group of four beams was retrofitted using CFRP laminates.
SLC 2 Laminate 3 × 1.4 × 10 Cement mortar Three grooves were cut with 4 mm wide and 18 mm deep in the beams’
SLE 2 Laminate 3 × 1.4 × 10 Epoxy
soffits. Three strips of laminate 1.4 × 10 mm (total area = 42 mm2) were
S: beam section, C; cement adhesive, E; Epoxy, T: CFRP textile, L; CFRP laminate, used for each beam, two of which were retrofitted with the modified
nf × tf × bf ; number of CFRP strips × thickness × width. cementitious adhesive and the other two using epoxy. One beam was
used as a control beam. The variables of the test are shown in Table 1.
In literature, different investigation has been reported on flexural
strengthening with NSM CFRP using epoxy adhesives [16,17]. The 2.2. Material properties
performance of flexural strengthening with NSM technique using
modified cement-base adhesives has been investigated for large scale 2.2.1. Compressive strength of concrete
beams, and different modes of failure have been observed [18]. In order The concrete was cast using cylinder samples and cured for 28 days.
to study the effect of beam size on the behavior and modes of failure, this The compressive test was applied according to AS1012.9 (Australian
investigation on flexural performance of small-scale RC beams retro­ Standard, 1999) [19]. The ultimate loads are recorded in Table 2.
fitted with modified cement-based adhesive is assessed and compared
with the last study conducted on large-scale beams [18]. 2.2.2. Mortar
A modified cementitious bonding agent was used in this investiga­
2. Experimental program tion [10]. The compressive strength was determined by testing three
cylindrical samples 50 mm in diameter according to AS 1012.9, (1999)
2.1. Specimen details [19]. The splitting tensile was used to measure the tensile strength ac­
cording to AS 1012.10 [20].
Eight beams were used in this investigation. The beams were 120 mm
wide, 180 mm deep and 1600 mm long. The main reinforcement of two 2.2.3. Fibre
N12 steel bars was used at each compression and tension reinforcement Two types of fibres were used. CFRP textile with three weaves of
zone of the beams. The shear reinforcement was designed with N10 steel carbon fibre with cross-section area of 3.5 mm2, and strips Kevlar in the
stirrups spaced at 125 mm along the beam length. The reinforcements transverse direction The CFRP laminate strips were 1.4 × 10 mm. The
were designed for shear to resist the total loads to ensure flexural failure tensile strength were measured according to ASTM D3039, (2008) [21].
prior to shear. The beams’ geometrical details are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Two types of CFRP (textile and laminate) were used in this

Table 2
Mechanical properties of materials.
Materials Tensile strength Yielding strength Ultimate Compressive strength Ultimate strain Modulus of elasticity (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa) strength (MPa
(MPa)

Steel -N12 530 680 0.125 200,000

Steel -N10 515 660 0.12 200,000
Concrete 4.3 51 51 35,700
Cementitious 6.2 86 25,000
adhesive
Epoxy adhesive 30 60
CFRP laminate 2500 165,000
CFRP textile 1450 135,000

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A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi
Fig. 2. Beam configuration and strain gauge layout.
Fig. 3. Application procedures for strengthening of beams.
Fig. 4. Retrofitting beam with epoxy adhesive.
2.2.4. Steel reinforcement
The tensile strength test of steel was conducted according to AS1391
(Australian Standard, 2007) [22]. The average strain was measured for
two opposite sides of the steel bars. The average yield and ultimate stress
is illustrated in Table 2.
2.2.5. Epoxy adhesive
The epoxy adhesive is (MBrace), manufacturer is BASIF Australia.
The mechanical properties is reported in Table 2.
2.3. Specimen preparation and instrumentation
The formwork for beams was prepared for the required dimensions
using smooth plywood frameworks. One concrete batch was used for
casting the concrete. Cylinder specimens were used for compressive
testing. The beams were instrumented using nine strain gauges distrib­
uted along the centre of the fibre at specified spaces to study the strain
behavior with loading. M− Coat A and wax coating were used to protect
the strain gages against water. The beam dimensions and strain gauge
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Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429
Fig. 5. Test set-up for beams.
layout are shown in Fig. 2.
The grooves in the beam soffit were cut to the specified dimensions
for both laminate and textile. The cleaning of grooves was applied using
high pressure air. The grooves were wetted by water, and then filled
with adhesive. The fibre strips were inserted in centre of the groove, and
then the surface was then levelled using a steel blade. The application
method is shown in Fig. 3.
The same method of application explained in the previous section
was used for the beams retrofitted with epoxy adhesive, as shown in
Fig. 4.
2.4. Experimental test setup
The tests of beams were applied using four-point bending test
configuration with 550 mm shear span. The load was applied with a
deflection rate of 1 mm/min using an MTS universal testing machine
(Fig. 5). Extensometers were installed at the mid-span of the beams to
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

Fig. 6. Strain gauge connection.

Table 3
Testing results. Fig. 8. Mode of failure for control beam SR.

Beam Designations Average Failure mode

ultimate load,
(kN)

SR Reference 63.3 compression failure at top zone of

specimen concrete after yielding of bottom
steel layer
STC1 Textile with 91.15 rupture in Fibre followed by
cement compression failure of concrete
STE Textile with 91.06 rupture of fibre followed by
epoxy separation of concrete cover starting
from support
SLC Laminate with 93.9 Debonding at interface between
cement fibre and adhesive followed by
concrete compressive failure
SLE Laminate with 92.33 Concrete cover separation
epoxy

S: Beam section, R; Reference beam, C; Cementitious adhesive, L; CFRP Lami­

nate, T; CFRP Textile, E; Epoxy.

Fig. 9. Beam STC with control.

Fig. 10. Failure Mode with crushing of concrete for STC beam.

2.5.1. Reference beam-SR

Fig. 7. Curve of load versus displacement for reference beam SR.
measure the deflection. The strain gauges were labeled and connected to
the data collector in the testing machine, as presented in Fig. 6.
The reference beam achieved an ultimate failure load of 63.3 kN. The
failure mode was yielding of steel followed by crushing at the concrete
compressive zone. The load dropped from the ultimate value to about 50
kN and after that, ductile behavior is observed due to yielding of steel.
The load and displacement curve is illustrated in Fig. 7, and the failure

2.5. Test results and discussion

The experimental results for all beams showed significant improve­

ments in the ultimate strength. There was an approximately 50% in­
crease in ultimate strength in all beams compared to the reference beam.
Although the bond strength of epoxy as reported in literature is higher
than that of cement adhesive, the beams strengthened with modified
cementitious adhesive achieved about 100% of the strength achieved
with epoxy adhesive. This is due to the availability of bond length
starting from maximum bending moment at mid span to the end of CFRP
reinforcement length, sufficient to provide full capacity of the fibre.
Table 3 shows the test results and failure modes. Fig. 11. Mode of failure after fibre rupture of STC beam.

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A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi
Fig. 12. CFRP textile rupture of STC beam.
Fig. 13. Load-displacement curve of STE beam.
Fig. 14. Mode of failure at concrete crushing in compressive zone of STE beam.
mode is presented in Fig. 8.
2.5.2. STC beam
A significant improvement in strength of about 50% more than the
control beam was achieved by the beam strengthened with the cemen­
titious adhesive and CFRP textile. The ultimate load-carrying capacity
was 91.15 kN, as presented in the load–displacement curve (refer to
Fig. 9). The cracks propagated in the high moment tension zone within
the shear span. The failure started with secondary concrete compressive
failure followed by fibre rupture, and then yielding of the steel rein­
forcement as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The rupture of the fibre is
illustrated in Fig. 12.
2.5.3. STE beam
The beam strengthened with CFRP textile using epoxy adhesive
achieved an ultimate load of 91.06 kN. This load value is very close to
that achieved using the cement-based adhesive. The failure mode was
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Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429
Fig. 15. Mode of failure at fibre rupture of STE beam.
Fig. 16. Fibre rupture in STE beam.
Fig. 17. Beam STC with control and epoxy beams.
concrete compressive failure after yielding of steel, followed by full fibre
rupture. The load versus displacement is plotted in Fig. 13, and the mode
of failure with fibre rupture is illustrated in Figs. 14, 15 and 16.
A comparison of the beams strengthened with different adhesives is
presented in Fig. 17. The figure shows the significant increase in ulti­
mate capacity of the retrofitted beams with modified cementitious ad­
hesive. The strength results showed about 100% of that achieved by
beam with epoxy resin.
2.5.4. SLC beam
The retrofitted beams with laminate using cementitious adhesive
failed by crushing of concrete after yielding of bottom steel reinforce­
ment, associated with debonding at the fibre-adhesive interface. Both
failures occurred under the loading point. The average ultimate load was
93.9 kN. The beams achieved about a 50% increase in the capacity in
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

Fig. 22. Concrete cover separation of SLE beam.

Fig. 18. Load-displacement curves of SLC beams.

Fig. 23. Concrete crushing at compressive zone.

Fig. 19. Failure mode after concrete crushing in SLC beams.

Fig. 24. Beam SLC with reference and epoxy beams.

Fig. 20. Debonding of CFRP laminate.

Fig. 21. Load-displacement curve of SLE beam.

Fig. 25. Load-displacement curves of different types of beams.

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A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi
Fig. 26. Strain distribution of STC beam.
Fig. 27. Strain development in STC beam.
Fig. 28. Strain value at fibre rupture after concrete crushing at STC beam.
comparison with the reference beam. Fig. 18 presents a comparison of
the load–displacement curves for the SLC and SR beams. The failure
mode and debonding of fibre are shown in Figs. 19 and 20.
2.5.5. SLE beam
The retrofitted beam with laminate and epoxy adhesive achieved an
ultimate load of 92.33 kN. The result is very close to that achieved in the
beams retrofitted with the modified cementitious adhesive. The com­
parison with the reference beam is presented load versus displacement
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Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429
Fig. 29. Strain distribution of SLC beam.
Fig. 30. Strain developments in SLC beam.
curve in Fig. 21. The mode of failure was the separation of concrete
cover, starting from the beam support and propagated toward the cen­
ter, followed by concrete compressive failure at the compression zone
within the loading span (refer to Figs. 22 and 23).
Fig. 24 shows a comparison of the beams retrofitted with CFRP
laminate using cementitious mortar and epoxy adhesive. The curves
show the significant improvement achieved by the modified cement-
based adhesive with CFRP laminate, at about 100% of that achieved
with epoxy adhesive. A comparison of all beams is plotted in Fig. 25. The
figure indicates that beams with CFRP laminate provide greater stiffness
for both types of adhesives before failure than those strengthened with
CFRP textile.
2.6. Strain distribution
The strain values versus the load increment along the fibre length are
shown in Figs. 26 to 28 for the STC beam. The maximum strain value
recorded in the load–strain curve was 11,414 microstrain. However, the
failure occurred at the concrete compressive peak load of 91.9 kN before
rupture of the fibre. The load then dropped to about 80 kN, and the
failure of fibre was recorded at a load of 80.8 kN and a strain value of
14,783 microstrain, as indicated in Fig. 28.
The ultimate strain value recorded in the SLC beam retrofitted with
CFRP laminate was 7316 microstrain near the load point where the
debonding of fibre occurred at a maximum load of about 92.3 kN. The
strain distribution is illustrated in Figs. 29 and 30.
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

was modelled using a fictitious crack model based on opening law and
fracture energy.

3.2. Interface model between adhesive and fibre

Modelling of bond between CFRP textile and the RC substrate was

modelled using the constitutive bond-slip behaviour as developed by the
authors in the early stage [11] and corresponding with bond-slip
equation developed by Sena-Cruz and Barros [24]. The curve is shown
in Fig. 32 [11].
The bond contact between concrete and CFRP laminate was
modelled as an interface element with tension cut-off based on the
Mohr-Coulomb criterion [23]. The shear and tension softening of the
interface was modelled by adopted multi-linear softening law, (Fig. 33).
where Knn is the initial normal elastic stiffness, and Ktt is the shear
stiffness as illustrated in Table 4. The bond slip relationships between
CFRP laminate and concrete substrate is illustrated in Fig. 34.
Fig. 31. Constitutive model of concrete and mortar.

Table 4
Interface parameters of material model.
Parameter Unit Value

Knn MN/m3 2.5x104

Ktt MN/m3 2.5 × 106
ft MPa 2.6
c MPa 4.5

Fig. 32. Bond-slip curves for textile carbon fibre.

3. Finite element modelling

3.1. RC beams and cementitious adhesive

The finite element analysis was conducted using ATENA software by

Cervinks consulting [23]. Fracture-plastic constitutive model for brittle
material was used for modelling of the concrete and cement mortar
according to the exponential softening in tension and Rankine failure
Fig. 34. Bond-slip relationships for CFRP laminate.
criterion (Fig. 31) [23]. The formulation of crack opening in the concrete

Fig. 33. Interface model of shear and tension behaviour with cohesion softening.

8
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

Fig. 35. (a) Hexahedral element with 20 nodes, (b) Mesh of the RC beam.

Table 5
Mechanical properties of materials defined for FE analysis.
Materials f’c (MPa) ft (MPa) E (GPa)
a
Concrete 41 3.84 32
Mortar 86 6.2 25
CFRP laminate 2500 165

Fig. 38. FEA and experimental results of STC beam.

Fig. 36. FEA and experimental results for control beam SR.
3.3. RC beam model
3.3.1. Idealization of FE
A hexahedral 3-dimensional brick element of 20 nodes was used to
define the beam with six degree of freedom (Fig. 35-A). The mesh size
selected for concrete was 20 mm and 4 mm was selected for the mortar
(Fig. 35-B). The properties of the material model are described in Table 5
above. Displacement rate of 0.1 mm/step intervals was used to apply the
load. The standard Newton-Raphson method was used for solution of the
non-linear equation and convergence criteria with 100 iterations of each
step and residual error tolerance of 0.001. Due to symmetry, and to
reduce the time required, the analysis was conducted using half of the
beam according to the specified boundary conditions.
3.3.2. Results and verifications of FE beam models
3.3.2.1. RC beam. The load versus deflection curve of the experiments
and the Finite Element analysis are plotted in Fig. 36. The FE results
exhibit higher stiffness before the peak load. However, there is a good
correlation in terms of predicted ultimate load with the experimental
results.

Fig. 37. Modes of failure in RC beam (1.6 m): (a) Experiment, (b) FE results.

9
A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429

Fig. 39. Mode of failure of STC beam: (a) Experiment, (b) FE model.

Fig. 40. Strain distribution of STC beam: (a) FE model (b) Experimental.

The failure modes indicated good consistency in crack patterns be­

tween experimental and FE test results at mid span, as illustrated in
Fig. 37.

3.3.2.2. Strengthened beams with CFRP textile. The load–displacement

Fig. 41. Load vs. displacement of FE and experimental results of SLC beam.
results for the STC beam with textile reinforcement and failure mode are
illustrated in Figs. 38 and 39. The comparison shows a reasonable cor­
relation of ultimate load and flexural stiffness between experimental
results and Finite element analysis. The failure mode shows a flexural
crack pattern comparable with that of FE analysis. The failure of carbon
fibre occurred under the loading point, while, in the FE model the failure
of fibre was near the centre of the beam, as illustrated by the strain
values (refer to Fig. 40).
The strain values along the CFRP in the experimental and FE results
were comparable with the loading values. However, the peak value at
failure of the fibre was recorded under the loading point in the experi­
mental beam test, while in the FE model, the peak strain was recorded
where the failure of fibre occurred at mid-span. The strain distributions
are presented in Fig. 40.

Fig. 42. Failure mode of SLC beam: (a) Experiment, (b) FE results.

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A.H. Al-Abdwais and R.S. Al-Mahaidi
Fig. 43. Strain distribution of SLC beam: (a) FE model, (b) Experimental results.
3.3.2.3. The strengthened beams using CFRP laminate. The SLC beam
with CFRP laminate reinforcement showed a comparable correlation in
flexural stiffness and ultimate load between the experimental and FE
results as illustrated in load vs. displacement values in Fig. 41, and
exhibited a comparable flexural mode of failure and crack pattern, as
shown in Fig. 42.
The strain value along the CFRP in the FE results was higher than the
value in the experimental results. However, the peak value at failure of
the fibre was recorded under the loading point in the experimental beam
test, while in the FE model, the peak strain was recorded at mid-span
where failure of the fibre occurred. The strain distributions are shown
in Fig. 43.
4. Conclusion
The results showed considerable flexural performance using modi­
fied cement-based adhesive compared to previous experimental in­
vestigations using other types of cementitious adhesives. The ultimate
load was about 98% to 100% of that gained by beams strengthened
using epoxy resin.
The mode of failure developed in three stages, the first stage started
by yielding of bottom steel reinforcement layer at maximum moment
and secondly with crushing in compressive zone of concrete followed by
fibre rupture in case of CFRP textile and debonding at the interface
between fibre and adhesive in the CFRP laminate. The CFRP textile
achieved excellent composite action with the concrete substrate with its
full load capacity.
In comparison with failure modes of large scale beams [18], same
behaviour has been observed of compressive failure at compressive zone
for beams with cement adhesives and cover separation for beams with
epoxy resin.
The distribution of strain along the fibre indicated a descending
trend in strain values starting from the mid-span of the beam to the end
of the strengthening length with fibre. The CFRP textile in STC beams
achieved a peak strain value of 14,783 microstrain, which is double that
of the 7316 microstrain recorded for the CFRP laminate in the SLC beam.
The numerical analysis showed comparable results with the experi­
mental program including ultimate loads, strain distributions, and mode
of failure with exhibiting close correlation in crack pattern for both
experimental and the finite element results.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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Engineering Structures 241 (2021) 112429
Acknowledgments
The support and funding for this research provided by Swinburne
University of Technology is acknowledged. The technical support of the
Smarts Laboratory team is also acknowledged.
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