Reading Practice - 477-543

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(34) The writer suggests in the fourth paragraph that the patient's artwork
A can be interpreted by the therapist in order to fully understand the patient.
B should be the main focus of sessions if the therapist hopes to get the most out of them.
C can give clues to the therapist as to the best way forward in general therapy.
D should be carefully examined by the therapist for all possible interpretations.
(35) The writer states that art therapy can be useful

A in bringing conflict out into the open in therapy.
B in helping the recovery process of victims of serious mistreatment.
C in revealing any dangerous thoughts patients have.
D in helping group patients better relate to one another.
(36) The writer mentions metaphors several times in the article, but not in relation to how
A they can help promote the development of empathic feelings.
B they can be employed by therapists to explain things to patients.
C they can help young patients open up about their problems in therapy sessions.
D they can reveal potential cases of physical or mental mistreatment.
31. D
young people are more inclined to open up because, rather than internalising the problem
and discussing themselves, they are then describing, at times metaphorically, their issue or
issues through an external agent
32. A
the therapist-patient relationship starts from a disadvantageous position, with the teen already
highly cautious and sceptical, and not wont to respond well to implorations to open up. The
artwork, then, is a sort of peacemaker; it represents a flag of truce between the two
naturally conflicting parties to the therapy dynamic
33. A
However, the artwork does not necessarily have to become irrelevant to the process going
forward. Indeed, further interpretations of same by the patient can prove enlightening as they
themselves become more articulate in understanding, externalising and expressing their issues
and concerns. Indeed, if the artwork remains live, so to speak, and is allowed itself to evolve
throughout the process too, it is possible for yet more to be externalised through revised
depictions.
34. C
interpret the artwork, it may, to a point, give them a window into the mindset of the patient and
hint at the best method of engagement and lines of inquiry to pursue going forward.
35. D
Besides, metaphors themselves can be very evocative and, on an intuitive level, the members of
the family can grow to understand one another better from the outset in this way,
understanding and empathy being key to resolving the underlying issues.
36. B
Exercise 13.
You are going to read an extract from an article about the Finnish education system. For
questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the
text.
The Finnish Education System

Finland's education system is head and shoulders above most of the the world's, but why? On one
level, it is simple; teachers there are held in the highest esteem and entrusted to make decisions
in the best interests of pupils, which they appear invariably to do. They also go the extra mile and
tailor-make lessons. The respect they are afforded in return, perhaps, stems from an awareness of
the stiff qualification standards teachers are set; they come from the top 10% of graduates,
educated to Master's level. Finland, then, attracts some of its best human capital into teaching,
but whether its success can all simply be attributed to the calibre of staff is open to debate. There
is more to this formula than meets the eye.
The size of schools is no minor factor in the education system's success either, for many are very
small, and this allows teachers to devote more attention to pupils. Even the best teachers, after
all, are not magicians, and they cannot wave a magic wand and ensure that all pupils fulfil their
potential. It takes effort and devotion on a micro scale, and this can only be achieved in a
conducive environment. In a world of rising pupil-teacher ratios, that Finland bucks this trend
must surely play a pivotal role in its education system's success. However, demographics and the
country's unique geography, with many small areas of habitation dotted across the landscape,
predetermine to some extent, class sizes, so for this the government cannot monopolise credit; it
is as much down to circumstance, Nonetheless, the figures make for impressive reading, with
nearly thirty percent of Finnish children receiving some form of special attention in their
educational development before the age of nine.
The reinvention of education on a more macro scale, though, was very deliberate indeed, and it
began in Finland over four decades ago as a key part of the country's economic recovery plan.
Success was not by any means instantaneous, though, and educators deserve much credit for
sticking to their principles in the early years of the transformation despite this, when, so often,
programmes conceived with the best of intentions are abandoned prematurely. Really, it was not
until 2000 that confirmation and validation would arrive, but they did so in eye-raising fashion.
This marked the first year of results being issued from the Programme for International Student
Assessment, a standardised test delivered to 15-year-olds in 40 different countries. Finland's
youths came way out on top in terms of literacy.
Within three years, it also led the maths tables and pupils were excelling in science, too, and
Finland has consistently occupied a high position in all three areas ever since, without any blips,
so it was patently clear for all to see that this was not the endeavour of fluke. Counterintuitively,
Finland's pupils excel in these standardised tests despite not being mandated to sit any on a
regular basis in their own educational system until the very end of their second-level schooling;
nothing official exists prior and other such testing is only carried out should individual schools
undertake to do so of their own volition.
More intriguingly, competition does not form any part of the education philosophy. Neither are
the decision-makers political; although Finnish schools are publicly funded and it is a state-
driven education system, politicians and business people are precluded from interfering. Nor are
schools vying for the best teacher candidates; irrespective of location, they have an equal shot of
getting top graduates, with all drawing from the same pool of resources in this respect.
Furthermore, in the absence of competition, only national goals count, so there is no elite list of
schools parents dream of sending their children to; every child, whether schooled in a rural or
urban environment, is afforded the same standard of education. It is, therefore, arguably, one of
the most equitable systems in the world.
This assertion is supported by the fact that refugees in this relatively homogenous country are not
greatly disadvantaged educationally and tend to catch up to their native peers before long.
Indeed, there is evidence on a broader level, too, of this equitability, since Finland has the lowest
gap in the OECD between its weakest and strongest pupils in performance terms. The stats make
for very impressive reading yet, remarkably, Finland's expenditure on education as a proportion
of its overall budget is much less than places like the United States, which cannot boast nearly as
impressive results.
(31) What does the writer imply when she says 'There is more to this formula than meets the
eye'?
A that it is not as easy as it sounds to produce top-quality teachers
B that the success of Finland's education system is down to various reasons
C that the quality of teacher in the Finnish education system is not what it seems
D that the Finnish education system is more impressive than it looks
(32) What does the writer say about Finland's small class sizes?
A Finland has set a trend the rest of the world is trying to copy
B the country's record is more impressive in relation to young learners
C the country's character lends itself to smaller class sizes
D a government initiative is directly responsible for them
(33) In the third paragraph, we learn that Finland's education system

A was revised during a period of economic strain
B was first revised after the year 2000
C enjoyed rapid success after changes were implemented
D took over forty years to convert into the success it is today
(34) What is the Finnish education system's approach to standardised testing?

A it regularly takes place in the areas of science, literacy and maths only
B standardised tests are not compulsory but schools are encouraged to use them
C it plays a key role at all levels of schooling
D this evaluation method is only officially used as students exit secondary school
(35) The Finnish education system

A sets no goals or targets for schools to achieve.
B generally operates independent of state and commercial interference.
C is highly competitive in terms of schools' efforts to attract the best teachers and students.
D encourages graduates to take up rural teaching roles with incentives.
(36) Why does the writer mention refugees?

A to exemplify how fair the Finnish education system is
B to highlight the lack of diversity in Finland
C to show that the gap between topmost and lowest performing students is very low
D to suggest what can be achieved if more money is invested in education
31 B
Finland, then, attracts some of its best human capital into teaching, but whether its success can
all simply be attributed to the calibre of staff is open to debate. There is more to this
formula than meets the eye.
32 C
However, demographics and the country's unique geography, with many small areas of
habitation dotted across the landscape, predetermine to some extent, class size
33 A
The reinvention of education on a more macro scale, though, was very deliberate indeed, and it
began in Finland over four decades ago as a key part of the country's economic recovery plan.
34 D
Finland's pupils excel in these standardised tests despite not being mandated to sit any on a
regular basis in their own educational system until the very end of their second-level
schooling; nothing official exists prior
35 B
More intriguingly, competition does not form any part of the education philosophy. Neither are
the decision-makers political; although Finnish schools are publicly funded and it is a state-
driven education system, politicians and business people are precluded from interfering
36 A
It is, therefore, arguably, one of the most equitable systems in the world. This assertion is
supported by the fact that refugees in this relatively homogenous country are not greatly
disadvantaged educationally and tend to catch up to their native peers before long
Exercise 14.
You are going to read excerpts from an article on telemedicine. For questions 34 - 40,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet.
TELEMEDICINE CAN LOWER COSTS AND IMPROVE ACCESS

Communications technology is increasingly being used for telemedicine applications to improve
access to medical care in rural areas. The most cost-effective applications are those that are paid
for by insurers; other applications enhance access to care but are not cost-effective because
insurers do not pay for related costs for professional fees or the implementation of the
technology.
Telemedicine, one of the communications technologies that will figure significantly in healthcare
delivery in the future, should also figure prominently in the strategic plans of healthcare
organisations. Telemedicine uses electronic information and communications technology to
provide medical diagnosis and/or patient healthcare when distance separates the participants.
These technologies allow for tele-imaging using image transmission and receiver units that
operate over communication facilities. However, even the use of a mobile phone by a specialist
to talk to a patient and/or the patient's care provider constitutes telemedicine.
Before implementing telemedicine technology, providers should assess its return-on-investment

potential. Telemedicine participants may disagree about the efficacy and efficiency of a
telemedicine application. For example, while physicians or the hospital may find an application
cost-effective, rural end-users may not. Some applications improve access to care but are not
cost-effective. It has been shown in some instances, however, that using telemedicine technology
for radiology, prisoner health, and home health care is cost-effective and enhances access for
patients and physicians alike.
Areas in which access to radiologists is limited will benefit from the use of teleradiology
technology because providers in these areas can receive diagnostic radiology results more
quickly and at lower cost by teleradiology than from courier services or awaiting a visit from a
radiologist. The quality of transmitted images is clinically equivalent to the quality of hard-copy
images. Small hospitals are using teleradiology to provide 24-hour-a-day service at less cost than
hiring a radiologist. Of course, teleradiology will never totally replace on-site radiologists, who
are needed to perform procedures such as barium studies. Many routine procedures, however, do
not require immediate interpretation and can be provided cost-effectively through teleradiology.
Teleradiology technology is most cost-effective for rural providers that have high-bandwidth
communications, because they are able to access specialists in a distant urban area.
Normally, prison populations can only receive the most basic healthcare services in prison, so
inmates must be transported to provider facilities for care. Telecommunications can be used to
provide access to medical care for this population while avoiding the costs of transportation and
additional security measures. Providers are able to provide care in a secure environment,
minimising security risks by avoiding contact with potentially dangerous inmates. Additionally,
money saved can be reallocated to the medical needs of the inmates and ultimately could reduce
the cost of providing medical care to inmates.
In the future, home health care is expected to exploit the advantages of telemedicine most fully.
With the development of WebTV services and the evolution of desktop video-conferencing,
doctors and other health professionals will be able to deliver effective, non-invasive care over
standard telephone lines and cable television infrastructures. Within the next few years, access to
individual homes via the Internet, interactive video, cable television and low-cost monitoring
technologies is expected to enable physicians to monitor chronic health conditions such as
diabetes and high blood pressure, particularly for older patients. Telemedicine technology can
reduce hospital lengths of stay because follow-up convalescent care can be provided in the home.
Telemedicine can be used for other applications as well, although many of these applications are
not covered by health insurance. For instance, telemedicine technologies can be used for
consultations and evaluations for applications such as bone-marrow transplants. A doctor can
review a patient's medical records and explain the procedure, risks and expected outcomes
without requiring the patient to travel to the urban centre. Conducting a telemedicine
consultation allows the physician to see the patient and establish a relationship before the patient
has to make a decision regarding treatment. Although insurers do not pay for such consultations,
the revenue that is generated from performing the procedure, should the patient choose to have it,
will cover the cost of the use of the technology.
34 What does the writer say in the first paragraph about the use of telemedicine?
A It is not always economically viable.
B The applications wouldn't be cost-effective if they were paid for by insurers.
C Patients will not have to pay for the applications.
D It would not be applicable to rural areas.
35 In the second paragraph, the writer advises that telemedicine ought to be

A the strategic delivery point for healthcare.
B planned with communications technology in mind.
C the most prominent plan of any healthcare organisation.
D a significant feature of any scheme for providing medical services.
36 The writer regards the question of cost-effectiveness as one that

A does not satisfy rural patients.
B only affects access in country areas.
C may not always meet with the approval of doctors and patients.
D will usually cause disagreement among participants.
37 What is the implication of teleradiology for radiology specialists?

A They will lose their jobs.
B They will no longer need to visit smaller hospitals.
C They will be consulted more frequently by small rural hospitals.
D They can do more routine work.
38 What benefit could telemedicine provide in the field of prisoner healthcare?

A more limited scope for abuse of healthcare opportunities by prisoners
B a safer environment for prisoners needing treatment
C more relaxation time for prison warders
D a complete service for all the prisoners' medical needs within the prison
39 The writer implies that telemedicine in the field of home healthcare will
A do away with the need for any lengthy stays in hospital.
B allow patients to remain under observation while at home.
C result in patients having to tell doctors what their blood pressure is.
D lead to people with chronic health conditions being denied hospital treatment.
40 What is the benefit of using telemedicine for consultations?

A Doctors will now be able to check patients' medical records.
B Patients can decide whether they are able to get on with the doctor.
C Rural patients don't have to pay the consultant a visit at the outset.
D It makes it necessary for third parties to pay for the medical treatment.
34 A
other applications enhance access to care but are not cost-effective
35 D
Telemedicine, one of the communications technologies that will figure significantly in healthcare
delivery in the future, should also figure prominently in the strategic plans of healthcare
organisations.
36 C
Telemedicine participants may disagree about the efficacy and efficiency of a telemedicine
application. For example, while physicians or the hospital may find an application cost-effective,
rural end-users may not.
37 C
Teleradiology technology is most cost-effective for rural providers that have high-bandwidth
communications, because they are able to access specialists in a distant urban area.
38 A
Telecommunications can be used to provide access to medical care for this population while
avoiding the costs of transportation and additional security measures. Providers are able to
provide care in a secure environment, minimising security risks by avoiding contact with
potentially dangerous inmates.
39 B
Telemedicine technology can reduce hospital lengths of stay because follow-up convalescent
care can be provided in the home.
40 C
A doctor can review a patient's medical records and explain the procedure, risks and expected
outcomes without requiring the patient to travel to the urban centre.
Exercise 15.
You are going to read part of an essay on Martin Luther King Jr. For questions 34 - 40,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
To what extent, then, did Martin Luther King's presence affect the civil rights movement?
Answering that question requires us to look beyond the usual portrayal of the black struggle.
Rather than seeing an amorphous mass of discontented blacks acting out strategies determined
by a small group of leaders, we would recognise King as a major example of the local black
leadership that emerged as black communities mobilised for sustained struggles.
King's major public speeches have received much attention, but his exemplary qualities were
also displayed in countless strategy sessions with other activists and in meetings with
government officials. King's success as a leader was based on his intellectual and moral strength
and his skill as a conciliator among movement activists who refused to be simply King's
"followers' or "lieutenants".
The success of the black movement required the mobilisation of black communities as well as
the transformation of attitudes in the surrounding society, and King's wide range of skills and
attributes prepared him to meet the internal as well as the external demands of the movement.
King understood the black world from a privileged position, having grown up in a stable family
within a major black urban community; yet he also learned how to speak persuasively to the
surrounding white world. King could not only articulate black concerns to white audiences, but
could also mobilise blacks through his day-to-day involvement in black community institutions
and through his access to the regional institutional network of the black church. His advocacy of
non-violent activism gave the black movement invaluable positive press coverage, but his
effectiveness as a protest leader derived mainly from his ability to mobilise black community
resources.
The movement's strength and durability came from its mobilisation of black community
institutions, financial resources and grass-roots leaders. The values of southern blacks were
profoundly and permanently transformed not only by King, but also by involvement in sustained
protest activity and community-organising efforts. Rather than merely accepting guidance from
above, southern blacks were resocialised as a result of their movement experiences.
Although the literature of the black struggle has traditionally paid little attention to the
intellectual content of black politics, movement activists of the 1960s made a profound
contribution to political thinking. King may have been born with rare potential, but his most
significant leadership' attributes were related to his immersion in, and contribution to, the
intellectual ferment that has always been an essential part of Afro-American freedom struggles.
Those who have written about King have too often assumed that his most important ideas were
derived from outside the black struggle — from his academic training, his philosophical
readings, or his acquaintance with Gandhian ideas. Scholars are only beginning to recognise the
extent to which his attitudes and those of many other activists, white and black, were
transformed through their involvement in a movement in which ideas were disseminated from
the bottom up as well as from the top down.
Although my assessment of King's role in the black struggles of his time reduces him to human
scale, it also increases the possibility that others may recognise his qualities in themselves.
Idolising King lessens one's ability to exhibit some of his best attributes or, worse, encourages
one to become a debunker, emphasising King's flaws in order to lessen the inclination to exhibit
his virtues. King undoubtedly feared that some who admired him would place too much faith in
his ability to offer guidance and to overcome resistance, for he often publicly acknowledged his
own limitations and mortality. King expressed his certainty that black people would reach the
Promised Land whether or not he was with them. His faith was based on an awareness of the
qualities that he knew he shared with all people. When he suggested his own epitaph, he asked
not to be remembered for his exceptional achievements — his Nobel Prize and other awards, his
academic accomplishments; instead, he wanted to be remembered for giving his life to serve
others, for trying to be right on the war question, for trying to feed the hungry and clothe the
naked, for trying to love and serve humanity. "I want you to say that I tried to love and serve
humanity." Those aspects of King's life did not require charisma or other superhuman abilities.
The notion that appearances by Great Men (or Great Women) are necessary preconditions for the
emergence of major movements for social changes reflects not only a poor understanding of
history, but also a pessimistic view of the possibilities for future social change. Waiting for the
Messiah is a human weakness that is unlikely to be rewarded more than once in a millennium.
Studies of King's life offer support for an alternative optimistic belief that ordinary people can
collectively improve their lives. Such studies demonstrate the capacity of social movements to
transform participants for the better and to create leaders worthy of their followers.
34 What does the writer tell us about King in the opening paragraph?
A We must look beyond the black movement to assess King's contribution to it.
B King was merely one of many black leaders who only influenced a local community.
C King gained in prominence as people in his community became organised.
D King's community did not feature discontented blacks.
35 The writer indicates that King's success as a leader

A was largely due to his public speeches.
B owed much to his ability to persuade.
C would probably not have been possible without help from government officials.
D stopped short of gaining the respect of other activists.
36 Which phrase, as it is used in the text, exemplifies "the external demands of the
movement"
A the mobilisation of black communities
B from a privileged position
C articulate black concerns to white audiences
D mobilise blacks through his day-to-day involvement
37 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that King's championship of a peaceful way
of operating
A enhanced the way in which activists were portrayed.
B was the principal reason for his becoming an effective leader.
C encouraged the black press.
D made the black movement worth mentioning in the newspapers.
38 What does the reader learn about the spreading of ideas in the black movement?
A The ideas came from literature on the black struggle.
B King's academic training had no bearing on the matter.
C King's most influential ideas came from outside the struggle.
D It was a two-way process between leaders and other participants.
39 The writer says in the sixth paragraph that idolising King

A reduces him to a human scale.
B emphasises his flaws.
C causes some to belittle him.
D increases the chances of people identifying with him.
40 The writer concludes with the idea that people can improve their lives
A through grass roots activism.
B only on rare occasions.
C by understanding history.
D through an optimistic belief in leaders.
34 C
Rather than seeing an amorphous mass of discontented blacks acting out strategies determined
by a small group of leaders, we would recognise King as a major example of the local black
leadership that emerged as black communities mobilised for sustained struggles.
35 B
King's success as a leader was based on his intellectual and moral strength and his skill as a
conciliator among movement activists who refused to be simply King's "followers' or
"lieutenants"
36 C
he also learned how to speak persuasively to the surrounding white world. King could not only
articulate black concerns to white audiences
37 A
His advocacy of non-violent activism gave the black movement invaluable positive press
coverage
38 D
Scholars are only beginning to recognise the extent to which his attitudes and those of many
other activists, white and black, were transformed through their involvement in a movement in
which ideas were disseminated from the bottom up as well as from the top down.
39 C
Idolising King lessens one's ability to exhibit some of his best attributes or, worse, encourages
one to become a debunker, emphasising King's flaws in order to lessen the inclination to
exhibit his virtues.
40 A
Such studies demonstrate the capacity of social movements to transform participants for the
better and to create leaders worthy of their followers.
Exercise 16.
You are going to read an extract from an article about pain. For questions 45 - 50, choose
the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
SHARING PAIN
Much as humans can feel pain,' they can be incredibly insensitive to the potential suffering of
other life forms. Witness the scorn held by those with high thresholds of pain for those who are
less fortunately equipped. There are those who assert that suffering is a burden unique to the
human race, whereas, on the other side of the debate, there are those who contend that all life
forms, whether free from the soil or attached to it, can experience discomfort, if not agony.
Amongst the mainstream attitudes, between these two extremes, it is interesting to note that our
ability to attribute feelings to other species discriminates against more alien species in favour of
those that share more characteristics with us. For instance, there are several welfare organisations
that look out for the interests of various mammals, particularly common household pets, but have
you ever been asked to support a society that protects the cockroaches trying to scratch a living
in our kitchens?
Even to those with a limited grasp of scientific principles, it follows that creatures with a brain
attached to a spinal cord have, like us, the prerequisites for registering pain and all the
consequences that involves. What is more, the fact that research on rat brains has afforded us a
wealth of knowledge about human emotions can only support the notion that animals also
experience emotions. While some of these observations may be obvious to pet owners and others
who have day-to-day contact with animals, actual scientific knowledge of the distress
experienced by animals has been improved through monitoring blood chemistry changes that
animals undergo when they are being hunted.
It is easier for many of us to dismiss the concept of pain in species that we don't consider to be
part of our closely shared environment. For example, many of those who shudder at the thought
of cuddly seal pups being clubbed to death have no qualms about fishing. After all, fishing is just
a relaxing sport and they never hear fish screaming, even when fighting with a hook caught
firmly in their flesh. But from the zoological point of view it can not be denied that, like humans,
fish have a brain, spinal cord and nervous system. Like rats, fish have also been shown to be
capable of learning in controlled situations. What is more, they, like us, have the capacity to
produce their own pain killers. Would this not suggest that they too feel pain?
In comparison to fish, there are other orders of animal life that are even further removed from us
in terms of their lack of similarity to mammals. Take crustaceans, for example. Crabs, lobsters
and suchlike have a hard outer shell for protection and do not share a skeletal structure similar to
ours. Although many people do not think of them as suffering pain in the way that we do, there
are plenty of us who would not feel happy about cooking them in the recommended manner,
presumably because we do feel that they are. capable of suffering. As every chef knows, they
must be cooked by being dropped live into boiling water in order to avoid the flesh becoming
poisonous. Some cooks prefer to freeze them alive shortly before cooking them, or opt for an
instant execution with one blow of a butcher's cleaver.
At least we don't hear fruit screaming while we peel it, or encounter vegetables sweating heavily
as they are brought closer to the chopping board or a pan full of boiling water, Perhaps this is
why a vegetarian lifestyle commends itself to some. But does this mean that plants are totally
insensitive? An experiment carried out in the 1960s by a former CIA interrogation expert might
suggest otherwise. In this experiment, plants were linked to a form of lie detector which
registered changes in electrical conductivity in the leaves when the plants were exposed to stress.
The event which triggered the stress was the experimenter dropping live shrimps into boiling
water, No such results were registered when the experiment was repeated with shrimps that were
already dead.
However, to equate this response with pain does not fit in with our understanding of the role of
the nervous system in experiencing pain, since there is no nervous system involved in these
cases. Obviously, a plant may be distressed in some way if it is deprived of water, sunlight or
nutrients, but it is a different thing to label this as pain.
45 In the opening paragraph, the writer suggests that

A all living creatures experience pain.
B humans are unique in feeling pain.
C household pets feel more pain than cockroaches.
D humans care more about the pain of certain animals.
46 Research into pain

A uses blood chemistry analysis.
B is inconclusive.
C has been conducted on rats.
D has given information to hunters.
47 According to the writer, fish

A have been proven to experience pain.
B suffer less, when caught, than hunted foxes do.
C have excellent memories.
D have similarities with humans.
48 What is the issue concerning lobsters?

A whether to become a vegetarian
B whether to freeze them
C how to kill them humanely

D how to cook them
49 The writer seems to suggest that plants
A also feel pain.
B react to stress in the environment.
C only respond when shrimps are boiled alive.
D control alterations in their electrical conductivity.
50 The writer gives the impression that, on the issue of causing pain to animals, he is
A objective.
B ironical
C sensitive.
D disbelieving.
45 D
Amongst the mainstream attitudes, between these two extremes, it is interesting to note that our
ability to attribute feelings to other species discriminates against more alien species in
favour of those that share more characteristics with us.
46 A
actual scientific knowledge of the distress experienced by animals has been improved through
monitoring blood chemistry changes that animals undergo when they are being hunted.
47 D
After all, fishing is just a relaxing sport and they never hear fish screaming, even when fighting
with a hook caught firmly in their flesh. But from the zoological point of view it can not be
denied that, like humans, fish have a brain, spinal cord and nervous system
48 C
Although many people do not think of them as suffering pain in the way that we do, there are
plenty of us who would not feel happy about cooking them in the recommended manner,
presumably because we do feel that they are. capable of suffering.
49 B
plants were linked to a form of lie detector which registered changes in electrical conductivity
in the leaves when the plants were exposed to stress
50 A
Exercise 17.
You are going to read an extract from an article about traffic congestion. For questions 45
— 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION REASSESSED
Congestion is the bane of modern life, yet no more than we deserve. It is the result of our
commodity-obsessed stupidity. In Joel Schumacher's 1992 film falling Down, a demented
Michael Douglas finally cracks under the stresses of modern American life — in a traffic jam.
The heat, the fumes, the flies and the sweat all accentuate his sense of suffocation. He has to get
away, breathe again, decongest his tubes, empty his barrels. Traffic jams feature, too, in Jean Luc
Godard's critique of consumerism run wild, Weekend (1968). Following one gruesome pile-up, a
hysterical woman runs back to the carnage, not to help the dying, but to rescue her Hermes
handbag.
We see congestion as an urban disease; since the 19th century, city routes have been described as
arteries. Now, the new mayor thinks he has found the cure, with his proposals for road charges in
London. But what if the mayor's 'diagnosis is wrong? Is it possible that traffic congestion is not a
symptom of urban disease, even less a sign of social meltdown, but rather a mark of robust
health? Just as physicians no longer advocate bleeding, nor try to stimulate the flow of the
humours, perhaps traffic congestion is another aspect of circulation that is best left alone. Before
dismissing the idea, just try thinking of a decent world city that is not regularly gripped by
gridlock.
Congestion is slow-moving traffic. Nothing more complicated than that, although it is worth
noting the discriminatory definition of 'traffic', which is generally applied only to motor traffic
(20 cars waiting at traffic lights indicate traffic congestion, whereas 20 pedestrians waiting to
cross the same road do not). If we don't have congestion, then, we have two alternatives: either
fast-moving motor traffic or no motor traffic. Is either situation actually any better than
congestion?
Speeding up urban traffic dominated the minds of planners and city administrators throughout
the 20th century. The visions of Le Corbusier and the brutal realities of Robert Moses's New
York freeways are only the two most widely known cases. ''A city made for speed is made for
success," wrote Le Corbusier. The connection between the two notions still appears logical in
many circles — a successful economy or business is one in which money circulates, and profits
accrue, speedily.
But money is an abstract and increasingly amorphous concept. Cars are not. Allowing hard,
heavy, speeding vehicles to come into contact with fleshy mortals is a recipe for disaster. Cutting
the death toll has consistently dominated the minds of planners. Modernists such as Le Corbusier
and Moses engineered new types of urban road on which only motor vehicles were permitted,
but there are obvious limits to this approach. Not only is the cost prohibitive, in terms of money
and destruction, but there are people inside those vehicles, heading to a place where they will
want to get out, walk about, stay alive.
So, in cities around the world, planners sought ways to enable speeding motorists and vulnerable
non-motorists to coexist. It has proved a tortuous exercise, and one based on a notion of
compromise: that it must surely be possible to allow motorists to enjoy reasonable speed while
affording pedestrians a reasonable chance of survival. In this mood of give and take, pedestrians
have been contained and controlled, apparently for their own good. Walking through many urban
areas has become a pinball experience of pedestrian barriers, bollards, street signage, constricted
pavements, walk/don't walk signs, pedestrian underpasses, overpasses, and jaywalking
restrictions. Yet, in almost every city in the world, the violence inflicted on human beings by
motor vehicles still far outstrips the violence inflicted by crime. Not much of a deal.
Then there have been the other costs associated with trying to manage the competing claims of
speed and safety, in particular those of the countless research institutions, university
departments, engineers, planners, systems analysts, etc, all apparently dedicated to finding better
means for managing motor traffic. Plus the costs of installing and operating their solutions: the
one-way systems, tidal-flow roads, urban clearways, gyratories, underpasses, overpasses, eyes in
the sky, traffic lights, parking restrictions, speed cameras, and so on. Few of these experts would
deny that somewhere in their heads was the kernel of that modernist vision — flashing tail lights
on elevated freeways — but the tabula rasa was mythical. These were real cities and real people's
lives that had to be devastated before they could be rebuilt. Despite all this physical and mental
exertion, average road journey times in London have remained unchanged for a century.
45 In the first paragraph, the writer wishes to present traffic jams as

A one of the consequences of materialism.
B the result of hysteria.
C a staple of cinema critiques.
D the main element in scenes of death and destruction.
46 The writer draws a parallel between medical science and traffic in the second paragraph
to underline the
A deleterious effect of traffic on our health.
B tragic consequences traffic has for society.
C possibility that current thinking may be flawed.
D relationship between the mayor and medical practitioners.
47 What does the writer imply in the third paragraph?

A People are irrelevant to questions of urban traffic control.
B Congestion may not be so disastrous as we assume.
C It is easier for pedestrians to use roads than for drivers.

D Pedestrians need traffic-free streets.
48 The connection between speed of circulation and profitability is shown to be

A less obvious than some people imagine.
B the only logical conclusion to be drawn.
C the reason why people in vehicles stay alive.
D the overriding consideration as far as planners are concerned.
49 The writer suggests that the compromise between the interests of motorists and
pedestrians
A makes walking a more exciting experience.
B is the only reasonable balance achievable.
C is essential for the good of pedestrians.
D has not proved satisfactory.
50 What is implied about the traffic management ploys referred to in the last paragraph?
A They are unnecessary.
B They are always too costly to implement.
C Their overall effectiveness is open to question.
D They invoke mythical principles.
45 A
Traffic jams feature, too, in Jean Luc Godard's critique of consumerism run wild, Weekend
(1968). Following one gruesome pile-up, a hysterical woman runs back to the carnage, not to
help the dying, but to rescue her Hermes handbag.
46 C
But what if the mayor's 'diagnosis is wrong? Is it possible that traffic congestion is not a
symptom of urban disease, even less a sign of social meltdown, but rather a mark of robust
health?
47 B
If we don't have congestion, then, we have two alternatives: either fast-moving motor traffic or
no motor traffic. Is either situation actually any better than congestion?
48 A
The connection between the two notions still appears logical in many circles — a successful
economy or business is one in which money circulates, and profits accrue, speedily. But money
is an abstract and increasingly amorphous concept. Cars are not. Allowing hard, heavy, speeding
vehicles to come into contact with fleshy mortals is a recipe for disaster...Not only is the cost
prohibitive, in terms of money and destruction, but there are people inside those vehicles,
heading to a place where they will want to get out, walk about, stay alive.
49 D
Walking through many urban areas has become a pinball experience of pedestrian barriers,
bollards, street signage, constricted pavements, walk/don't walk signs, pedestrian underpasses,
overpasses, and jaywalking restrictions. Yet, in almost every city in the world, the violence
inflicted on human beings by motor vehicles still far outstrips the violence inflicted by crime.
Not much of a deal.
50 C
Despite all this physical and mental exertion, average road journey times in London have
remained unchanged for a century.
Exercise 18.
You are going to read an extract from an article about cloning. For questions 45 — 50,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
CLONING: WHERE IS IT TAKING US?
When the cloned sheep, Dolly, first hit, the newspapers, nearly 90 per cent of Americans found
human cloning morally repugnant. Perhaps no other moral issue in American history has
produced such near unanimity. But politicians have been reluctant to cement this consensus into
law. A bill recently introduced would have outlawed human cloning under a penalty of up to ten
years in prison. It lost under a hail of criticism that it would be an unnecessary impediment to
scientific research. This is a seductive argument, especially when cancer victims make it.
But the talk of concrete material benefits from cloning assumes that if it is permissible to
reproduce certain cells for certain purposes (eg — to reproduce a burn victim's remaining healthy
skin cells to produce a graft), it is permissible to reproduce human beings in a Petrie dish.
Humans are embodied beings, our souls and physical selves are profoundly intertwined. Cloning
would take the humanity out of human reproduction and, in so doing, rob our spirits of
something that cannot be replaced artificially. Furthermore, the manufacture of human beings on
demand without conception would turn people into made-to-order goods, and would in aggregate
debase our respect for human life.
Most advocates of cloning ignore the moral arguments and tempt us with small concrete benefits.
These potential benefits play on our current notions of rights and our culture of compassion in a
way that gives them considerable political force. But these arguments do not sustain scrutiny.
There is little disagreement about the profound effects the cloning of human beings would have
on human nature. However, some cloning apologists simply respond, "So what?"
We hear most often that cloning could provide perfectly compatible body parts for people who
need them, or that it could enable infertile couples to have "biological" offspring. It is hard to say
without sounding callous, but death and bodily infirmity are concomitant with human existence
and, in the long run, unavoidable. We live in a society where longevity is becoming a value in
itself, but longevity cannot justify a practice that is basically wrong. As for infertility, it is not
even a disabling sickness that, on humanitarian grounds, we should feel obliged to alleviate. It is
simply a limitation. There is nothing heartless about saying that people should resort to
alternatives besides cloning, like adoption.
When defenders of cloning talk about the brave new world of medical techniques it is important
to remember what cloning entails: the DNA-laden nucleus from a somatic cell is placed into a
denucleated egg and stimulated into growth with an electric shock. What begins to grow is a
"fertilised" egg, an embryo — not a kidney or any other disembodied piece of tissue.
Charles Krauthammer recently wrote about experiments in which headless mice were created,
and raised the spectre of headless humans used as organ factories: "There is no grosser
corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disembowelling it for spare
parts." Actually, there is perhaps one grosser corruption, for the "headless human" scenario is
still a science fiction nightmare: it is much easier to delete mouse genes (preventing the head
from growing) than human genes. In the meantime, cloned organs would probably have to
develop within human foetuses, which would be aborted when the organs were ready. This is
called "organ farming": growing human life as material. Advocates of cloning like to sidestep the
idea of organ farming with visions of growing organs, not a foetus.
The infertility applications of cloning have nightmares of their own. Consider: a woman wants
"biological" children, but her ovaries do not work because of age or other reasons. She clones
herself. The foetus will be female, and have, inside her ovaries, a lifetime supply of eggs, exactly
identical to the woman's own eggs. The foetus is then aborted and the eggs harvested for
implantation in the woman. This is an option actually entertained by some fertility doctors, who
say they already see a market for it; cloning defenders celebrate this as a marvellous extension of
a woman's reproductive capabilities.
The fact that people are already inventing — and endorsing —such scenarios demonstrates the
corrosive magic this technology works on the notion of human dignity. Indeed, it is not just the
horrific applications but cloning itself that are abominations. For we human beings are
unavoidably defined by our biological, embodied natures. How we come into being is not trivial:
it is central to who we are.
45 In the first paragraph the writer suggests that Americans

A are not keen to ban human cloning.
B have ethical objections to human cloning.
C want a lot more research into human cloning.
D are divided on the issue of human cloning.
46 The writer argues in the second paragraph that human cloning

A goes against nature.
B will help certain people.
C diminishes human dignity.
D should be done in a laboratory.
47 According to the writer, the arguments for human cloning

A stress the ethical issue.
B refer to real advantages.
C persuade politicians.
D are not well-founded.
48 What point is the writer making about infertility?

A It should be treated by any means possible.
B It is an unavoidable part of life.
C It does not justify cloning.
D It is not an important issue.
49 According to the writer, the creation of headless mice

A illustrates the potential direction of biotechnology.
B was done to create organs.
C makes it easier to create headless humans.
D is more wrongful than developing organs from human foetuses.
50 Which word sums up the writer's opinion of human cloning?

A exciting
B indefensible
C beneficial
D speculative
45 B
nearly 90 per cent of Americans found human cloning morally repugnant.
46 C
Cloning would take the humanity out of human reproduction and, in so doing, rob our spirits of
something that cannot be replaced artificially.
47 D
But these arguments do not sustain scrutiny.
48 C
We live in a society where longevity is becoming a value in itself, but longevity cannot justify a
practice that is basically wrong. As for infertility, it is not even a disabling sickness that, on
humanitarian grounds, we should feel obliged to alleviate. It is simply a limitation.
49 A
Charles Krauthammer recently wrote about experiments in which headless mice were created,
and raised the spectre of headless humans used as organ factories: "There is no grosser
corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disembowelling it for spare parts.
50 B
Exercise 19.
You are going to read an article about surveillance. For questions 34-40, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
FREEDOM VS SECURITY
In much-vaunted rhetoric, the eleventh of September 2001 has gone down in history books as
'the day the world changed forever'. This was seen as a positive change, with the majority of
nations supporting a clamp-down on terrorism on an international basis, and calling for more co-
operation between intelligence agencies and police forces.
Unfortunately, a more sinister force was unleashed, and democratic countries that formerly
valued the freedom of the individual suddenly became the targets of criticism for non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International and civil liberties
campaigners like Statewatch, an independent group which monitors threats to privacy and civil
liberties in the European Union.
In some countries, civil liberties had already been compromised. Many Europeans had been
living with closed circuit television cameras in public places for many years, for example, and
accepted their existence as a necessary evil which would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus
assuring the safety of the majority. However, after the September 11th attacks, governments
hastily dusted off and revived ancient statutes or drafted sweeping new acts which were aimed at
giving themselves and the police considerably more powers with a view to cracking down on
terrorists, wherever they were to be found.
In the decade prior to 2001, government policies were put in place which aimed to provide
citizens with access to information. People were empowered to check their personal data to
ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie — in banks, local government offices, etc).
Now, though, draconian measures were suddenly proposed, which included the storing of
personal communications, including all e-mails and phone calls, for at least one year, with all
telecommunications firms having to keep records of the names and addresses of their clients as
well as the numbers and addresses of calls and e-mails sent by them. Governments argued, quite
convincingly, that such measures were necessary to combat terrorism, and other benefits were
also played up, such as improved ability to track child abductors. While balking at the idea of
telephone-tapping and uncontrolled information-swapping among government agencies, the
public, by and large, have been receptive to other such measures, but they may yet live to regret
their compliance.
An independent study of 50 countries published in 2002 criticised Britain, in particular, over a

series of measures which, its authors say, have undermined civil liberties, especially since the
September 11th attacks. They accuse the government of having placed substantial limitations on
numerous rights, including freedom of assembly, privacy, freedom of movement, the right to
silence and freedom of speech. The implementation of tough new measures severely limiting the
number of immigrants accepted by Western countries has also raised concerns among civil rights
groups, who point out that laws aimed at reducing global terrorism have penalised many
legitimate refugees fleeing war-torn countries or repressive regimes. Furthermore, these
measures have had far-reaching effects. Repressive regimes around the world have seized upon
the precedent being set by the West to legitimise their own previously questionable human rights
practices, with only NGOs like Amnesty International left to cry foul.
Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of their own personal freedom by
adopting new technologies that offer more convenience and security (eg — extensive use of
credit cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards, etc), while compromising their freedom. It is
easier to trace a person's movements when such cards are used. Willingness to give up privacy in
exchange for security will remain a strong force, and some companies have jumped on the
bandwagon, offering "personal location" devices aimed at parents who fear for their children's
safety. Whilst this may seem reasonable, consider the following: at what age does a rebellious
teenager have the right to remove such a tracking chip?
It seems a strange concept that, in the twenty-first century, the very peoples who have fought for
their freedom of expression and movement and freedom of the press are now allowing their
governments to have access to personal and confidential information which would have been
unthinkable a decade ago. For countries like Britain to be found to have acted unlawfully by
discriminating against foreign nationals would also have been unthinkable once, given Britain's
strong legislation against racial discrimination and the existence of a commission whose sole
purpose is to investigate charges of such acts. There used to be a distinction between countries
which had poor records of human rights abuses and more liberal countries, but the dividing line
has become a trifle blurred.
George Orwell predicted that the age of surveillance would be 1984; he was 17 years out in his
calculations, but Orwell would have been horrified to discover that convenience and security
have become more important to the majority than basic human rights
34 In the second paragraph, the writer implies that

A certain NGOs are having to resort to undemocratic action.
B state repression is much more commonplace in countries that used to guard against it.
C civil liberties activists are endangering privacy.
D certain European Union countries lack respect for individual freedoms.
35 The writer indicates that before September 2001
A terrorism wasn't considered a threat in countries that now act against it.
B the police in some countries didn't have enough resources to fight terrorism.
C the police in some countries had been demanding more powers.
D some countries had dispensed with laws that had given the police more powers.
36 What does the writer feel about government attitudes to the individual in the 1990s?
A There was a move towards building public confidence with regard to the subject of personal
information.
B No careful thought had been given to using personal communications to combat crime.
C. Information about phonecalls and e-mails wasn't kept long enough.
D. Government policies unwittingly encouraged child abductions.
37 What is the general attitude of citizens to the question of the right to privacy?
A. People see this as their inalienable right.
B. They are prepared to surrender their liberty to some extent.
C. People have been placated with jargon about reducing crime.
D. People are not convinced that their rights are under threat.
38 What point is made about tracing people's movements or activities through financial
transactions?
A. It makes people feel more secure.
B. People have willingly exchanged privacy for convenience.
C. It could help parents who fear for their children's safety.
D. People who rely on "plastic" money facilitate such surveillance.
39 What does the writer suggest about some of the new legislation in the second-last
paragraph?
A. Most people in the countries concerned find it unacceptable.
B. People had to struggle to achieve this.
C. It is contrary to the spirit of other existing legislation.
D. It is mainly relevant to foreigners.
40. What point does the writer make about George Orwell and his predictions?
A. Orwell would have been dismayed at the reasons underlying the current situation.
B. If he were alive, he would say that he had been right.
C. The prediction was fairly inaccurate.
D. Orwell would have been horrified by the importance of security.
34 D
democratic countries that formerly valued the freedom of the individual suddenly became the
targets of criticism for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty
International and civil liberties campaigners like Statewatch, an independent group which
monitors threats to privacy and civil liberties in the European Union.
35 D
In some countries, civil liberties had already been compromised. Many Europeans had been
living with closed circuit television cameras in public places for many years, for example, and
accepted their existence as a necessary evil which would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus
assuring the safety of the majority. However, after the September 11th attacks, governments
hastily dusted off and revived ancient statutes or drafted sweeping new acts which were aimed at
giving themselves and the police considerably more powers with a view to cracking down on
terrorists, wherever they were to be found.
36 A
In the decade prior to 2001, government policies were put in place which aimed to provide
citizens with access to information. People were empowered to check their personal data to
ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie — in banks, local government offices,
etc).
37 B
While balking at the idea of telephone-tapping and uncontrolled information-swapping among
government agencies, the public, by and large, have been receptive to other such measures,
but they may yet live to regret their compliance.
38 D
Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of their own personal freedom by
adopting new technologies that offer more convenience and security (eg — extensive use of
credit cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards, etc), while compromising their freedom.
39 C
For countries like Britain to be found to have acted unlawfully by discriminating against foreign
nationals would also have been unthinkable once, given Britain's strong legislation against
racial discrimination and the existence of a commission whose sole purpose is to investigate
charges of such acts
40 A
Orwell would have been horrified to discover that convenience and security have become more
important to the majority than basic human rights.
Exercise 20.
You are going to read an excerpt from a book about oral culture in Britain in the 1600s.
For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according
to the text.
The Confusions of Communication in Early Modern

England
In early modern England, there were so many dialects that it was almost impossible to speak of a
national language. The use of language clearly labelled its speaker, serving both to unite
communities and to exclude outsiders.
Given the often highly-localised nature of spoken English in the myriad speech communities
which made up England in the 1600s, it is hardly surprising that communication between them
could be very difficult. To those from outside a district or region, the vocabulary and
pronunciation of locals could be as opaque as any other foreign language. Unsurprisingly, given
the devices which characterise speech (i.e. inflection and intonation, rapid speed of delivery and
collo-quialisrhs), the practical business of comprehension did not so much rear its head on paper;
it revealed itself in oral culture. As Daniel Defoe acknowledged when he tried to portray the
dialect of Somerset, 'it is not possible to explain this fully by writing, because the difference is
not so much in the spelling of words, as in the tone, and diction'.
The confusions of communication in early modern England go some way towards explaining the
patterns of migration in the 17th century. Although a society in which people were highly
mobile, the great majority of movement and resettlement tended to be over relatively short
distances. Youngsters who travelled in search of service or apprenticeship, for example, usually
ventured no further than the nearest large town, often a distance of less than a dozen miles. They
rarely journeyed, in other words, outside their 'country, or speech community. As for those
individuals who were driven to seek subsistence or opportunity further afield, there is some
evidence to suggest that they gravitated towards the neighbourhoods of towns or cities where
other of their 'countrymen' were already settled. D - it was easy for locals to make their speech
incomprehensible and to feign misunderstanding of an unwitting outsider.
Interestingly, dialects varied not only between regions but also between particular trades and
groups of workers. Occupational speech patterns were thus superimposed upon an already
complex configuration of geographically determined ones, and individuals often belonged
simultaneously to a number of separate linguistic communities. Most specialised trades and
crafts had their own words for their particular tools and practices and in many cases different
professions used different terms to describe the same object. When Samuel Johnson came to
compile his famous English dictionary, he was compelled to omit the bewildering terminology of
'art and manufacture' owing to its sheer size.
All of these many and varied vocabularies of region and community, of occupation and
manufacture, point to the highly variegated nature of popular culture in this period. Each of these
linguistic systems was the signifier of mentalities and world views which were often quite
specific to particular places or groups of people. That communication could be difficult between
localities and trades reflects the fact that early modern England was less a unified nation and
more a constellation of communities which, while they may have shared some common cultural
features, stubbornly clung to chauvinistic and exclusive ways of acting, perceiving, and
speaking. There is no more graphic reflection of this than the lack of a national market economy
at this time, due, among other masons, to the fact that many agricultural 'countries' had their own
weights and measures and used different words to describe them. Much quantifying was done
simply by rule-of-thumb. In Essex, John Ray noted that his neighbours spoke of a 'yaspen' or
'yeepsen', which meant as much of something 'as can be taken up in both hands joined together'.
Bushels, strikes and pecks all varied, not only from town to town but also according to the
commodity in question. Wheat and corn, peas and potatoes, apples and pears, all had their own
standards and all were contingent on place: a strike could be anything from half a bushel to four
bushels. Equally, in the case of land, measures depended on the region, as well as both the type
of soil and the nature of the crops grown in it.
This lack of standardisation is also evident in the many dialect words used to denote animals and
plants. There were, for example, over 120 different names nationwide to describe the smallest of
a litter of pigs. Such names given to animals and plants often betrayed the popular beliefs held
about the animal or the uses to which they were put, and the same applies to much of the prolific
dialect vocabulary. In this now obsolete local terminology can be found evidence of everyday
practices and habits, of social customs and modes of thought, which might otherwise have
remained obscure or forgotten were it not for the words which denoted them.
31 What can be inferred from Daniel Defoe's quote in paragraph 1?

A that we can never fully know how dialects were spoken in Britain in the 1600's.
B that there was widespread illiteracy in Britain in the 1600's.
C that regional accents in Britain were much stronger than they are today.
D that Defoe abandoned his attempt to record the dialect of Somerset.
32 What was a characteristic of migration in 17th century Britain?
A Most people migrated because of the need to find work.
B Most people viewed migration as a last resort.
C Migrants only moved within their speech community
D Migrants were not looked upon favourably.
33 The writer implies that occupational linguistic communities
A were much harder to penetrate than geographic linguistic communities.

B had a larger vocabulary size than geographic linguistic communities.
C were an additional means by which to pigeonhole people.
D made learning a trade a very difficult task.
34 The writer suggests that a fundamental reason why Britain was not a unified nation in
the 1600's was
A there was virtually no trading of goods between communities.
B communities had no desire to lose their individuality.
C people in general could not communicate with each other.
D there was an excess of regional dialects in the country.
35 What can you deduce about bushels, strikes and pecks?
A They were types of vegetable.
B They were measures of weight.
C They were measures of land.
D They were trading commodities.
36 The writer concludes by saying the study of Britain's 17th century dialects
A has revealed Britons were a superstitious lot.
B at times brings confusion to the study of social history.
C has informed current farming practices.
D has brought to light many things about the mentality of the time.
31 A
As Daniel Defoe acknowledged when he tried to portray the dialect of Somerset, 'it is not
possible to explain this fully by writing, because the difference is not so much in the spelling
of words, as in the tone, and diction'.
32 D
Strangers or 'foreigners' were, however, regarded with suspicion and treated accordingly
33 C
Occupational speech patterns were thus superimposed upon an already complex

configuration of geographically determined ones, and individuals often belonged
simultaneously to a number of separate linguistic communities.
34 B
That communication could be difficult between localities and trades reflects the fact that early
modern England was less a unified nation and more a constellation of communities which, while
they may have shared some common cultural features, stubbornly clung to chauvinistic and
exclusive ways of acting, perceiving, and speaking.
35 B
Much quantifying was done simply by rule-of-thumb. In Essex, John Ray noted that his
neighbours spoke of a 'yaspen' or 'yeepsen', which meant as much of something 'as can be taken
up in both hands joined together'. Bushels, strikes and pecks all varied, not only from town to
town but also according to the commodity in question
36 D
In this now obsolete local terminology can be found evidence of everyday practices and habits,
of social customs and modes of thought, which might otherwise have remained obscure or
forgotten were it not for the words which denoted them
CHAPTER 4: MULTIPLE MATCHING
Exercise 1:
Facilities that Facilitate

Four young professionals give their views on the exciting new frontiers of
working life.
A Scott
They say it’s a brave new world; well in my experience, with all the new
initiatives that have presented themselves throughout my career, that’s certainly
the case. Technology is coming on by leaps and bounds and some of the things
that are happening in my office are unbelievable! We’ve all heard of ‘hot
desking’ - taking turns sharing a desk with others. Well, in my office all desks
quite literally are ‘hot’ desks! My firm installed infrared heat sensors that detect
when someone is sitting at the spaces. This data is then collated and analysed to
produce reports about how the areas are being used and can be best allocated to
workers. This system is interconnected with an app that sends reminders or
notifications about usage. So, for example, if I leave the desk for longer than an
hour, the app asks me if I’d like to offer it to a colleague! Innovations like this
not only make business sense, they also allow workers new levels of freedom to
maximise their efficiency and reassess how they use their working environment.
B Mary
People tend to throw words like ‘flexitime’ and ‘working from home’ around as
if they are huge luxuries. However, for millennials such as myself, these notions
are not revolutionary; rather they’ve become the norm. For me personally I
expect more than just that, or the tired cliché of having a bean bag or a snooker
table in the corner of the office. With new methods like working in the cloud
and the freedom that wireless connectivity brings, people are starting to realise
that we don’t even need physical offices at all anymore. Desks, cubicles and
even a permanent building really have become antiquated relics of a bygone era.
With cloud computing I can store, share and deliver all my work online via a
tablet or smartphone. Then, with the touch of a finger, I can scroll through jobs
and liaise with clients and recruiters on a freelance basis anywhere or anyplace
in the world; as a result I can let my hair down, be productive, effective and,
most of all, happy!
C Paul
I know that some people might scoff at my generation with thinly veiled
disdain, but we have to acknowledge and accept that the world is changing and
so too are our working needs. Expecting more from a work environment isn’t
about some ungrateful millennial sense of entitlement. It’s about empowerment,
and not just for young people but for everyone. I’m glad that my office doesn’t
have cubicles and instead features open collaborative environments, sofas and
cafés. It’s great that if I want to discuss something I can just grab a colleague, sit
on a soft carpet and brainstorm with them. My company realises that offices
need to have a diverse array of these facilities in order to create environments
that people actually want to be in. Interaction and communicative exchange are
vital in the modern world, and the work spaces at my firm facilitate that and
reflect the aspirations of our employees.
D Jessica
As with all other aspects of our contemporary lives, the concept of the office is
rapidly becoming a fantastic synergy between physical and digital elements.
With the blistering pace of technological advancements in recent years, both
workers and employers have a myriad of choices, and unfettered scope to
innovate. In my office however, the focus is now on well-being more than
anything else and how to attain that. Ambient mood lighting linked to external
sensors, sleep pods, massage therapy and even green spaces and rooftop gardens
are all part of the equation and all feature in my workplace. This blend of
cutting-edge tech with traditional forms of rest is really boosting our worker
contentment and satisfaction. I love having the opportunity to work on my
netbook while sipping a latte and gazing out at panoramic views of the city
skyline. You see, in my company the emphasis is on developing pride in the
workplace and boosting staff retention. After all, with such exquisite facilities,
why would anyone want to work from home anyway?
For questions 1-10, choose from the people (A-D).

Which person gives each of these opinions about office environments?
1 The benefits of mobile working at different locations are overstated.
2 The correct setup can be conducive to cooperation.
3 They represent an outdated way of working.
4 Perceptions about the needs of modern employees are unjustly condescending.
5 Classic approaches and new methods both play an important role in well-being.
6 New advancements allow workers to share resources in exciting new ways.
7 Modernisation offers benefits in terms of both efficiency and satisfaction.
8 Understanding workers’ needs is essential to creating a positive office habitat.
9 New approaches can give office jargon an incredible new meaning.
10 Fashionable gimmicks are not enough anymore.
1D
After all, with such exquisite facilities, why would anyone want to work from home anyway?
2C
My company realises that offices need to have a diverse array of these facilities in order to create
environments that people actually want to be in. Interaction and communicative exchange
are vital in the modern world, and the work spaces at my firm facilitate that and reflect the
aspirations of our employees.
3B
However, for millennials such as myself, these notions are not revolutionary; rather they’ve
become the norm.
4C
I know that some people might scoff at my generation with thinly veiled disdain, but we have
to acknowledge and accept that the world is changing and so too are our working needs
5D
This blend of cutting-edge tech with traditional forms of rest is really boosting our worker
contentment and satisfaction
6A
My firm installed infrared heat sensors that detect when someone is sitting at the spaces. This
data is then collated and analysed to produce reports about how the areas are being used and can
be best allocated to workers.
7B
Then, with the touch of a finger, I can scroll through jobs and liaise with clients and recruiters on
a freelance basis anywhere or anyplace in the world; as a result I can let my hair down, be
productive, effective and, most of all, happy!
8C
.... the work spaces at my firm facilitate that and reflect the aspirations of our employees.
9A
We’ve all heard of ‘hot desking’ - taking turns sharing a desk with others. Well, in my office all
desks quite literally are ‘hot’ desks!
10 B
For me personally I expect more than just that, or the tired cliché of having a bean bag or a
snooker table in the corner of the office. Desks, cubicles and even a permanent building really
have become antiquated relics of a bygone era.
Advanced paraphrasing:
setup = work spaces
be conducive to = facilitate
cooperation = interaction and communicative exchange

outdated = becoming the norm, not revolutionary
unjustly condescending = scoff at, thinly veiled disdain
share resources = allocate
efficient = productive, effective
satisfaction = happiness
Understanding workers’ needs = reflect the aspirations of employees
not enough anymore = antiquated relics of a bygone era

Exercise 2. You are going to read four extracts related to labour-saving devices. For
questions 86-95, choose from the sections (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than
once.
86 how widespread it was to employ others to do menial domestic duties
87 how ancient societies dealt with a problem affecting their appearance
88 the economic effects of two major conflicts
89 details of the harsh effects of a domestic task
90 feelings aroused by the ease enjoyed by others who are more affluent
91 how a workman created something to simplify their job
92 the possible fatal results of employing a particular device
93 the conditions that created the mass production of domestic devices
94 the importance of the weight of a device
95 the need for an inventor to find an investor
A Men with Ideas
In 1907 James Murray Spangler built a machine for cleaning carpets. The device grew out of his
own need, for he was employed as a janitor in a department store and used a broom and carpet
sweeper in his daily work. Spangler was apparently familiar with the then new idea of using
suction to remove dust and dirt from carpets. It occurred to him that carpets could be more easily
cleaned with the sweeping action used in the carpet sweeper.
Using tin and wood as materials and a pillow case for a dust bag, he combined the two ideas in a
single machine and although it was a crude and clumsy device, it worked. Spangler lacked the
capital, manufacturing capacity and merchandising experience to market his new machine, so he
contacted a boyhood friend, William H. Hoover, to try to interest him in the project. Hoover
perceived the possibilities of the new device, and a company was formed in 1908 to begin the
manufacture of the machine. Three years later, the company started trading under the name of
‘Hoover’, which remains even today a household word for vacuum cleaners.
B ‘State of the Art’
Until the 1920s, domestic servants were common in Europe and any easing of their lot was
frowned on. It was not until after the First World War, which drained economies and temporarily
obstructed affluent society, that domestic life in Europe started to change. Women were
emancipated, domestic labour less easily available and items previously reserved only for the
wealthy were now available to all. In America, however, things had been different; the rapidly
expanding western frontier had meant hard work and long hours. Combined with high wages and
a labour shortage, this had presented a particularly receptive market for mass produced labour
saving devices of all kinds. When the Second World War came, it crippled Europe but left the
American economy relatively unscathed, with the result that America took the lead in the
production and marketing of household appliances. By the latter part of the century though, the
rest of the world had caught up.
C Wrinkles and Creases
For centuries, ironing garments and household linen to free them of wrinkles and creases has
been an everpresent chore, and still is even in today’s societies where ironed garments continue
to be a desired standard.
In the past before ironing boards, irons and ironing machines, the Chinese stretched their
garments across bamboo poles as a way of smoothing their garments free of wrinkles. The
Greeks folded their garments in chests devised with weights. The Romans used wooden mallets
in order to beat garments into smoothness and later invented the first press to serve that purpose.
Other devices were undoubtedly used, all of which certainly employed weight or friction as a
method of reducing the wrinkles found in fabrics after washing.
In the Middle Ages, it was discovered that cloth pressed while being steamed would hold the
shape into which it was moulded. Numerous devices were invented by which heat and pressure
could be applied to moistened garments. Iron was the heaviest material available at that time and
was a good conductor of heat. Hence the name we still use today.
By the end of the eleventh century, it was recognised that if the irons could be heated from the
inside then the labour involved in heating the iron would be reduced. A much later model was
heated by gas, and eventually around the 1900s, an iron was developed using an electric current.
D Washing Day
I remember when I was young how laborious washing days were for my mother. In those days
we had no running water, and even the simplest handwashing used staggering amounts of time
and labour. She used to fill buckets from a communal pump in the village square and haul them
back to the house to be heated in a tub over a gas stove. My mother spent what seemed like an
eternity on rubbing, wringing and lifting water-laden clothes into a second tub to be rinsed.
Large articles like sheets, table cloths and my father’s heavy work clothes played havoc with her
arms and wrists, and the whole process exposed them to the caustic soap then used.
How my mother would envy those neighbours who were lucky enough to have running water
and electricity, not to mention the privileged few who owned what was then known as a clothes
washer. She consoled herself with something she’d read somewhere, that this type of washer was
a death trap. She might have been right, too; the motor which rotated the tub in the machines was
completely unprotected, so water often dripped into it, causing short circuits and jolting shocks.
Apart from possibly electrocuting the user, it very often left the clothes in shreds.
86 B
Until the 1920s, domestic servants were common in Europe and any easing of their lot was
frowned on.
87 C
For centuries, ironing garments and household linen to free them of wrinkles and creases
has been an everpresent chore, and still is even in today’s societies where ironed garments
continue to be a desired standard.
In the past before ironing boards, irons and ironing machines, the Chinese stretched their
garments across bamboo poles as a way of smoothing their garments free of wrinkles. The
Greeks folded their garments in chests devised with weights. The Romans used wooden mallets
in order to beat garments into smoothness and later invented the first press to serve that purpose.
88 B
When the Second World War came, it crippled Europe but left the American economy
relatively unscathed, with the result that America took the lead in the production and marketing
of household appliance
89 D
Large articles like sheets, table cloths and my father’s heavy work clothes played havoc with
her arms and wrists, and the whole process exposed them to the caustic soap then used.
90 D
How my mother would envy those neighbours who were lucky enough to have running water
and electricity, not to mention the privileged few who owned what was then known as a clothes
washer.
91 A
Spangler was apparently familiar with the then new idea of using suction to remove dust and
dirt from carpets. It occurred to him that carpets could be more easily cleaned with the
sweeping action used in the carpet sweeper.
92 D
She might have been right, too; the motor which rotated the tub in the machines was
completely unprotected, so water often dripped into it, causing short circuits and jolting
shocks.
93 B
In America, however, things had been different; the rapidly expanding western frontier had
meant hard work and long hours. Combined with high wages and a labour shortage, this
had presented a particularly receptive market for mass produced labour saving devices of
all kinds.
94 C
Other devices were undoubtedly used, all of which certainly employed weight or friction as a
method of reducing the wrinkles found in fabrics after washing.
95 A
Spangler lacked the capital, manufacturing capacity and merchandising experience to market his
new machine, so he contacted a boyhood friend, William H. Hoover, to try to interest him in the
project.
Exercise 3.
LIFTING HIGHER EDUCATION TO LOFTIER HEIGHTS?
Academic John Brennan asks whether universities should leave on-the-job training to
employers.
A There is a lot of emphasis nowadays placed on the need for universities and business groups to
get graduates “work ready” through vocational workplace training. This is to be welcomed but it
is also to be questioned – about what it should mean in practice and how it should be applied.
The concept is nothing new. I remember some years back being at a meeting about higher
education and employment, attended by a number of employer representatives. I recall one
employer remarking that of the many thousands of graduates that he had hired what he really
wanted and expected was for each of them to have changed the nature of the job by the time they
had left the role.
B Rather than being concerned with how recruits would fit into existing organisational
arrangements and master existing ways of doing things, here was an employer who expected
graduates to change existing arrangements and ways of working. Who, rather than focusing on
whether graduates had the right kinds of skills and competencies, acknowledged that he didn’t
know what skills and competencies his workers would need in a few years’ time. The very point
of hiring graduates was that he hoped to get people who would themselves be able to work out
what was required and be capable of delivering it and a bold new future.
C Of course, starting any job requires some work-specific knowledge and capability and when
recruiting staff, graduate or non-graduate, employers have a responsibility to provide suitable
induction and training. The responsibilities of higher education are different. They are about
preparing for work in the long term, in different jobs and, quite possibly, in different sectors.
This is preparation for work in a different world, for work that is going to require learning over a
lifetime, not just the first few weeks of that first job after graduation. Current initiatives set out a
perfectly reasonable set of objectives for the ways in which higher education can help prepare
students for their working lives. But much will depend on the interpretation and on recognising
who – higher education or employer – is best equipped to contribute what.
D In the rush to focus on “vocational training to improve graduate employability” academics

need to remember that all higher education is vocational in the sense that it can help shape a
graduate’s capacity to succeed in the workplace. In this way higher education is about life skills,
not just job skills. Many years ago, Harold Silver and I wrote a book entitled A Liberal
Vocationalism. It was based on a project we had just completed on the aims of degree courses in
vocational areas such as accountancy, business and engineering. The book’s title intentionally
conveyed the message that even vocational degree courses were about more than training for a
job. There were assumptions about criticality, transferability of skills, creating and adapting to
change and, above all, an academic credibility.
E Degree courses in subjects such as history and sociology are preparations for employment as
much as vocational degrees such as business and engineering. But the job details will not be
known at the time of study. Indeed, they may not be known until several years later. Thus, the
relevance of higher education to later working life for many graduates will lie in the realm of
generic and transferable skills rather than specific competencies needed for a first job after
graduation. The latter competences are not unimportant but the graduate’s employer is generally
much better equipped than a university to ensure that the graduate acquires them. Work
experience alongside or as part of study can also help a lot. Higher education is for the long term.
Universities, employers and students should realise that.
In which paragraph is it stated that
86 new proposals require an appropriate level of scrutiny?
87 academic subjects have benefits beyond their syllabuses?
88 business is investing in an unknown quantity in the pursuit of an uncertain goal?
89 responsibility for service provision needs to be correctly allocated?
90 educators need to make sure that they don’t lose sight of an important point?
91 the issues discussed are a recurring theme that is yet to be agreed upon?
92 beliefs about the key topics of a study were alluded to in the heading of a publication?
93 industry is better suited to cover some issues than educational institutions?
94 original thinking is key in finding solutions to future challenges?
95 while obligations vary, they are still present for both parties?
86 A
There is a lot of emphasis nowadays placed on the need for universities and business groups to
get graduates “work ready” through vocational workplace training. This is to be welcomed but it
is also to be questioned – about what it should mean in practice and how it should be applied.
87 D
The book’s title intentionally conveyed the message that even vocational degree courses were
about more than training for a job. There were assumptions about criticality, transferability of
skills, creating and adapting to change and, above all, an academic credibility.
88 B
Rather than being concerned with how recruits would fit into existing organisational
arrangements and master existing ways of doing things, here was an employer who expected
graduates to change existing arrangements and ways of working. Who, rather than focusing on
whether graduates had the right kinds of skills and competencies, acknowledged that he didn’t
know what skills and competencies his workers would need in a few years’ time.
89 C
But much will depend on the interpretation and on recognising who – higher education or
employer – is best equipped to contribute what.
90 D
In the rush to focus on “vocational training to improve graduate employability” academics need
to remember that all higher education is vocational in the sense that it can help shape a
graduate’s capacity to succeed in the workplace
91 A
The concept is nothing new. I remember some years back being at a meeting about higher
education and employment, attended by a number of employer representatives. I recall one
employer remarking that of the many thousands of graduates that he had hired what he really
wanted and expected was for each of them to have changed the nature of the job by the time they
had left the role.
92 D
Many years ago, Harold Silver and I wrote a book entitled A Liberal Vocationalism. It was
based on a project we had just completed on the aims of degree courses in vocational areas
such as accountancy, business and engineering.
93 E
The latter competences are not unimportant but the graduate’s employer is generally much
better equipped than a university to ensure that the graduate acquires them.
94 B
The very point of hiring graduates was that he hoped to get people who would themselves be
able to work out what was required and be capable of delivering it and a bold new future.
95 C
Of course, starting any job requires some work-specific knowledge and capability and when
recruiting staff, graduate or non-graduate, employers have a responsibility to provide suitable
induction and training. The responsibilities of higher education are different. They are
about preparing for work in the long term, in different jobs and, quite possibly, in different
sectors.
Exercise 4.
CHEER UP: LIFE ONLY GETS BETTER

Human’s capacity for solving problems has been improving out lot for 10,000 years, says Matt
Ridley
A The human race has expanded in 10,000 years from less than 10 million people to around 7
billion. Some live in even worse conditions than those in the Stone Age. But the vast majority
are much better fed and sheltered, and much more likely to live to old age than their ancestors
have ever been. It is likely that by 2110 humanity will be much better off than it is today and so
will the ecology of our planet. This view, which I shall call rational optimism, may not be
fashionable but it is compelling. This belief holds that the world will pull out of its economic and
ecological crises because of the way that markets in goods, services and ideas allow human
beings to exchange and specialise for the betterment of all. But a constant drumbeat of
pessimism usually drowns out this sort of talk. Indeed, if you dare to say the world is going to go
on being better, you are considered embarrassingly mad.
B Let me make a square concession at the start: the pessimists are right when they say that if the
world continues as it is, it will end in disaster. If agriculture continues to depend on irrigation
and water stocks are depleted, then starvation will ensue. Notice the word “if”. The world will
not continue as it is. It is my proposition that the human race has become a collective problem –
solving machine which solves problems by changing its ways. It does so through invention
driven often by the marker: scarcity drives up price and that in turn encourages the development
of alternatives and efficiencies. History confirms this. When whales grew scarce, for example,
petroleum was used instead as a source of oil. The pessimists’ mistake is extrapolating: in other
words, assuming that the future is just a bigger version of the past. In 1943 IBM’s founder
Thomas Watson said there was a world market for just five computers – his remarks were true
enough at the time, when computers weighed a ton and cost a fortune.
C Many of today’s extreme environmentalists insist that the world has reached a ‘turning point’
– quite unaware that their predecessors have been making the same claim for 200 years. They
also maintain the only sustainable solution is to retreat – to halt economic growth and enter
progressive economic recession. This means not just that increasing your company’s sales would
be a crime, but that the failure to shrink them would be too. But all this takes no account of the
magical thing called the collective human brain. There was a time in human history when big-
brained people began to exchange things with each other, to become better off as a resut. Making
and using tools saved time – and the state of being ‘better off’ is, at the end of the day, simply
time saved. Forget dollars of gold. The true measure of something’s worth is indeed the hours it
takes to acquire it. The more humans diversified as consumers and specified as producers, and
the more they exchanged goods and services, the better off they became. And the good news is
there is no inevitable end to this process.
D I am aware that an enormous bubble of debt has burst around the world, with all that entails.
But is this the end of growth? Hardly. So long as somebody allocates sufficient capital to
innovation, then the credit crunch will not prevent the relentless upward march of human living
standards. Even the Great Depression of the 1930s, although an appalling hardship for many,
was just a dip in the slope of economic progress. All sorts of new products and industries were
born during the depression: by 1937, 40% of Dupont’s sales came from products that had barely
existed before 1929, such as enamels and cellulose film. Growth will resume – unless it is stifled
by the wrong policies. Somebody, somewhere, is still tweaking a piece of software, testing a new
material, of transferring a gene that will enable new varieties of rice to be grown in African soils.
The latter means some Africans will soon be growing and selling more food, so they will have
more money to spend. Some of them may then buy mobile phones from a western company. As
a consequence of higher sales, an employee of that western company may get a pay rise, which
she may spend on a pair of jeans made from cotton woven in an African factory. And so on.
Forget wars, famines and poems. This is history’s greatest theme: the metastasis of exchange and
specialisation.
In which section does the writer Your answers:

exemplify how short-term gloom tends to lift? 86.
mention a doom-laden prophecy that is obvious? 87.
express his hope that progress is not hindered by abominable decisions? 88.
acknowledge trying to find common ground with his adversaries? 89.
identify unequivocally how money needs to be invested? 90.
suggest that his views are considered controversial? 91.
indicate an absurd scenario resulting from an opposing view to his own? 92.
mention the unfortunate consequences of taking a positive stance? 93.
define prosperity in life in an original approach? 94.
give an example of well-intentioned ongoing research? 95.
86. D
So long as somebody allocates sufficient capital to innovation, then the credit crunch will not
prevent the relentless upward march of human living standards. Even the Great Depression of the
1930s, although an appalling hardship for many, was just a dip in the slope of economic progress
87. C
Many of today’s extreme environmentalists insist that the world has reached a ‘turning point’ –
quite unaware that their predecessors have been making the same claim for 200 years.
88. D
Growth will resume – unless it is stifled by the wrong policies.
89. B
Let me make a square concession at the start: the pessimists are right when they say that if the
world continues as it is, it will end in disaster.
90. D
So long as somebody allocates sufficient capital to innovation, then the credit crunch will not
prevent the relentless upward march of human living standards.
91. A
But a constant drumbeat of pessimism usually drowns out this sort of talk.
92. C
They also maintain the only sustainable solution is to retreat – to halt economic growth and enter
progressive economic recession. This means not just that increasing your company’s sales would
be a crime, but that the failure to shrink them would be too. But all this takes no account of the
magical thing called the collective human brain.
93. A
Indeed, if you dare to say the world is going to go on being better, you are considered
embarrassingly mad.
94. C
Making and using tools saved time – and the state of being ‘better off’ is, at the end of the day,
simply time saved. Forget dollars of gold. The true measure of something’s worth is indeed the
hours it takes to acquire it. The more humans diversified as consumers and specified as
producers, and the more they exchanged goods and services, the better off they became
95. D
Somebody, somewhere, is still tweaking a piece of software, testing a new material, of
transferring a gene that will enable new varieties of rice to be grown in African soils.
Exercise 5.
IT’S NOT FAIR

Do animals share our sense of unfairness over displays of greed?
A How often have you seen rich people take to the streets, shouting that they're earning too
much? Protesters are typically blue-collar workers yelling that the minimum wage has to go up,
or that their jobs shouldn't go overseas. Concern about fairness is always asymmetrical, stronger
in the poor than the rich. And the underlying emotions aren't as lofty as the ideal itself. Children
become thoroughy indignant at the slightest discrepancy in the size of their slice of pizza
compared to their sibling's. Their shouts of "That's not fair!" never transcend their own desires.
We're all for fair play so long as it helps us. There's even an old story about this, in which the
owner of a vineyard rounded up labourers at different times of the day. Early in the morning, he
went out to find labourers, offering each 1 denarius. But he offered the same to those hired later
in the day. The workers hired first thing in the morning expected to get more since they had
worked through the heat of the day, yet the owner didn't feel he owed them any more than he had
originally promised.
B That this sense of unfairness may turn out to be quite ancient in evolutionary terms as well
became clear when graduate student Sarah Brosnan and I discovered it in monkeys. When testing
pairs of capuchin monkeys, we noticed how much they disliked seeing their partner get a better
deal. We would offer a pebble to one of the pair and then hold out a hand so that the monkey
could give it back in exchange for a cucumber slice. Alternating between them, both monkeys
would happily barter 25 times in a row. The atmosphere turned sour, however, as soon as we
introduced inequity. One monkey would still receive cucumber, while its partner now enjoyed
grapes, a favourite food with monkeys. While that monkey had no problem, the one still working
for cucumber would lose interest. Worse, seeing its partner with juicy grapes, this monkey would
get agitated, hurl the pebbles out of the test chamber, sometimes even those measly cucumber
slices. A food normally devoured with gusto had become distasteful.
C There is a similarity here with the way we reject an unfair share of money. Where do these
reactions come from? They probably evolved in the service of cooperation. Caring about what
others get may seem petty and irrational, but in the long run it keeps one from being taken
advantage of. Had we merely mentioned emotions, such as "resentment" or "envy," our findings
might have gone unnoticed. Now we drew the interest of philosophers, anthropologists and
economists, who almost choked on the monkey comparison. As it happened, our study came out
at the very time that there was a public outcry about the multimillion dollar pay packages that are
occasionally given out on Wall Street and elsewhere. Commentators couldn't resist contrasting
human society with our monkeys, suggesting that we could learn a thing or two from them.
D Our monkeys have not reached the point at which their sense of fairness stretches beyond
egocentric interests - for example, the one who gets the grape never levels the outcome by giving
it to the other - but in cooperative human societies, such as those in which men hunt large game,
anthropologists have found great sensitivity to equal distribution. Sometimes, successful hunters
aren't even allowed to carve up their own kill to prevent them from favouring their family. These
cultures are keenly aware of the risk that inequity poses to the social fabric of their society. Apes,
as opposed to monkeys, may have an inkling of this connection. High-ranking male
chimpanzees, for example, sometimes break up fights over food without taking any for
themselves. During tests, a female received large amounts of milk and raisins, but noticed her
friends watching her from a short distance. After a while, she refused all rewards. Looking at the
experimenter, she kept gesturing to the others, until they were given a share of the goodies. She
was doing the smart thing. Apes think ahead, and if she had eaten her fill right in front of the
rest, there might have been repercussions when she rejoined them later in the day.
In which section does the writer mention Your answers:

A robust response to news of the writer’s research? 86.
One animal harbouring resentment towards another? 87.
An animal thinking of the consequences of their actions? 88.
Any unfairness provoking a strong and egocentric reaction? 89.
The animal behaviour shown not going as far as equivalent human
90.
behaviour?
A sense of injustice from people having to cope with adverse conditions? 91.
A justification for the irrational sense of unfairness? 92.
An animal’s feeling of injustice leading to preposterous behaviour? 93.
Unfairness among humans being perceived by those who are less well-off? 94.
Examples of both humans and animals behaving with fairness? 95.
86. C
Had we merely mentioned emotions, such as "resentment" or "envy," our findings might have
gone unnoticed. Now we drew the interest of philosophers, anthropologists and economists, who
almost choked on the monkey comparison.
87. B
When testing pairs of capuchin monkeys, we noticed how much they disliked seeing their partner
get a better deal.
88. D
Apes think ahead, and if she had eaten her fill right in front of the rest, there might have been
repercussions when she rejoined them later in the day.
89. A
And the underlying emotions aren't as lofty as the ideal itself.
90. D
Our monkeys have not reached the point at which their sense of fairness stretches beyond
egocentric interests - for example, the one who gets the grape never levels the outcome by giving
it to the other - but in cooperative human societies, such as those in which men hunt large game,
anthropologists have found great sensitivity to equal distribution.
91. A
There's even an old story about this, in which the owner of a vineyard rounded up labourers at
different times of the day. Early in the morning, he went out to find labourers, offering each 1
denarius. But he offered the same to those hired later in the day. The workers hired first thing in
the morning expected to get more since they had worked through the heat of the day, yet the
owner didn't feel he owed them any more than he had originally promised.
92. C
There is a similarity here with the way we reject an unfair share of money. Where do these
reactions come from? They probably evolved in the service of cooperation. Caring about what
others get may seem petty and irrational, but in the long run it keeps one from being taken
advantage of.
93. B
Worse, seeing its partner with juicy grapes, this monkey would get agitated, hurl the pebbles out
of the test chamber, sometimes even those measly cucumber slices.
94. A
Concern about fairness is always asymmetrical, stronger in the poor than the rich.
95. D
Sometimes, successful hunters aren't even allowed to carve up their own kill to prevent them
from favouring their family.
During tests, a female received large amounts of milk and raisins, but noticed her friends
watching her from a short distance. After a while, she refused all rewards. Looking at the
experimenter, she kept gesturing to the others, until they were given a share of the goodies
Exercise 6.
Critics give their personal opinions of films they have seen recently
A Blues Brothers 2000
Eighteen years after the original Blues Brothers movie, director John Landis and his co-writer
Dan Ackroyd have decided to revive the franchise. Unfortunately, the thrill has gone, although
the music is as brash and energetic as ever and Elwood’s stunt driving continues to astound.
Sequences such as the huge, ghostly skeletons of cowboys galloping across the night during the
Blues Brothers’ spirited rendition of ‘Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)’ look stunning in
themselves, but have no bearing on the story.
Blues fans will doubtless relish the wealth of musical talent on display (it’s a far richer array than
the first film’s). Over time Blues Brothers 2000 will probably attain the same massive cult status
as its predecessor, but only the most indulgent of audiences is likely to be happy with this sequel.
B Journey to the Beginning of the World
This is not Manoel de Oliveira’s final film – the tireless 90-year-old director has since made a
follow-up. However, it was the last appearance of Marcello Mastroianni, playing a film director
called Manoel, to all appearances a representation of Oliveira himself.
Oliveira is arguably the most marginal of Europe’s major directors, especially for British
audiences – his only previous release here (and then only just) was 1993’s Abraham Valley.
However, on the festival circuit Oliveira is revered, as much for his longevity as for his varied
and highly eccentric output. The film’s opening section offers us something dauntingly simple,
shot with audacious economy – a series of close-ups of people talking in the back of a car. It
promises a sort of film symposium in the guise of a road movie: after all, on most road trips,
there’s little to do but talk and watch the scenery. At times, Oliveira simply has his camera gaze
out of the car’s rear window as the road recedes.
C City of Angels
Although it is not without flaws, City of Angels stands out from the dreary succession of recent
Hollywood remakes of European movies. This is partly due to Dana Stevens’ screenplay and
Brad Silberling’s direction, which grab hold of the theme of director Wim Wenders’ 1987 film
Wings of Desire and head off very much in their own direction with it. Most of all, however,
City of Angels pleases because it is quite simply so surprising for a mainstream Hollywood
movie. Designer Shay Cunliffe hits the tone precisely, with the angels in baggy suits and long
black duster coats, which are especially effective when they gather in some of their preferred
meeting places – the beach at dawn and dusk, in the city library during the day – invisible to all
but each other (and us).
There is nothing in Silberling’s previous career – which comprises directing episodes of LA Law
and NYPD Blue for television, followed by the kids’ film Casper – to prepare one for the
confidence with which he handles a film in which tone is all. City of Angels is the sort of one-off
we should surely welcome.
D Dad Savage
Strikingly shot in the bleak flatlands of Norfolk, Dad Savage is a British thriller that manages to
conjure up a whole new cinematic landscape, and populates it without falling back on the
stereotypes of bent policeman and East End gangsters. Making her feature debut, television
director Betsan Morris Evans shows that she can put the wide Super 35 frame to impressive use
as well. In the claustrophobic scenes in the cellar (to which the film keeps returning in between
flashbacks), she charts the characters’ changing allegiances through the way she arranges them
across the screen. Above ground, meanwhile, the wide screen captures the yawning emptiness of
the East Anglian marshes, and hints at the corresponding emptiness of the backwater life Vic,
Bob and H are trying to escape from by turning to crime.
If anything, the structure is a bit too intricate: the transitions in and out of flashback are jolting,
and it’s not always clear whose point of view we’re flashing back from.
E Mojo
Adapted from Jez Butterworth’s acclaimed stage play, Mojo occupies the same strange
netherworld as last year’s little-seen The SlabBoys, directed by John Byrne. Both were directed
by their original writers; and both were brought to the big screen through television funding,
which underlines their ultimate smallscreen destiny. Where Mojo has the edge on Slab Boys,
however, is in the sheer quality of its performances, which consistently hold the audience’s
attention even as the narrative shambles distractingly.
The fact that Mojo’s chances of making much impact among cinema-goers are remote shouldn’t
dampen Butterworth’s obvious enthusiasm. On this evidence, he has enough talent to suggest
triumphs ahead, although one wonders whether the screen or the theatre will prove more enticing
for his trade.
F The Wedding Singer
The Wedding Singer is the third collaboration between the comedian Adam Sandler and writer
Tim Herlihy, and as you might expect from the men behind Billy Madison and Happy Gilmore,
it’s not a particularly clever comedy. The 1985 setting, of no importance to the plot, is the pretext
for some cheap retro humour. But somehow, for all its simple-mindedness, this turns out to be a
very winning romantic comedy. A pleasant surprise is Sandler’s singing. Playing opposite him is
Drew Barrymore, who has managed to become a celebrity without ever having a lead role in a
decent movie. As Julia in this film, however, she does wonders with an unremarkable part.
For which of the films does the reviewer state the following? Your answers:
One of the actors gets the most out of an uninspiring role. 86.
It is a follow-up to an earlier film. 87.
It is not likely to be a commercial success. 88.
The public has already had a chance to see it in a different medium. 89.
There are some impressive scenes which are of no significance to the
90.
narrative.
It is more successful than other films of its kind. 91.
One of the characters in the film is likened to the director. 92.
There is no justification for setting the film in the past. 93.
The lives of the characters are mirrored in the scenery. 94.
It has an unusual setting for a film of this kind. 95.
86. F
Playing opposite him is Drew Barrymore, who has managed to become a celebrity without ever
having a lead role in a decent movie. As Julia in this film, however, she does wonders with an
unremarkable part.
87. A
Eighteen years after the original Blues Brothers movie, director John Landis and his co-writer
Dan Ackroyd have decided to revive the franchise.
88. E
The fact that Mojo’s chances of making much impact among cinema-goers are remote
shouldn’t dampen Butterworth’s obvious enthusiasm.
89. E
Adapted from Jez Butterworth’s acclaimed stage play, Mojo occupies the same strange
netherworld as last year’s little-seen The SlabBoys, directed by John Byrne. Both were
directed by their original writers; and both were brought to the big screen through television
funding, which underlines their ultimate smallscreen destiny.
90. A
Sequences such as the huge, ghostly skeletons of cowboys galloping across the night during the
Blues Brothers’ spirited rendition of ‘Riders in the Sky (A Cowboy Legend)’ look stunning in
themselves, but have no bearing on the story.
91. C
Although it is not without flaws, City of Angels stands out from the dreary succession of
recent Hollywood remakes of European movies.
92. B
This is not Manoel de Oliveira’s final film – the tireless 90-year-old director has since made a
follow-up. However, it was the last appearance of Marcello Mastroianni, playing a film
director called Manoel, to all appearances a representation of Oliveira himself.
93. F
The 1985 setting, of no importance to the plot, is the pretext for some cheap retro humour.
94. D
In the claustrophobic scenes in the cellar (to which the film keeps returning in between
flashbacks), she charts the characters’ changing allegiances through the way she arranges them
across the screen
95. D
Strikingly shot in the bleak flatlands of Norfolk, Dad Savage is a British thriller that manages to
conjure up a whole new cinematic landscape, and populates it without falling back on the
stereotypes of bent policeman and East End gangsters.
Exercise 7.
John McCarthy – Computer Pioneer

A John McCarthy was often described as the father of “artificial intelligence” (AI), a branch of
computer science founded on the notion that human intelligence can be simulated by machines.
McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defined it as “the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines” and created the Lisp computer language to help researchers in the AI field.
He maintained that there were aspects of the human mind that could be described precisely
enough to be replicated: “The speeds and memory capacities of present computers may be
insufficient to simulate many of the higher functions of the human brain,” he wrote in 1955, “but
the major obstacle is not lack of machine capacity but our inability to write programs taking full
advantage of what we have.”
B McCarthy went on to create AI laboratories at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and
later at Stanford University where he became the laboratory’s director in 1965. During the 1960s
he developed the concept of computer time-sharing, which allows several people to use a single,
central, computer at the same time. If this approach were adopted, he claimed in 1961,
“computing may someday be organised as a public utility”. The concept of time-sharing made
possible the development so-called “cloud computing” (the delivery of computing as a service
rather than a product). Meanwhile, his Lisp programming language, which he invented in 1958,
underpinned the development of voice recognition technology.
C McCarthy’s laboratory at Stanford developed systems that mimic human skills - such as
vision, hearing and the movement of limbs — as well as early versions of a self-driving car. He
also worked on an early chess-playing program, but came to believe that computer chess was a
distraction, observing in 1997 that it had developed much as genetics might have if the
geneticists had concentrated their efforts starting in 1910 on breeding racing Drosophila. “We
would have some science, but mainly we would have very fast fruit flies.”.
D The concept of AI inspired numerous books and sci-fi films, notably Stanley Kubrick’s
dystopian 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). In the real world, however, the technology made slow
progress, and McCarthy later admitted that there was some way to go before it would be possible
to develop computer programs as intelligent as humans. Meanwhile he applied himself to
addressing theoretical issues about the nature of human and robotic decision-making and the
ethics of creating artificial beings. He also wrote a sci-fi story, The Robot and the Baby, to
“illustrate my opinions about what household robots should be like”. The robot in the story
decides to simulate love for a human baby.
E McCarthy taught himself mathematics as a teenager by studying textbooks at the California
Institute of Technology. When he arrived at the institute to study the subject aged 16, he was
assigned to a graduate course. In 1948 a symposium at Caltech on “Cerebral Mechanisms in
Behaviour”, that included papers on automata and the brain and intelligence, sparked his interest
in developing machines that can think like people. McCarthy received a doctorate in
Mathematics from Princeton University in 1951 and was immediately appointed to a chair in the
subject. It was at Princeton that he proposed the programming language Lisp as a way to process
more sophisticated mathematical concepts than Fortran, which had been the dominant
programming medium until then. McCarthy joined the Stanford faculty in 1962 after short
appointments at Princeton, Dartmouth and MIT, remaining there until his official retirement in
2000.
F During the 1970s he presented a paper on buying and selling by computer, prophesying what
has become known as e-commerce. He also invited a local computer hobby group, the
Homebrew Computer Club, to meet at the Stanford laboratory. Its members included Steve Jobs
and Steven Wozniak, who would go on to found Apple. However, his own interest in developing
time-sharing systems led him to underestimate the potential of personal computers. When the
first PCs emerged in the 1970s he dismissed them as “toys”. McCarthy continued to work as an
emeritus professor at Stanford after his official retirement, and at the time of his death was
working on a new computer language called Elephant. McCarthy won the Turing Award from
the Association for Computing Machinery in 1972, the Kyoto Prize in 1988 and the National
Medal of Science in 1990. Despite his disappointment with AI, McCarthy remained confident of
the power of mathematics: “He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense,” he
wrote in 1995.
In which section are the following mentioned? Your answers:

the speed at which McCarthy made progress in his career 86.
an opinion McCarthy had which proved to be mistaken 87.
McCarthy’s belief that one of his ideas could have a widespread function 88.
McCarthy’s attention to the moral aspects of an area of research 89.
what inspired McCarthy to go into a certain area of research 90.
McCarthy’s view of what was the cause of a certain problem 91.
McCarthy’s attempt to introduce a rival to something commonly used 92.
McCarthy’s continuing belief in the importance of a certain field 93.
a prevailing notion about the stature of McCarthy 94.
McCarthy’s criticism of an area of research he had been involved in 95.
86. E
87. F
However, his own interest in developing time-sharing systems led him to underestimate the
potential of personal computers. When the first PCs emerged in the 1970s he dismissed them
as “toys”.
88. B
If this approach were adopted, he claimed in 1961, “computing may someday be organised as
a public utility”.
89. D
Meanwhile he applied himself to addressing theoretical issues about the nature of human and
robotic decision-making and the ethics of creating artificial beings.
90. E
In 1948 a symposium at Caltech on “Cerebral Mechanisms in Behaviour”, that included papers
on automata and the brain and intelligence, sparked his interest in developing machines that
can think like people.
91. A
“The speeds and memory capacities of present computers may be insufficient to simulate many
of the higher functions of the human brain,” he wrote in 1955, “but the major obstacle is not
lack of machine capacity but our inability to write programs taking full advantage of what
we have.”.
92. E
It was at Princeton that he proposed the programming language Lisp as a way to process
more sophisticated mathematical concepts than Fortran, which had been the dominant
programming medium until then.
93. F
Despite his disappointment with AI, McCarthy remained confident of the power of
mathematics: “He who refuses to do arithmetic is doomed to talk nonsense,” he wrote in 1995.
94. A
John McCarthy was often described as the father of “artificial intelligence” (AI), a branch
of computer science founded on the notion that human intelligence can be simulated by
machines.
95. C
He also worked on an early chess-playing program, but came to believe that computer chess
was a distraction.
Exercise 8.
Has technology robbed travel of its riches?

A Jan Morris
I began travelling professionally just after the end of the Second World War, and I travelled
mostly in Europe, where famous old cities lay ravaged. Travelling in this disordered region was
not easy. Currencies were hard to come by, visas were necessary almost everywhere, food was
often scarce, trains were grimy and unreliable and air travel was reserved largely for privileged
officialdom. I’m sorry to have to say it, because those times were cruel indeed for many
Europeans, but I greatly enjoyed my travelling then. The comfort and safety of modern transport
means that while travel is a lot less fraught than it used to be, it has lost some of its allure for me.
Partly, I am almost ashamed to admit, this is because now everybody else does it too! Travelling
abroad is nothing unusual, and even if we haven't actually been to the forests of Borneo or the
Amazon jungles, have certainly experienced them via television or the internet.
B Pico Iyer
The world is just as interesting – as unexpected, as unvisited, as diverse – as it ever was, even
though the nature of its sights and our experience of them have sometimes changed. I once spent
two weeks living in and around Los Angeles airport – that hub of modern travel and, although it
wasn't a peaceful holiday, it offered as curious and rich a glimpse into a new century of crossing
cultures as I could imagine. Places are like people for me and, as with people, the wise, rich,
deeply rooted places never seem to change too much, even though they might lose some hair or
develop wrinkles... Though the tides of history keep washing against a Havana or a Beirut, for
instance, their natural spiritedness or resilience or sense of style never seems greatly diminished.
My motto as a traveller has always been that old chestnut from the writings of Marcel Proust:
"The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new sights, but in seeing with new eyes".
C Benedict Allen
Now, the world is open to us all. Grab your camera or pen and hike! So these couldn't be better
times for the average person – we may all share in the privilege. Is it exploration? Well, if it's not
advancing knowledge, no. Those who today flog to the Poles are not explorers, they are simply
athletes. Yet, exploration isn't entirely about assembling proven fact. Dr David Livingstone made
many discoveries in Africa but his biggest role was actually as communicator, giving the
nineteenth-century Europeans a picture of the continent. Take Ed Stafford's recent walk along the
length of the Amazon. Not a greatly significant journey in itself, with 2,000 miles of it along
what is essentially a shipping lane. Yet the journey was saved from irrelevance and self-
indulgence because along the way he documented the Amazon for his time, which is our time.
D Vicky Baker
Personally, I relish the fact that we can now forge new contacts all around the world at the click
of a button and a quick email can result in the type of welcome usually reserved for a long lost
friend. I also relish the fact that we are less likely to lose touch with those whose paths we cross
on the road that we get to explore places we wouldn’t have stumbled across had we left it all to
chance. Does all this detract from the experience? I hardly think so. There is nothing to stop you
following a random tip you saw on an obscure blog and ending up who knows where. Sure, it's a
far cry from what came before, but one day these will be a generation's "good old days" too. And
if you have the time and the money to go off into the back of beyond without so much as a
guidebook let alone a smartphone, if haphazard wandering is your thing, those days aren't over
either.
E Rolf Potts
Many of the older travellers I met when I first started vagabonding fifteen years ago – some of
them veterans of the 1970s hippy trail across Asia – argued that my travel experiences were
tainted by luxuries such as email and credit cards. These days I am myself tempted to look at
younger travellers and suggest that smartphones and micro-blogging are compromising their
road experiences. Any technology that makes travel easier is going to connect aspects of the
travel experience to the comforts and habits one might seek back home – and can make travel
feel less like travel. There are times when a far-flung post office encounter or directions
scribbled onto a scrap of paper can lead a person into the kind of experiences that make travel so
surprising and worthwhile. That means 21st-century travellers must be aware of when their
gadgets are enhancing new experiences, and when those gadgets are getting in the way.
Which writer Your answers:

suggests that places retain their essential identity despite the passage of time? 86.
refers to a tendency for each generation of travellers to look down on the 87.
next?
expresses a personal feeling of nostalgia for some of the hardships in the 88.
past?
feels that travel can still be spontaneous and unpredictable in the age of the 89.
internet?
explains how even seemingly pointless journeys can have a worthwhile
90.
outcome?
questions the use of a term in relation to one type of traveller? 91.
reveals a slight sense of guilt in an attitude towards the modern traveller? 92.
offers a word of caution for those who want to get the most out of a trip? 93.
mentions valuable insights gained from observing other travellers? 94.
insists that modern travellers can do without modern technology if they so 95.
desire?
86. B
Places are like people for me and, as with people, the wise, rich, deeply rooted places never seem
to change too much, even though they might lose some hair or develop wrinkles... Though the
tides of history keep washing against a Havana or a Beirut, for instance, their natural spiritedness
or resilience or sense of style never seems greatly diminished
87. E
Many of the older travellers I met when I first started vagabonding fifteen years ago – some of
them veterans of the 1970s hippy trail across Asia – argued that my travel experiences were
tainted by luxuries such as email and credit cards. These days I am myself tempted to look at
younger travellers and suggest that smartphones and micro-blogging are compromising their
road experiences.
88. A
I began travelling professionally just after the end of the Second World War, and I travelled
mostly in Europe, where famous old cities lay ravaged. Travelling in this disordered region was
not easy. Currencies were hard to come by, visas were necessary almost everywhere, food was
often scarce, trains were grimy and unreliable and air travel was reserved largely for privileged
officialdom.
89. D
There is nothing to stop you following a random tip you saw on an obscure blog and ending up
who knows where
90. C
Dr David Livingstone made many discoveries in Africa but his biggest role was actually as
communicator, giving the nineteenth-century Europeans a picture of the continent. Take Ed
Stafford's recent walk along the length of the Amazon. Not a greatly significant journey in itself,
with 2,000 miles of it along what is essentially a shipping lane. Yet the journey was saved from
irrelevance and self-indulgence because along the way he documented the Amazon for his time,
which is our time.
91. C
Those who today flog to the Poles are not explorers, they are simply athletes.
92. A
I’m sorry to have to say it, because those times were cruel indeed for many Europeans, but I
greatly enjoyed my travelling then. The comfort and safety of modern transport means that while
travel is a lot less fraught than it used to be, it has lost some of its allure for me. Partly, I am
almost ashamed to admit, this is because now everybody else does it too! Travelling abroad is
nothing unusual, and even if we haven't actually been to the forests of Borneo or the Amazon
jungles, have certainly experienced them via television or the internet.
93. E
That means 21st-century travellers must be aware of when their gadgets are enhancing new
experiences, and when those gadgets are getting in the way.
94. B
I once spent two weeks living in and around Los Angeles airport – that hub of modern travel and,
although it wasn't a peaceful holiday, it offered as curious and rich a glimpse into a new century
of crossing cultures as I could imagine.
95. D
And if you have the time and the money to go off into the back of beyond without so much as a
guidebook let alone a smartphone, if haphazard wandering is your thing, those days aren't over
either.
Exercise 9.
A Monosodium Glutamate
Good food is one of life’s pleasures and even 1,200 years ago, oriental cooks knew that food
tasted better when prepared with a soup stock made from a type of seaweed. But it was only in
1908 that Japanese scientists identified the ingredient responsible for enhancing flavour.
That ingredient is known today by its scientific name, monosodium glutamate. It is often referred
to as MSG and it is an amino acid found in virtually all foods. The bound form is linked to other
amino acids in proteins and is manufactured in the human body. The free form of glutamate in
foods enhances food flavours. Tomatoes, cheese and mushrooms are just some free glutamate
rich foods. Free glutamate content increases during ripening, bringing out a fuller taste in many
foods and is made as a flavour enhancer by a fermentation process similar to that used for
making soy sauce and vinegar.
People have long known about the four basic tastes - sweet, sour, salty and bitter. But now a fifth
basic taste called umami has been recognised. This is imparted to foods by glutamate and is
responsible for the savoury taste of many foods, such as tomatoes and cheese.
B Organic Food & Business!

Organic farmers pride themselves on fostering sustainable agriculture, but it remains to be seen if
the industry’s rapid growth is in fact sustainable. One challenge facing the industry is to bring
the price of organic products more in line with those of conventional products. The price of
organic ingredients is improving but demand still outpaces supply. However, supply issues are
overshadowed by the fact that the organic foods sector continues to grow faster than the food
industry as a whole, fundamentally due to the natural alliance between organic crops and
processed foods. Firstly, organic foods earmarked for processing do not have to be as
cosmetically perfect as their fresh counterparts. In addition, freezing or tinning reduces many of
the shelf-life problems associated with fresh produce. It was only a question of time before
mainstream food companies woke up to these synergies.
The pioneers of the organic food industry view the growing presence of major food companies in
their markets as a mixed blessing. Many smaller companies fear that the ideals of organic
agriculture will be compromised. Others think major food companies will help persuade
consumers to buy organic products through the power of their branding.
C Chilli
Capsicums, commonly known as chillis, come in all dimensions and colours from the tiny,
pointed, extremely hot, bird’s eye chilli, to the large, mild, fleshy peppers like the Anaheim.
Indigenous to Central and South America and the West Indies, they were cultivated long before
the Spanish conquest, which was the eventual cause of their introduction to Europe. Chillis along
with tomatoes, avocados, vanilla and chocolate changed the flavours of the known world. Today,
there are around 400 different varieties of chillis grown. They are easy to cultivate and are one of
the world’s most widely distributed crops, available for sale at most food outlets.
In 1902, a method was developed for measuring the strength of a given variety of capsicum,
ranking it on a predetermined scale. This originally meant tasting the peppers, but nowadays it
can be done more accurately with the help of computers to rate the peppers in units to indicate
parts per million of capsaicin. This potent chemical not only causes the fiery sensation, but also
triggers the brain to produce endorphins, natural painkillers that promote a sense of well-being.
D Writing about Cooking

Two cookery writers are often credited with the present revival of interest in food and cooking.
Elizabeth David discovered her taste for good food when she lived with a French family for two
years. After returning to England she learnt to cook so that she could reproduce some of the food
that she had come to appreciate in France. Her first book appeared when rationing was still in
force after the war and most of the ingredients she had so lovingly described were not available.
At the time her book was read rather than used, and it created a yearning for good ingredients
and for a way of life that saw more in food than mere sustenance. Her later books confirmed her
position as the most inspirational and influential cookery writer in the English language. She
shared with Jane Grigson an absorbing interest in the literature of cookery.
Jane Grigson was brought up in the north-east of England, where there is a strong tradition of
good eating, but it was not until she began to spend time in France that she became really
interested in food. She was renowned for her fine writing on food and cookery, often catching
the imagination with a deftly chosen fragment of history or poetry, but never failing to explain
the ‘why’ as well as the ‘how’ of cookery.
In which section are the following mentioned? Your answers:

a group of foods that changed the way an area of the world cooked 86.
a period of time when access to food was restricted 87.
a comparison of the process of producing a substance with that used for some other 88.
foods, too
the global popularity of a particular food 89.
an interest in discovering more about unfamiliar types of food 90.
the discrepancy between the amount of a type of food produced and the demand for it 91.
a substance that reinforces the savoury aspect of food 92.
a way of determining the strength of a foodstuff 93.
using literary forms to talk about food dishes 94.
worries about the ethical future of a food industry 95.
86 C
Chillis along with tomatoes, avocados, vanilla and chocolate changed the flavours of the known
world.
87 D
Her first book appeared when rationing was still in force after the war and most of the
ingredients she had so lovingly described were not available.
88 A
Free glutamate content increases during ripening, bringing out a fuller taste in many foods and is
made as a flavour enhancer by a fermentation process similar to that used for making soy sauce
and vinegar.
89 C
Today, there are around 400 different varieties of chillis grown. They are easy to cultivate and
are one of the world’s most widely distributed crops, available for sale at most food outlets.
90 D
After returning to England she learnt to cook so that she could reproduce some of the food that
she had come to appreciate in France.
91 B
The price of organic ingredients is improving but demand still outpaces supply.
92 A
That ingredient is known today by its scientific name, monosodium glutamate. It is often referred
to as MSG and it is an amino acid found in virtually all foods. The bound form is linked to other
amino acids in proteins and is manufactured in the human body. The free form of glutamate in
foods enhances food flavours.
93 C
In 1902, a method was developed for measuring the strength of a given variety of capsicum,
ranking it on a predetermined scale.
94 D
She was renowned for her fine writing on food and cookery, often catching the imagination with
a deftly chosen fragment of history or poetry, but never failing to explain the ‘why’ as well as the
‘how’ of cookery.
95 B
Many smaller companies fear that the ideals of organic agriculture will be compromised.

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Page Tài Liệu Tiếng Anh Nâng Cao

(35) The writer states that art therapy can be useful

The Finnish Education System

(33) In the third paragraph, we learn that Finland's education system

D took over forty years to convert into the success it is today

(34) What is the Finnish education system's approach to standardised testing?

(35) The Finnish education system

(36) Why does the writer mention refugees?

TELEMEDICINE CAN LOWER COSTS AND IMPROVE ACCESS

Before implementing telemedicine technology, providers should assess its return-on-investment

35 In the second paragraph, the writer advises that telemedicine ought to be

36 The writer regards the question of cost-effectiveness as one that

D will usually cause disagreement among participants.

37 What is the implication of teleradiology for radiology specialists?

38 What benefit could telemedicine provide in the field of prisoner healthcare?

40 What is the benefit of using telemedicine for consultations?

other applications enhance access to care but are not cost-effective

35 The writer indicates that King's success as a leader

39 The writer says in the sixth paragraph that idolising King

45 In the opening paragraph, the writer suggests that

46 Research into pain

47 According to the writer, fish

48 What is the issue concerning lobsters?

C how to kill them humanely

TRAFFIC CONGESTION REASSESSED

45 In the first paragraph, the writer wishes to present traffic jams as

47 What does the writer imply in the third paragraph?

C It is easier for pedestrians to use roads than for drivers.

48 The connection between speed of circulation and profitability is shown to be

45 In the first paragraph the writer suggests that Americans

46 The writer argues in the second paragraph that human cloning

47 According to the writer, the arguments for human cloning

48 What point is the writer making about infertility?

49 According to the writer, the creation of headless mice

50 Which word sums up the writer's opinion of human cloning?

nearly 90 per cent of Americans found human cloning morally repugnant.

But these arguments do not sustain scrutiny.

An independent study of 50 countries published in 2002 criticised Britain, in particular, over a

34 In the second paragraph, the writer implies that

The Confusions of Communication in Early Modern

31 What can be inferred from Daniel Defoe's quote in paragraph 1?

A were much harder to penetrate than geographic linguistic communities.

Occupational speech patterns were thus superimposed upon an already complex

CHAPTER 4: MULTIPLE MATCHING

Facilities that Facilitate

For questions 1-10, choose from the people (A-D).

setup = work spaces

cooperation = interaction and communicative exchange

outdated = becoming the norm, not revolutionary

unjustly condescending = scoff at, thinly veiled disdain

share resources = allocate

efficient = productive, effective

Understanding workers’ needs = reflect the aspirations of employees

not enough anymore = antiquated relics of a bygone era

86 how widespread it was to employ others to do menial domestic duties

87 how ancient societies dealt with a problem affecting their appearance

88 the economic effects of two major conflicts

89 details of the harsh effects of a domestic task

91 how a workman created something to simplify their job

92 the possible fatal results of employing a particular device

93 the conditions that created the mass production of domestic devices

94 the importance of the weight of a device

95 the need for an inventor to find an investor