ETILEN

Dwi Setyati
 ETHYLENE H2C=CH2

 Nature of Ethylene
Ethylene, unlike the rest of the plant
hormone compounds is a gaseous hormone.
 Like abscisic acid, it is the only member of its
class. Of all the known plant growth
substance, ethylene has the simplest
structure.
 It is produced in all higher plants and is
usually associated with fruit ripening and the
tripple response (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth,
1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross,
1992).
Gane (1934):
Ethylene as a natural plant product
ETILEN
 Pembentukan etilen meningkat dengan
semakin tua dan masaknya buah.
Buah apel dan pisang merupakan
buah klimakterik yang memproduksi
gas etilen dalam jumlah yang relatif
banyak selama proses masak buah dan
penyimpanan buah.

 Kutikula pada permukaan buah

bertindak sebagai barrier yang resisten
terhadap keluarnya etilen, sehingga
etilen di dalam buah lebih tinggi daripada
konsentrasi eksternal di atmosfer.
KARAKTERISTIK ETILEN

 Etilen merupakan senyawa hidrokarbon tidak

jenuh, berupa gas tidak berwarna, lebih
ringan, sedikit larut dalam air (pada tekanan
udara 1 atm suhu 0°C kelarutannya 315 ppm).
 Beberapa gas sebagai senyawa tidak jenuh :
acetilen, propilen, karbon monooksida dan
allen mempunyai pengaruh fisiologis pada
tanaman menyerupai etilen, tetapi diantara
itu, etilen yang berpengaruh paling
efektif, diikuti propilen dan asetilen.
ETHYLENE

H H
\ /
C = C
/ \
H H
ETHYLENE
BIOSYNTHESIS

 meristematic regions and nodal regions

 during leaf abscission and flower senescence, as
well as during fruit ripening
 physiological stresses: wounding, flooding,
chilling, disease, temperature or drought, etc.
 Sources:
gymnosperms and lower plants, bacteria, fungi
 even marine sponge and cultured mammalian
cells can respond to ethylene.
 the biologically active concentration: 1L L-1.
Synthesized in most tissues of
almost all higher plants
Easily isolated and quantified
Also found in gymnosperms
lower plants
bacteria
BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM

 Ethylene is produced in all higher plants and

is produced from methionine in essentially all
tissues.
 Production of ethylene varies with the type of
tissue, the plant species, and also the stage of
development.
 The mechanism by which ethylene is produced
from methionine is a 3 step process (McKeon
et al., 1995; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ETHYLENE IS PRODUCED FROM METHIONINE IS A 3
STEP PROCESS (MCKEON ET AL., 1995; SALISBURY AND ROSS, 1992).

 ATP is an essential component in the synthesis of ethylene from

methionine. ATP and water are added to methionine resulting in
loss of the three phosphates and S-adenosyl methionine.

 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC-synthase)

facilitates the production of ACC from SAM.
Oxygen is then needed in order ro oxidize ACC and produce
ethylene. This reaction is catalyzed by an oxidative enzyme called
ethylene forming enzyme.

 ACC synthase is the rate limiting step for ethylene production

and it is this enzyme that is manipulated in biotechnology to
delay fruit ripening in the "flavor saver" tomatoes (Klee and
Lanahan, 1995).
http://bh.kyungpook.ac.kr/~sdsong/images/05-02%20Ethylene.gif
BIOSINTESIS ETILEN
Ethylene synthesis begins with methionine and ATP combining
to produce S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as catalyzed by SAM
synthetase, which is also known as AdoMet synthetase. SAM is
then converted to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)
as catalyzed by ACC synthase.

ACC synthase is induced by several stresses including flooding,

wounding, and drought as well as aspects of fruit-ripening and
IAA and auxinic herbicides

The final step for ethylene production is catalyzed by ACC

oxidase which produces ethylene, hydrogen cyanide and carbon
dioxide from ACC
Enzymes in Ethylene Biosynthetic Pathway
Stresses induce ACC synthase activity
FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP
BIOSINTESIS ETILEN

Antara lain adalah stres

(flooding, drought, salt, kerusakan mekanik, infeksi
hama dan penyakit)

 Flooding :
 Dalam keadaan stres ex : tergenang (flooding)
(anaerob), ACC meningkat selama stres /
akumulasi ACC sehingga ACC ini sebagai
signal stres (bukan SAM).
 ACC yang diproduksi di akar selanjutnya
ditransfer ke batang dan di sinilah ACC →
Etilen dalam keadaan aerob.
AKTIVITAS ETILEN

 Umumnya lebih kecil molekulnya akan lebih

besar aktifitasnya, akibatnya aktifitasnya
menurun dengan semakin panjang rantainya,
seperti metil asetilen kurang aktif
dibanding asetilen.
 Ikatan tidak jenuh diantara atom
karbonnya penting untuk menentukan
aktifitasnya. Senyawa dengan ikatan
tunggal diantara atom karbonnya tidak aktif,
tetapi bila dengan ikatan rangkap sangat
aktif.
Dwi Setyati 2017
In grapes, application of gibberellic acid
increases the size of fruit and loosens
clustering.
FUNCTIONS OF ETHYLENE
 Ethylene is known to affect the following plant
processes (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven,
1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992):
1. Stimulates the release of dormancy.
2. Stimulates shoot and root growth and differentiation
(triple response)
3. May have a role in adventitious root formation.
4. Stimulates leaf and fruit abscission.
5. Stimulates Bromiliad flower induction.
6. Induction of femaleness in dioecious flowers.
7. Stimulates flower opening.
8. Stimulates flower and leaf senescence.
8. Stimulates fruit ripening
Perlakuan etilen pada kecambah menimbulkan “triple response”
* hipokotil pendek
* hipokotil menebal
* hipokotil membengkok seperti kait
STAGES OF RIPENING/MATURATION ARE REGULATED
BY PHYTOREGULATORS (HORMONES).

 An other important plant hormone involved with

ripening is the chemical ethylene. Ethylene is a gas
created by plants at the final stage of maturation.
Ethylene causes increased levels of certain enzymes in
the fruit. These enzymes include:
• amylase, which breaks down starch to produce simple
sugars.
• pectinase breaks down pectin, the substance that
keeps fruit hard.
• Other enzymes break down the green pigment
chlorophyll, which is replaced by other coloured
pigments such as blue, yellow or red.
http://cropsci.uiuc.edu/classes/cpsc112/images/PGR/Ethylfruit.jp
g
 BUAH
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KLIMAKTERIK NON KLIMAKTERIK

Apel, melon, Anggur, jeruk,

KLIMAKTERIK
mangga, pisang, semangka ketimun
apokat, pepaya, nanas, limau, arbei
tomat dll. dll.

Matang setelah dipanen Matang di pohon

RESPIRASI
• Control of ripening in fruit itself
• Ripening associated with respiratory climacteric
The climacteric rise
in respiration
CO2 evolution

Initiation Ripening
of ripening

Maturation
Overripening

Time
• Low temp, high CO2, N2 delay ripening
• Ripening is a metabolically active process
 Klimakterik

Periode klimakterik :
Periode dalam perkembangan beberapa organ
tanaman yang melibatkan serangkaian perubahan
biokimia yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan
respirasi alami dan produksi etilen secara
autokatalitik.
Pematang
an
• Ethylene Climacteric
promotes the Ethylene
climacteric.
• Natural

CO2 evolution
climacteric Initiation Ripening
results from of ripening
fall in auxin
and rise in Maturation
ethylene Over-
production. ripening

Time
• Ethylene production starts just before the climacteric
• If ethylene production inhibited or ethylene removed, fruits
do not ripen.
Role of endogenous ethylene
• Leaf abscission.

C2H4
 LEAF ABSCISSION AND SENESCENCE
Abscission

• An overwintering
mechanism.

• Also used for

dissemination of
seeds.

• Abscission layer of
specialized cells.
• Abscission promoted
by SD and low
temperatures.
 • Auxin from leaf IAA
blade delays
abscission.

• Abscission
promoted by
ethylene, but only
in aged leaves.

• During natural
abscission ethylene
produced by
C2H4 abscission zone
cells.
• Stages of abscission in abscission zone cells:
• All the following are promoted by ethylene
• (1) Aging
C2H4
• (2) Inhibition of auxin
transport from leaf

• (3) synthesis of wall Cellulase mRNA

degrading enzymes,
notably cellulase
C2H4
cellulase enzyme
• (4) secretion of
Cellulase secretion
cellulase into the cell
wall leads to wall C2H4
degradation
• (5) cells swell and
push each other
apart.
C2H4