BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
K.R. ROAD V.V. PURA, BANGALORE- 560004
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
IV SEM- ANALOG CIRCUITS(18EC42)
Guided by- Prof.MANJULA A R
TOPIC
CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR  ·
Assignment- 2
PRESENTED BY-
RITIKA SAHU [1BI20ET026]
CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is an electric oscillator type circu

that uses a piezoelectric resonator, a crystal, as its
frequency-determining element. Crystal is the
common term used in electronics for the
frequency-determining component, a wafer
of quartz crystal or ceramic with electrodes
connected to it. A more accurate term for it
is piezoelectric resonator. Crystals are also used
in other types of electronic circuits, such as
 crystal filters.
 FEATURES OF CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
18pF of Load Capacitance.
Frequency Tolerance(Ƹf/f) range is ± 30ppm.
Frequency Temperature Stability range is ±50ppm.
Resonance Resistance 40ohms (max)
Oscillation mode: Fundamental mode.
Shunt Capacitance less than 7pF.
Drive Level less than 100µW.
Operating Temperature Range: -20 to + 70°C.
Operable Temperature Range: -25 to + 85°C
Storage Temperature Range: -55 to + 125°C
Insulation Resistance: 500 M ohms
Popular Crystal Oscillators
8MHz, 11.0592MHz, 12MHz, 16MHz, 20MHz, 32MHz
There are many other crystal oscillators available in the market with different
frequency.
 
 APPLICATIO
Used in frequency
NS synthesizers
Used in special types of receivers
Used as crystal clock in microprocessors
Colpitts Crystal Oscillator Application
Armstrong Crystal Oscillator
Military and Aerospace
Radio and TV transmitters

Quartz Crystal Circuit

 WORKING
PRINCIPLE
The equivalent electrical circuit diagram shown below. The basic components used in
the circuit are inductance L represents crystal mass, capacitance C2 represents
compliance, and C1 is used to represent the capacitance that is formed because of the
crystal’s internal structure friction. crystal’s mechanical moulding, is represented by R.

The crystal oscillator circuit usually works on the principle of the inverse piezoelectric effect.
The applied electric field will produce a mechanical deformation across some materials. Thus, it
utilises the vibrating crystal’s mechanical resonance, which is made with a piezoelectric material for
generating an electrical signal of a particular frequency.
 Crystal Oscillator Working

The series resonance occurs when the reactance produced by capacitance C1 is equal
and opposite to the reactance produced by inductance L. The fr and fp represents series
and parallel resonant frequencies respectively, and the values of ‘fr’ and ‘fp’ can be
determined by using the following equations shown in the figure .
The above diagram describes an equivalent circuit, plot graph for Resonant frequency,
Formulae for Resonant frequencies.

The resistors R1, and R2, and RE form voltage divider stabilised dc bias circuit. The radio
frequency choke prevents oscillations produced from entering the dc power supply. When the
circuit is switched on, the noise signal generated increases the collector current which charges
the capacitors C1, and C2. The discharging current induces an emf across plates of the crystal
which oscillates and produces the resonant frequency. The crystal, C1, and C2 produce a
phase shift of 180° and the transistor produces a phase shift of 180°. Thus the phase shift
around the loop is 360°, the require condition for the sustained oscillations
 THE ADVANTAGES OF A CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
The secret to the accuracy of quartz watches is none other than the quartz itself. The quartz
is the centerpiece of a crystal oscillator inside the watch.This electronic circuit produces
precise electrical oscillations from the quartz’s piezoelectric property. This handles the clock’s
timing signal.
STABILITY
The secret to the accuracy of quartz watches is none other than the quartz itself. The quartz
is the centerpiece of a crystal oscillator inside the watch.
High Q
The Q factor or quality factor describes how ‘underdamped’ oscillators are.
Oscillators with a high Q factor are slower to die out. This means that you need less energy to maintain a
constant signal frequency.
Frequency Customization and Range
You can customize the frequency at which the crystal vibrates. This is done by precise cutting of the crystal
to a specific thickness, size, and shape. The frequencies can range from a few kilohertz to well over one
hundred megahertz.

Low Phase
Noise
The phase noise is another important feature of an oscillator’s performance. Phase noise is
random, short-term fluctuations in the frequency domain. In communications systems,
phase noise can reduce the signal quality.

A Crystal Oscillator Is Compact and

Inexpensive
 TYPES OF CRYSTAL
OSCILLATOR
There are different types of crystal oscillator circuits such as the Colpitts crystal
Oscillator which normally uses a common collector amplifier, Pierce Crystal Oscillator
which uses transistors and FETs, the Butler oscillator which is a crystal-controlled
oscillator and the Tri-tet oscillator which is a crystal-controlled vacuum tube
oscillator circuit. The Pierce oscillator configuration is commonly used because of cost, size, stability,
and easy implementation. It includes a resistor, two capacitors, a
single digital inverter, along with the quartz crystal.
When designing a crystal oscillator circuit you should think in terms of the crystal’s
internal series resistance.  The equivalent series resistance that the crystal is seeing
must be equal to or less than the crystal’s internal series resistance to get the best
frequency stability. 

ELECTRICAL
MODEL
A quartz crystal can be modeled as an electrical network with low- impedance (series) and high-
impedance (parallel) resonance points spaced closely together. Mathematically, the impedance of this
network can be written as:
 
Adding capacitance across a crystal causes the (parallel) resonant frequency to decrease.Adding 
inductance 
across a crystal causes the (parallel) resonant frequency to increase. These effects can be used to adjust the
frequency at which a crystal oscillates. Crystal manufacturers normally cut and trim their crystals to have a
specified resonant frequency with a known "load" capacitance added to the crystal.
 REFERENCES
Text Books:
1. Microelectronic Circuits, Theory and Applications, Adel S Sedra, Kenneth C Smith, 6th
Edition, Oxford, 2015. ISBN:978-0-19-808913-1 2 Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits,
Ramakant A Gayakwad, 4thEdition. Pearson Education, 2000. ISBN: 8120320581
Reference Books:
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th
Edition, Pearson Education, 2013, ISBN: 978-93-325 4260-0.
1. Microelectronic Circuits, Theory and Applications,
Adel S Sedra, Kenneth C Smith, 6th Edition, Oxford,
2015. ISBN:978-0-19-808913-1 2 Op-Amps and Linear
Integrated Circuits, Ramakant A Gayakwad, 4th
Edition. Pearson Education, 2000. ISBN: 8120320581
Reference Books:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, Robert L.
Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, 11th Edition, Pearson
Education, 2013, ISBN: 978-93-325 4260-0.
2. Fundamentals of Microelectronics, Behzad Razavi,
2nd Edition, John Weily, 2015, ISBN 978-81-265-7135-2
3. J.Millman & C.C. Halkias-Integrated Electronics, 2nd
edition, 2010,