ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-23

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
PROJECT REPORT ON:
To study the features on which the self-inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in series
with a resistance bulb in a circuit fed up by an ac source of
adjustable frequency
REG NO. :
ROLL NO. :
NAME : MD. RAYAT ALI
CLASS : XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS
CODE : 042
PROJECT GUIDE: ARPITA CHAKRABARTI
PALLAV DE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:-
I would like to express my gratitude to all the people who
have helped me to successfully complete my project.

Firstly, I would like to express heartfelt gratitude to CBSE for

giving such a wonderful opportunity to create a project a
project and gain knowledge about this knowledgeable topic.

Secondly, I would thank our principle of our Institution,

Burdwan Model School (BMS), Bipin Bihari Singh for giving
us this wonderful support and motivation to complete this
project successfully.

Thirdly, I would like to thanks my Physics faculty who

helped me in single aspect during the preparation of
this project.

And lastly, I would like to thank all my teachers, my

parents, and my friends who have been very
supportive to me and for which this project have
become a successful one.
INDEX:-

• Introduction
• Aim
• Apparatus
• Theory
• Circuit Diagram
• Procedure
• Observation
• Results
• Precautions
• Sources of error
• Application of self-Induction
• Tesla Coil Working Principle
• Tesla Coil Current Diagram
• Tesla Coil Working
• Oscillation Frequency
• Advantages / Disadvantages of Tesla Coil
• Application of Tesla coil
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
INTRODUCTION:-
What is self-inductance?
•When an electric current is passed through an insulated
conducting coil, it gives rise to a magnetic field in the coil
so that the coil itself behaves like a magnet.
•The magnetic flux produced by the current in the coil is
linked with the coil itself.
•As the strength of the current in the coil is changed, the
flux linked with the coil also changes. Under such
circumstances an emf is induced in the coil too. Such emf is
called a self-induced emf and this phenomenon is known
as self-induction.
AIM:-
To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil
depends by observing the effect of this coil, when put in
series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C.
source of adjustable frequency.

APPARATUS:-
A coil of large turns, A.C. source of adjustable
frequency, an electrical bulb ,(6V) A.C. ammeter of
suitable range rheostat ,a soft iron rod, one way key,
connecting wires etc.
THEORY:-

Self-inductance is the property of a coil which opposes

the change in current through it. The self-inductance
of a coil (long solenoid) is
L=µ0 µrN2A/ l
Where µr, = Relative magnetic permeability of
magnetic material,
µr = µ/ µ0
N = Total number of turns in solenoid A = Area of

cross-section of solenoid l = length of solenoid. Hence,

the self-inductance depends upon:

1. No. of turns (N), L α N²

2. Geometry of coil, L α A, L α(1/l)

3. Nature of core material, L α µ

When an inductor is connected in series with a
resistor (bulb) with a variable source of frequency,
then current flowing in the bulb is

Irms = Erms/Z

Where, Z = √( R2 + ω2 ) = Impedance of the A.C. circuit.

Here
R = Resistance of the bulb
L = Self-inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of A.C. source

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-
PROCEDURE:-
Make all connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.

Switch on the A.C. supply & adjust the current in

the circuit by using the variable resistor (Rh).

Record the current in A.C. ammeter & seethe

brightness of bulb.

Now, put the soft iron rod inside the conductor core
& record the current in A.C. ammeter & again check
the brightness of bulb.
The current & brightness both decreases.

Now, switch off the supply & decrease the

frequency of a. source (say 50 Hz).
Again switch on the supply & adjust the current in
circuit at same constant voltage 6 V by using the
rheostat. Note the current in ammeter & brightness
of bulb. The current & brightness both will increase.
 Again insert the iron rod in the core of coil & note
the current & brightness. The current & brightness
both decreases.
1. Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different
frequency of A.C. source.
OBSERVATIONS:-
1. Least count of ammeter = 0.05 A.

2. Zero error of ammeter = 0 A.

3. Range of ammeter = 0 – 5 A
 RESULT :-

The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron rod

in the core of coil at constant frequency of applied voltage
&brightness of bulb decreases & vice-versa.

The current in the circuit increases on decreasing the

frequency of applied voltage & vice-versa. Therefore,
the brightness of bulb increases.

PRECAUTIONS:-
The coil should have large number of turns.
Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the
heating effect.

SOURCES OF ERRORS :-
1. The resistance of circuit may increase lightly
due to heating effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
 Applications of Self-Inductance

There are many applications of self-

inductance, one of the major ones being a tesla coil,
What is a tesla coil?
A Tesla coil is a radio frequency oscillator that
drives the air-core double-tuned resonant
transformer to produce high voltages with low
currents.

To understand better, let’s define what a radio

frequency oscillator is. Primarily, we are aware that
the electronic oscillator is a device that produces
electrical signals of either a sine wave or a square
wave. This electronic oscillator produces signals in
the radio frequency range of 20 kHz to 100 GHz,
 known as a radio frequency oscillator.
Tesla Coil Working Principle
This coil has the ability to produce output voltages
up to several million volts based upon the size of
the coil. The Tesla coil works on a principle to
achieve a condition called resonance. Here, the
primary coil emits huge amounts of current into
the secondary coil to drive the secondary circuit
with maximum energy. The fine-tuned circuit helps
to shoot the current from primary to secondary
circuit at a tuned resonant frequency.
Tesla Coil Circuit Diagram
This coil has two main parts – a primary coil and a
secondary coil, with each coil having its own capacitor.
A spark gap connects the coils and capacitors. The
functionality of the spark gap is to generate the spark
to excite the system.
Tesla Coil Working
This coil uses a specialized transformer called a
resonant transformer, a radio-frequency transformer,
or an oscillation transformer.
The primary coil is connected to the power source
and the secondary coil of a transformer is coupled
loosely to ensure that it resonates. The capacitor
connected in parallel with the transformer circuit
acts as a tuning circuit or an LC circuit to generate
signals at a specific frequency.
The primary of the transformer, otherwise referred
to as a resonant transformer steps up to generate
very high levels of voltage ranging
between 2kv to 30 kV, which in turn charges the
capacitor. With the accumulation of massive
amounts of charge in the capacitor, eventually,
breaks down the air of the spark gap. The capacitor
emits a huge amount of current through the Tesla
Coil (L1, L2), which in turn generates a high voltage
at the output.
 Oscillation Frequency
The combination of a capacitor and primary
winding ‘L1’ of the circuit forms a tuned circuit.
This tuned circuit ensures that both primary and
secondary circuits are finely tuned to resonate at
the same frequency. The resonant frequencies of
the primary ‘f1’ and secondary circuits ‘f2’ and are
given by,
f1=1/2π√L1C1 and f2=1/2π√L2C2

As the secondary circuit cannot be adjusted, the

moveable tap on ‘L1’ is used to tune the primary
circuit till both the circuits resonate at the same
frequency. Therefore, the frequency of the primary
is the same as the secondary.

f = 1/2π√L1C1 =1/2π√L2C2

The condition for primary and secondary to

resonate at the same frequency is,
L1C1= L2C2

The output voltage in the resonant transformer does

not depend on the number-of-turns ratio as in
ordinary transformer. As soon as the cycle begins and
as the spar sets up, the Primary circuit’s energy is
stored in the primary capacitor ‘C1’ and the voltage at
which the spark breaks down is ‘V1’.
W1=1/2C1V12

Similarly, the energy at the secondary coil is given

by,
W2=1/2C2V22

Assuming there is no loss of energy, W2 = W1.

Simplifying the above equation, we get
V2 = V1√C1/C2 = V1√L2/L1

In the above equation, the peak voltage can be

achieved when air brakes down do not occur. The
peak voltage is the voltage at which the air brakes
down and begins to conduct.
Advantages/Disadvantages of Tesla Coil
The advantages are

• Allows uniform distribution of voltage

throughout the winding coils.
• Builds up the voltage at a slow pace and
hence no damage.
• Great performance.
 • The use of 3-phase rectifiers for higher
powers can offer tremendous load sharing.

The disadvantages are

• Tesla coil poses several health hazards due to

high voltage radio frequency emission that
includes skin burn, damage to the nervous
system and heart.
• Involves high costs in buying large DC
smoothing capacitor.
Construction of circuit consumes much time as it
needs to be perfect to resonate.
Applications of Tesla Coil
At present, these coils do not require large
complex circuits to produce high voltage.
Nevertheless, small Tesla coils find their
applications in a range of sectors.

• Aluminium welding
• Cars use these coils for the spark plug ignition
• Created Tesla coil fans, used to generate
artificial lighting, sounds like music
Tesla coils in Entertainment and
 Education industry are used as attractions at
electronics fairs and science museums
• High vacuum systems and arc lighters
• Vacuum system leak detectors
1)What do Tesla coils do?
This coil is a radio frequency oscillator that drives a
resonant transformer to generate a high voltage at
low current.

2)Can a Tesla coil charge a phone?

Nowadays, smart phones are released with built-in
wireless charging, which uses the principle of a
Tesla coil.
3). Is Tesla coil dangerous?
The coil and its equipment are very dangerous as
they produce very high voltages and currents
which cannot be ensured by the human body
4). Why do tesla coils make music?
Generally, this coil converts air around it into a
plasma that changes volume and causes the waves
to spread across all the directions, creating
sound/music. This happens at a high frequency of
20 to 100 kHz.
 5). How did Tesla transmit electricity wirelessly?
A spark gap is used to connect the capacitors and
two coils. As the power is fed in through a
transformer, it produces the necessary current and
powers the entire circuit.

CONCLUSION:-
Thus, this is all about an overview of the Tesla coil that
can be used to generate electricity of high voltage,
low current, and high-frequency. Tesla Coil has the
ability to transmit electricity wirelessly up to several
kilometres. We ensured that this article gives the
reader insights into the working of the Tesla coil,
advantages and disadvantages, and applications. Truly,
his invention of wireless transmission of electric
energy has changed the way the world communicates.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
I have taken help from the following sources:
• https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-teslacoil-
circuit-diagram-working-itsapplications/
• https://www.slideshare.net/karan_19951/ self-
inductance-40498923
• NCERT Class 12 Physics Textbook
• Physics Lab Manual