INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

submitted to
CSIR-NATIONAL METALLURGICAL
LABORATORY
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand

submitted by
NAME :- DEEPAK DAS
EN. NO. :- AJU/220685
Diploma in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
at
School of Engineering & IT,
ARKA JAIN UNIVERSITY, JAMSHEDPUR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Power generation
• Sources of energy
• Types of power plant

2. Transmission and Distribution of Electric lines

3. Air Circuit Breaker
4. Transformer
• Types of transformer
• Working and theory
• Transformer losses
5. Direct Online Starter
6. Relay
• Types of relay
7.Multimeter
• Symbol
8. Fower factor
 Power Generation

• Energy is available in various forms in different

natural sources. such as presure head of water,
chemical energy of fuels, nuclear energy of ratio
active substance etc.

• All the sources of energy can we convert into a

electrical energy by a using of suitable
substance.

• Energy source are classified mainly to

categories.
1. Renewable source of energy.
2. Non-renewable source of energy.

1. Renewable source of energy are:-

a. Solar energy
b. Wind energy
c. Hydro electrical energy
2. Non-renewable source of energy are:-
a. Fossil fuel
➢Coal
➢Oil (petroleum )
➢Gases
b. Nuclear energy

• We generate power on some power plants

like-

1. Thermal Power Plant

2. Nuclear Power Plant
3. Solar Power Plant
4. Wind Power Plant
5. Hydro electricity
And some other.

• Thermal Power Plant

• Thermal power plant is help to convert heat

energy to electrical energy.
 • In the world 60% of electricity generating in
a thermal power plant.

• Its working
:- With the burning of coal, natural gas and oil
produce a stream and help of pipeline we supply
the stream and the pressure of steam turbine fan
rotate and the turbine connected through a
alternator ,then the alternator produce a electricity.
Transmission and Distribution of Electric lines

• It is a process of transfer and distribut of electic

current. With the help of electric pole ,cable etc.

Single line diagram of power system

• Working

• First power generation station generate 11KV

power.
• We use step up transformer to step up voltage11KV
to 132KV.
•
 • Then we use step down transformer to step down a
voltage 132KV to 33KV.
• Then current transfer to a receiving station.
• In a receiving station we use step down
transformer to step down a voltage 33KV to 11KV.
• Receiving station transfer a current sub-station
with the help of electric pole.
• Then the sub-station distribute a 11KV on a
industrial consumer and primary distribution.
• Again we use step down transformer to step down
a voltage of 11KV to 440/220KV.
• Then we supply 22KV to a consumer.
• Finally 220 volt comes our home.

Note :- In our country current supply on 50HZ.

 Air Circuit Breaker

• A circuit breaker is a one kind of electric device. It is

use to break any circuit. It is operate automatically
and remotely and the main function of circuit breaker
is break a circuit when some fault found like short
circuit ,overload etc.
• Mainly circuit breaker protect the system.
• Some devices are working like circuit breaker like a
fuses, switch, relay etc.
• These are usually used in low voltage applications
below 450 V.

Its working
:- When the contacts are separated, due to high
voltage an arc in induced between these two contacts.
To reduce arc, high pressure air is forced on the arc
through a nozzle. It increases the length of the arc
and its resistance increase and thus flow of
electron/current through arc is reduces. And thus the
circuit breaks.
 Transformer

• It is an electrical device which transform the

alternating voltage.

❖Types of transformer -
There are two types of transformer-
• step-up transformer
• step-down transformer

❖Definition
 1. step-up transformer
:– it transforms low voltage into high voltage. In this
transformer, the number of turns in the secondary coil is
greater than the primary coil.

2. Step-down transformer
:– it transforms high voltage into low voltage. In the this
transformer, the number of turns in the secondary coil is
lesser than the primary coil.
❖Principle
:- it based on the principle of mutual induction I.e.,
whenever there is change in current in one coil then an
EMF induced in the neighbouring coil.
❖Construction :-
It consists of a rectangular laminated soft iron core made
of so many sheets. Two coils primary and secondary are
wound on the iron soft iron core and they are insulated
from other and also insulated from the core. The source of
alternating EMF i.e., AC input is connected across the
primary coil and a load resistance is connected across the
secondary coil.
❖Working and theory
Due to alternating EMF across the primary coil, it induced
an alternating magnetic flux in the iron core. Because the
core extends through the secondary winding, the induced
flux also extends through the turns of the secondary coil.
Since, here the flux is varying because the flux produced
by magnetic field is changing and the magnetic field
produced by current (AC) is also changing and hence
according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
an EMF is induced across the secondary coil, which we
used as an output.
❖Energy losses in transformer

• Copper loss – it is the energy loss in the form of heat

in the copper coil of a transformer. These are
minimised by using thick wires.
• Iron loss – it is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in the iron core. It is
minimised by taking laminated cores and an
insulating fluid is applied between them.
• Magnetic flux leakage – it is the energy loss due to
some leakage of magnetic flux. It is reduced by
 winding the primary and secondary coils one over the
other.
• Hysteresis loss – it is due to repeated magnetization
and demagnetization of the iron core when an
alternating current (AC) is fed to it. It is minimised
by using a magnetic material which has low
hysteresis loss.
 DIRECT ON-LINE STARTER (DOL)

• Induction motor consume huge amount of current

when it’s start. This current can damage the motor. we
use DOL starter. It protects motor from high voltage.
• In DOL starter, 3-phase AC supply are connected
through three moving and three fixed contactor. And
these contactor are connected through bimetal relay.
• 3-phase are connected in 3-phase motor. This wiring is
called power wiring. In DOL starter there is a coil
whose one end is connected in OFF push button and
then to the phase wire and other end is connected by
auxiliary contactor and then over load tripping
contactor. This wiring is called control wiring because
through this we can control the motor. So, when we
press ON push button then first the voltage goes to the
coil after that it gets energized and produces magnetic
field which attracts the three moving contactor, circuit
get closed and current start flowing through 3-phase
wire to the motor and when we release the button then
the supply will be cut off and coil will not work. So, to
keep the coil ON we connect auxiliary contactor which
is parallel to the coil. Basically It helps to keep the
coil on when we release the on push button. It is
already activate when the coil starts and it remains the
voltage supply to the coil and for close the starter there
is a OFF push button. So, whenever motor consume
high current then due to high current bimetal relay gets
heated and it send command to the over load tripping
contactor and it trip the circuit and hence, the DOL
starter turns OFF.
 Relay

• We use relay to protect a circuit for a short circuit

fault and over load problem.
• It is a type of safety device.

❖ They have many types of relay:-

• Over load relay/ Thermal relay
• Mechanical relay (EMR)
• Solid state relay (SSR)
OVER LOAD RELAY (OLR)/THERMAL RELAY

An Over Load Relay (OLR) is made up of bimetallic

(made up of two metals having different thermal
expansion coefficient) strip.
When the current flow through the conductor, it
produces heat. Due to which the temperature of the
bimetallic strip rises and expands. The metal having
high thermal expansion coefficient expands more
than the other metal. Due to which the strip bends
and closes the contacts to usually active the trip
circuitry. Thermal relays are usually used for electric
motor protection.
MECHANICAL RELAY (EMR)

Electro Mechanical Relay is working through

magnetic field lines which is produced by a coil. In
Electro Mechanical Relay there are three contactor
NO (Normally ON), NC (Normally Close) and a
moving common contactor and also there is a coil.
When there is no supply given to it then the common
contactor remains connected to NC which means it
remain close. And as soon as when we supply voltage,
the coil starts getting energized and it forms magnetic
field lines which attract to the moving common
contactor with ON and contact closes, making the
circuit on. When the supply is removed, it comes back
to its position and making the circuit open.

SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR)

input Output
Circuit Circuit
h

Solid State Relay is an electrical relay maximum parts are

made of semiconductor in which the action is developed by
electrical/magnetic/optical or other without mechanical
motion of components.
It means in Solid State Relay there is no armature or other
moving element. It requires either infrared light emitting
diodes or LED couplers to operate. When the input
voltage is applied on the circuit, the current flows through
the LED which emits light form it. Here both input circuit
and output circuit are isolated from each other and
through infra-red rays electrical voltage supplied on the
output circuit by forward and reverse biased diode then
which is fed to the load. Solid State Relay is considered as
the best relay because there is no touching parts which
means it does not damage the circuit in comparison to
other electrical relays.
 MULTIMETER

• Multimeter is a device used to measure multiple

electrical properties by attaching two leads to the
different electrical parts.

❖In multimeter there are different types of symbol

which are used for measurements –
• AC Voltage (V ) – this function is used to
measure the voltage of an alternating current power
supply.
• Resistance (Ω) - This function is used to measure the
resistance of any component like resistor, capacitor,
inductor, etc.
• Direct Current (A ) – this function is used to
measure direct current flowing through any
conductor.
• Diode ( ) – this function is used to check the diode
that it is connected in either forward or reverse bias.
• Continuity ( ))) ) – this function is used to check
conductivity wire or any circuit.
 POWER FACTOR

Power factor is defined as the ratio of active power,

which is measured in kilowatt (KW) and apparent
power, measured in kilo volt ampere (KVA).

cos ɸ = kW / kVA
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Apparent power (KVA) = Active power (KW) +

Reactive power (KVAR)
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* Unit for correction of power factor is kilo volt

ampere reactive (KVAR).
power factor for different loads –
I. resistive load -

V
I
here voltage V and current I are in same phase.
therefore, phase difference is zero.
ɸ=0
 then, power factor cos ɸ = 1.

II. inductive load -

V

I
voltage V lead current I by 90. therefore, phase
difference is 90.
ɸ = 90
then, power factor cos ɸ = 0.

III. capacitive load -

V
current I lead voltage V by 90. therefore, phase
difference is 90.
ɸ = 90
then, power factor cos ɸ = 0.