UNIT 1:

● Arizona facts:
○ 113,956 square miles
○ 338 miles east to west
○ 392 miles north to south
○ 6th largest state by territorial size, behind New Mexico
○ 14th largest state in population (7.23 million)
● Arizona’s name is of Native American origin
○ Arizonac -- Tohono O’odham for “place of little springs”
○ Arizonac Ranch: also site of 1736 silver strike, southwest of Nogales. Now
located in the Sonoran province/district of Mexico.
● Population:
○ Became a state Feb. 14, 1912. 48th state.
○ 1920 census: 45th/48th (340,000).
○ Now: 14th largest state (7.23 million).
○ Population growth of 21st factor.
● Arizona boundaries:
○ State of Sonora established 1830s
○ Arizona was owned by Nuevo Mexico, Alta California, Sonora
○ Pimeria Alta, Spanish missions
● Mexican War
○ Mormon Battalion stayed in Arizona, 1846
○ Treaty of Guadalupe:
■ Louisiana Purchase, US claimed California to half of Texas
■ 1850-1853: Compromise of 1850 had Arizona’s boundaries under the
name of New Mexico
● Gadsden Purchase:
○ US purchased parts of southern Arizona and New Mexico for 10 million dollars to
solve the border dispute of Mesilla Strip
○ Tucson, Sierra Vista, Yuma. South of the Gila River.
● Arizona part of New Mexico until 1863
● Mesilla Valley, southern parts of Arizona = Southern sympathizers. Led to a proposal to
divide New Mexico into North and South states.
○ Arizona Territory -- created in proposed Confederate States of America 1861-5.
○ Brought the name “Arizona” to life.
● Lincoln Administration:
○ New Mexico remained part of the Union.
○ Lincoln Administration created north/south line to divide New Mexico into eastern
and western half -- now AZ and NM. Done to disrupt Confederate goals.
○ Arizona Territory officially created by Lincoln Administration.
○ *Current day Nevada was only part of Arizona for 3 years.
● January 1867 - when current day Arizona solidified.
● Arizona Strip
 ○ Piece of land belonging to Arizona, north of Colorado River.
○ Difficult for state and administrative boundaries and travel troubles.
○ California boundary = 1850, Nevada boundary = 1866.
○ Utah tried to steal the Arizona Strip in early 1800s, 1900s.
○ Arizona didn’t like it because it wouldn’t have had all of the Grand Canyon and
it’s what the state is known for (major tourist attraction).
○ Utah tried to give San Juan river for Colorado river.
○ AZ has all of Grand Canyon, half of Monument Valley.
○ Utah = state 45. Jan 4, 1896.
○ If AZ accepted Utah’s offer…
■ AZ would have all of Monument Valley and Navajo Mountain.
● Joint Statehood Proposal of 1906:
● AZ a territory since 1863, NM territory since 1850.
● New Mexico said yes, Arizonians said no.
● Oklahoma → state 46. Nov 6, 1907.
● New Mexico → state 47. Jan 6, 1912.

UNIT 2:

● Arizona has a lot of variety of landforms.

○ 12,000 - 13,000 feet elevation → less than 100 feet along Colorado River, south
of Yuma.
● Landform regions:
○ Basin and Range
■ Southern and western Arizona.
■ Third of the state. 34% of Arizona is in this zone.
■ Whole region = New Mexico, west Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada,
Oregon, Idaho, parts of California. Western border.
■ Mountain ranges. Mostly basin (flatter) w/ occasional mountain ranges.
■ 150 different mountain ranges just in Basin and Range in AZ ONLY.
■ Most mountain ranges run from a north-west south-east orientation.
■ Mostly fault block mountains. Usually formed along a fault line.
■ Basins are not entirely flat.
■ 90% basin and 10% range
■ Mexican Highlands portion:
● Southeastern Arizona.
● Tucson, Santaritas (Mount Wright highest point + Madera
Canyon), Chiricuas (Wonderland of Rocks, volcanic origin),
Catalinas, Pinalenos (Mount Graham highest point).
● Isolated and distinct mountain ranges but part of Sierra Madre
Occidental in Arizona.
● Known as “sky islands” - the tops of these mountains are forested,
like an island in the sea.
● Desert/grassland on the ground, evergreens in the higher part.
 ● 75% basin and 25% range.
● West and Southwestern AZ:
○ Lowest elevation (70 feet) in AZ is in the very southwest,
Colorado River valley = San Luis.
○ Phoenix, Yuma, and Tucson, metropolitan area is in Basin
Range.
■ Phoenix: White Tank (to the west), Estrella (to the
south, higher elevation than WT)
○ Harquahala and Harkavar ranges.
○ Kofa mountains, rugged. Isolated.
○ Dome Rock mountains, - I-10 west of Phx.
○ Castle Dome mountains, northeast of Yuma.
○ Controlled by Bureau of Land Management.
● Northwestern Arizona:
○ Hualapai Mountains, south of Kingman. Can get snowy
sometimes. 8400 feet at the peak. Highest in the Basin
and Range area there.
○ Cerbat Mountains, to the north of the Hualapai. Not as
high, less vegetation.
○ Black Mountains: next to Colorado River. Long range. Near
Oatman, ghost town. Steeper on one side and more level
on the other (fault block formation).
○ Mohave Mountains: South of Black Mountains. Parallels
dams formed by river (Lake Havasu, Mohave). I-60.
○ Virgin River Gorge: mostly flows through Utah, also
northern Arizona. Parallels interstate 15. Mountains are
adjacent. Off the Colorado Plateau.
● Mountainous Transition Zone.
● Colorado Plateau.

UNIT 3:

Mountainous Transition Zone

● Makes up 26% of Arizona
● No symmetry or strong sense of definition
● Lots of deformed rock areas
● Lots of river valleys
● Lots of canyons
● Lacks flat ground
● Spills into western New Mexico
● There are some fault block mountains, volcanic mountains
● Some plateau areas
● Top of Mogollon RIm - Colorado Rim, below Rim - Mountainous Transition Zone
● Salt River Canyon: US 60
 ● Wilderness areas controlled by Forest Service all over east of Phoenix, Superstition
● Fort Apache (north) and San Carlos Apache (south) reservations split the Forest
Service-controlled areas
● White River + Black River together = Salt River
● Small portion of Gila River flows here
● Towns located here include Cottonwood (more west), Camp Verde, Prescott (most
west), Miami (more east), Globe (most east), Payson (in the middle)
● See transition zone from I-17 Phoenix to Flagstaff, or Phoenix → Holbrook (in Colorado
Plateau)
● Superstition Mountains: east of Phoenix, near Miami and Globe
● Mazatzal Mountains: Rough, rugged, damaged by wildfire
● Bradshaw Mountains: toward Prescott/Prescott Valley, forested w/ pine trees,
● Mingus Mountains: above Bradshaw
● Natanes Plateau: On San Carlos Apache reservation
● Sierra Anche: east side of Mazatzal, seen driving toward Payson
● Pinal Mountains: South of Globe
● Aquarius Mountains, Weaver Mountains (near Baghdad), Mescal Mountains (some Gila
river flows through here)

Colorado Plateau
● 40% of Arizona (all of Northern Arizona)
● Named because of Colorado River, major waterway flowing thru plateau
● Majority of Colorado Plateau in Utah and Arizona
● Area of uplift, eroded sedimentary rock. Erosion and resistance to erosion.
● Distinct edges
● Mogollon Rim
● Named after Spanish governor of New Mexico
● “Backbone of Arizona” - 200 miles from Flagstaff to White Mountains with a lot of clear
definition
● Oak Canyon:
● Grand Wash Cliffs: on northwest edge of Rim, 115 miles on both sides of Colorado
River/Grand Canyon, Lake Mead can reach up to there
● Colorado Plateau divisions:
● Mogollon Slope
● north of Payson. Lower elevations than rest of the rim. Forested. Highway 377.
● San Francisco Peaks highest peak in all of Arizona. White Mountains part of slope,
second highest range.
● White Mountains: Very east, moderately south. Fairly large areas, lots of streams start
here. Baldy Peak highest point, sacred. Volcanic rock. Source of Black and White River.
● Volcanism in Chiricahua Mountains, volcanic mountains in Rim.
● Meadows everywhere.
● Pauly Lake - coldest temperatures ever, freezes over.

UNIT 4:
● Navajo-Hopi Tablelands
○ A division in Colorado slope
○ North of Colorado River, south of Colorado Plateau
● Four Corners Country
○ Red rock, erosion + resistance, open country
● Defiance Plateau
○ At the northern end, erosion feature – Canyon de Chelly, carved out
○ Anasazi ruins, White ruins
● Chuska Mountains
○ Near Sawmill, higher
● Black Mesa
○ Black bc volcanic rock, biggest coal region in AZ

○
○ (From east to west)
● Monument Valley
○ On Navajo reservation
○ Utah-Arizona border
○ Dirt road near 163
● Hopi Buttes
○ Volcanic area

○
○ Open grassland/terrain
● Echo Cliffs

○
○ Kaibab Plateau (higher), Mongobi Plateau (lower)
○ Highway 89
○ Paige and Flagstaff
● Painted Desert
 ○
○ Area of different badlands (highly eroded mound shapes, different colors)
○ North side of Colorado River, a little bit on west
○ Best place to view near Cameron, b/t Flagstaff + Page
○ North of Holbrook
● Coconino-San Francisco Highlands
● Grand Canyons, San Francisco Peaks, Coconino Plateau
● Southern portion = Mogollon Rim
● San Francisco Peaks - former volcano, at one time may have been 15k feet before its
massive eruption
● Mount Humphrey - highest peak in AZ, 12600 feet
● Mount Agassiz - 2nd highest peak in AZ, part of SF peaks, north of Flagstaff
● Snows a lot
● Very few springs and water courses in the SF peaks
● Open country between SF peaks and G Canyon

●
● Cataract Creek (upper), Havasu Creek (lower)

●
● Grand Wash Cliffs (upper), Cottonwood Cliffs (lower) -- there’s a gap, old route 66 used
to go through it
● Grand Canyon
● 277 river miles long (Lee’s Ferry to Grand Wash Cliffs)
○ 5-6 mil visitors per year
○ 5000-6000 feet deep from rim
○ 10-18 miles wide
○ Grand Canyon Proper starts where Colorado River starts
● Colorado River muddy, tinted from Lake Powell
 ● Kaibab Plateau 1000 feet higher than Colorado Plateau
● Marble Canyon

○
○ Marble Canyon Bridge
○ Turquoise River
● Arizona Strip
○ Different plateaus and cliffs, half the G Canyon
○ Highest elevation is Kaibab plateau
○ Spruce trees
● Pariah River/Plateau
● Vermillion Cliffs
○ On edges of Pariah Plateau, Southwest and Southeast
○ Major fishing area along Col. River
● Kanab Creek, deep canyon/gash
● Uinkaret Plateau
● Adjacent to Kanab Plateau
● Huaracan Cliffs
○ Next to Uinkaret
● Mount Trumbull (northeast), Mount Logan (southwest) = forested mountains
○ Toroweap Point
● Vulcan’s Throne - volcanic crater formed on edge of canyon and close to C River

UNIT 5:

● Meteor Crater right off I-40 west of Winslow, privately owned

● Kartchner Caverns kept secret, living cave. Most caves in southeast
● Lava River Cave NW of Flagstaff -- lava tube
● Few sand dunes
● Climate:
○ Desert or semi-arid, some highland
○ Yuma has hottest summer temperatures ever – solar radiation
○ More southwest = 90%, most of Phoenix = 82%
● Landforms:
● Contentinentality:
○ Inland Arizona = hotter temperatures
● Altitude:
○ Low elevation = higher temperatures
○ Phx 1100 ft.
○ Tucson is a bit cooler bc elevation
 ● Cold:
○ Holly Lake, -40 degrees
○ Mild conditions:
○ Spring months, Feb and March, 60-70
● Heat island effect:
○ Pavement, concrete traps heat so it doesn’t cool down at night
● Low humidity
● High evaporation
○ 7.5 inches of evaporation
○ February -- highest precipitation
○ Snow in sky islands
● Monsoon season:
○ Gulf of Mexico moisture and rain
○ Early July - September
○ Mogollon Rim more clouds summer months
○ Haboobs have distinct leading edges
● All of Arizona is in Colorado River watershed

UNIT 6:

● Western part of AZ
● Big Sandy river (dry a lot of the time), Santa Monica, Bill Williams

●
● Alamo Dam/Lake where the two rivers meet, Burro Creek (Sandy River), Date Creek
(Santa Maria)
● Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge
● Salt River Watershed
○ Provides most water to AZ, Phoenix metropolitan area
○ Always wet year round (BUT dry thru metropolitan area)
 ○
○ Salt River is part of Gila
○ Begins in White Mountains (Black [longer, more water than white, East and
South] + White [North and West] Rivers = Salt)
○ Part of all 3 landform regions
○ Black River flows thru San Carlos and White Mountain Apache Rezzies
○ Permit to fish Black River
○ B + W River flow year round
○ Salt River Canyon in W.M. Apache R.
○ Salt river rafting
○ Highway 60 -- Canyon
○ March - June for rafting
○ Runoff - higher flow - good for rafting
○ Most of Salt River Canyon is below Mogollon Rim, in Mountainous Transition
Zone
○ Mogollon Rim high point, many rivers flow from there
○ Creeks tend to flow year round
○ Cedar, Carrizo, Cibecue, Canyon, Cherry, Tonto (biggest one)
● Verde River Watershed
○ Not as much water as Salt River
○ Verde River, long and from the north
○ Tributaries: Sycamore, Oak Creek (northwest of Prescott)
○ Tribs begin on Colorado Plateau, cut off @ M Rim (a drainage divider)
○ Oak Creek has canyon, south of Flagstaff and flows thru Sedona
○ Sycamore south of Williams
○ Beaver Creek, West Clear Creek (right of edge of Rim)
○ Fossil Creek (snowfall on Plateau and Transition Zone and appears as springs),
 waterfalls, swimming holes,
○ Tempe Town Lake uses Salt River bed but is artificially created
● Interior drainage
○ Streams flow into basin but don’t flow out
○ Red Lake north of Kingman, dry most of time
○ Wilcox Playa (gunning and bombing range)
○ Nevada, California, Utah
○ Interbasin Exchange
○ More water put into Verde Watershed, usually in Colorado River Watershed
○ East Clear Creek diverted w/ canals/tunnels down from Mogollon Rim to East
Verde

○
● Prior Appropriation
○ Whoever claims water rights first, gets them
○ Big reason why Phoenix Metropolitan area was unsure of a stable water supply
for a time
○ Because of farmers in the Salt River Valley in 1860s, claimed all Salt River water
○ Phoenix used to be farming area, but when subdivisions are made the farmer
 sells the water rights to the housing ppl. Housing uses less water than farming.
○ Mountainous Transition Zone, Colorado Plateau water to Phx (Basin and Range)
○ Roosevelt Dam
■ Gov spent money to ensure salt water could be stored, runoff could be
controlled
■ Named after Teddy Roosevelt, authorized the funding
■ Completed in 1912, he visited
■ Built from brick, was the largest stone and mason dam in the world
■ 1996, dam was raised and renovated, new highway bridge
■ Played huge role in growth and providing metropolitan area water
○ Other Salt River Reservoirs
■ Canyon Lake - 1925
■ Apache Lake - back up into R. Dam. 1927.
■ Saguaro Lake - 1930. Downstream.
■ Saguaro, Canyon, Apache stay pretty full. Roosevelt Dam has fluctuation.
■ Between Saguaro and Verde = tubing.
○ Gila River
■ Coolidge Dam - 1928, named after President. Built too large, quite dry
much of the time. Gila River doesn’t have as much water Salt River.
■ Mountainous - Pinal, Metzazcal.
■ Colorado River Dams
■ Laguna Dam - 1909. Diversion into irrigation canals. For farming in Yuma
area.
■ Hoover Dam - president named, originally Boulder Dam. Biggest in nation
during 1936. New bridge.
■ Imperial Dam - 1938.
■ Parker Dam - 1939. Bill Williams River.
■ Davis Dam - 1949. Bullhead City. Lake Mohave.
■ Page built bc of Grand Canyon Dam.
■ Morelos Dam - 1950, help Mexico w/ San Luis.
■ Glen Canyon Dam - 1964. Visitor center.
■ Lake Pleasant Dam - 1927. Bartlett Dam - 1939. Horseshoe Dam - 1946.
Lyman Dam - 1920.
■ Alamo Dam, Bill Williams river.
■ Gillespie Dam (1921), Painted Rock Dam (1959) -- flood control
purposes.
■ Lower salt river most important.
● Much reliance on groundwater
○ Common in Pinal County
○ Tucson relied on groundwater for a while
■ Largest city relying solely on groundwater
○ Fast depletion or mining of fossil water
○ 70s to 80s
○ Putting in irrigation ditches and putting in the field
 ○ Common in Maricopa County in addition to Pinal County.
○ Not used very efficiently. Used around lots of farm areas.
● Subsidence fissures
○ Earth cracks -- ground sinks a little bit bc of too much pumping to groundwater
and the ground cracks.
○ South of metropolitan area, Tucson.
● Recharge after 00s, putting water back into ground (underground storage)
● Central Arizona Project (bringing Colo. Riv. water to Phoenix metropolitan area, Tucson
and beyond)
○ Colo. River Compact - 1922.
○ California - 4.4 mil acre ft.
○ AZ - 2.8 mil acre ft.
○ Nevada - .3 mil acre ft.
○ AZ did not like compact bc Gila + Salt included in acres, mostly dry, wanted more
from Colorado.
○ Litigation and court cases - 40s/50s
○ Supreme Court Decision - AZ’s 2.8 can come directly from Colorado, Salt/Gila
don’t count!
○ Carl Hayden and Sarah S. passed CAP.
○ CAP Canal - Parker dam → Phx → East/South Phx → Tucson
○ Agua Gila Mountains.
○ Climb 1900 ft in elevation (from 500 to 2400) → pumping stations to go uphill.
○ Tunnels.
○ Waddell Dam - storing water for CAP.
○ CAP made Tucson pipes corrode.
● Phoenix water sources: Salt River, Verde, CAP.
● Phx better than El Paso, Albequerque, Denver
● Water conservation
● Pinnacle Peak golf uses recycled water (treated sewage water)
● City parks use recycled water
● Xeriscaping (desert landscaping) - using desert vegetation
● Homebuilding conserves water!!!!! Cotton uses so much

UNIT 7:

● Vegetation
● 5 different deserts in US, all in AZ
● Great Basin, Mojave, Colorado, Sonoran, Chihuahuan (barely in AZ)
●
● CHIHUAHUAN DESERT:
○ Common in west Texas, southern New Mexico, southeast AZ
○ East side of Chiricahua Mountains, Palenseo range
● COLORADO DESERT:
○ Subset of Sonoran Desert
○ Hottest and driest of the deserts, arid,
○ More sparse vegetation
○ Lower elevation
○ Western/SW part of AZ, into Mexico and SoCal
○ 90% possible amt of sunshine
○ Navajo Hopi Tablelands, Four Corners
● MOJAVE DESERT:
○ SoCal, Nevada, NW corner of River Gorge, Lake Mead, west side of Grand
Wash Cliffs, Kingman, Bullhead City,
○ Joshua tree is an indicator of the desert
● GREAT BASIN DESERT:
○ Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Idaho, North Arizona
○ Mid-level of Grand Canyon, Coconino Plateau
○ Sagebrush, lack of trees and cacti
● SONORAN DESERT:
○ Greatest amount of vegetation for any desert in the world
○ A lot of AZ has this desert
 ○ Cactus forest, lots of cacti
○ Mogollon Rim, north of Tucson, along Gila River Valley, Cochise/Pima County
○ Thicker forests on north-facing slopes
○ Tucson have thicker cacti forests, thinner to the west
○ Red Rock country is all Colorado Plateau, no Saguaro cacti
○ Picacho Peak more sparse
○ Vegetation variety -- Cholla, prickly pear, creosote, Oregon Pipe cactus, ironwood
tree, Palo Verde tree
○ Usually in southern Arizona
● Signature plants – all deserts have signature plants
○ Yucca plant - Chihuahuan desert, El Paso and southern New Mexico
○ Joshua tree - Mojave desert
○ No signature plant - Colorado desert
○ Sagebrush - Great Basin desert in NE Arizona
○ Saguaro, Cholla - Sonoran desert, likes to be south facing
● Creosote bush
○ In all deserts (⅘) except for Great Basin
○ Can live for a long time
● Prickly Pear
○ Found in a lot of deserts, but even in Pino Juniper forest, Chaparral forests, 40
out of 50 states
● Grasslands:
● Desert grasslands
○ Southeastern part of the state
○ Attract cattle in 1850s
○ Found in Basin and Range, valley floors, Mexican Highlands
○ (insert picture)
○ San County near Catagonia, Northeast of Nogales

○
● MESQUITE TREES:
○ Invasive, brought from Texas, come into desert grasslands and reduce capability
 for cattle population, but good for Chaparral vegetation
○ Mesquite trees spread fast bc they have bean pods, cattle eat them and they
don’t digest and they shit these pods out everywhere and it’s fertilized w shit
○ Cows contribute to mesquite population
○ A lot of mesquite in Sonoran and Colorado deserts, Chaparral
● SHORT GRASSPLAINS:
○ Further to the north, Colorado Plateau
○ Coconino Plateau, Little Colorado Watershed, Mogollon Slope
○ Holbrook, Winslow, north of White Mountains
○ Sage brush (desert) vs. grass (plain)

○
● RIPARIAN FOREST:
○ Next to rivers
○ Eastern AZ near Safford
○ Also known as “gallery forest”
○ Verde, west of Cottonwood and north of Prescott
○ Various species
○ Cottonwood trees, willow trees, hackberry trees, Sycamore trees, White bark tree
○ Invasive species:
■ Tamarisk (salt cedar)
■ Transpire water, use a lot of water
● CHAPARRAL:
○ Transition zone between deserts and forests
○ Mountainous Transition Zone
○ Bushes (thorny and not), scrubby vegetation
○ Lots of thorny trees (south of Payson)
○ Manzanita is signature species of Chaparral
○ Lot of mesquite trees
○ Some Pino Juniper, but not as much
○ Agave, central plant
○ Prescott, I-17 Black Canyon City, Matzal, Superstitions
○ South of Colorado Plateau
 ○
○

● Forests:
● OAK FORESTS:
● Southeastern part
● Elevation zones below Ponderosa Pines, Pinalenos, West Nogales, Chiricuas,
Catalinas, Santaritas
●
● 5000-7000 foot elevation range
● PINON JUNIPER FOREST:
● Same elevation range as oak forest but further north
● Widespread - north of Mogollon Rim, Four Corners, Colorado Plateau/AZ Strip,
Mountainous Transition Zone
● Alligator juniper

●
● PONDEROSA PINE:
● West of Williams, all the way to Wellington, New Mexico
 ● Sky islands
● Sierra Anches, Mazatzal, Prescott, south rim of Grand Canyon
● Single largest ponderosa pine forest in the world
● Major area of logging
● SUB-ALPINE FOREST:
● Fir and spruce trees, aspen trees
● Kaibab Plateau
● 8-9000 feet elevation
● Parts of White Mountains
● Town: Grier
● Above Ponderosa Pine
● Forest is thicker in north-facing slopes, unlike Sonoran Desert
● ABOVE TREE LINE:
● Alpine/Tundra zone
● San Francisco Peaks
● ALTUTIDUAL ZONATION:
● Different elevation zones = different types of zones
● Life zones
● Desert → oak → ponderosa pine → sub-alpine
● Equator → arctic
● HAZARDS:
● Bark beetle → can kill trees, ponderosa pine/pinon-juniper, worse in drier years
● Wildfire → 2011 Chiracua
● Rodeo-Chediski Fire 2002: two fires that merged together on both sides of Mogollon
Rim, Heber and east of Payson → some areas burned a lot but others did not
● Wallow Fire 2011: Biggest fire in AZ history, White Mountains, spotty, June 10 2011
● Fires can be worse in winter bc heavy precipitation, more growth
● Crohn fire: gets in higher branches of trees

UNIT 8:

● Ppl in AZ more than 10k years ago

● SW part of Cochise county, evidence of hunters
● Chaco site
● Anasazi in Northeast, Pueblo and Hopi ancestors
● Hopi Odo Ribe - oldest continually living Natives in America
● Sinagua
● Mogollon ancestors of Zuni
○ Hohokam: Casa Grande ruins
○ Hohokam built blueprint for modern irrigation canals
○ Hohokam played sports, Pueblo Grande
○ Hohokam connected w/ South Americans far away
● 1400s: Arrival of Apache and Navajo
○ Came from Northwest Canada, Yukon/Alberta/Mckenzie River
● Yavapai related to Apache, Mohave, etc.
● Pima groups: Pima and Papago (Tohono O’odham) -- descendents of Hohokam
● Spanish exploration:
○ First Europeans to arrive in AZ
○ Cabeza de Vaca first to arrive to AZ, with friend Esteban
○ Marcos de Niza is for sure first to arrive to Arizona, 1539, east of Nogales and
then Tucson
○ Get to Cibola
○ Coronado and Tobar were the first to see Pueblo Indians 1540s
○ Cardenas first to see Grand Canyon 1540s
○ Onate first major settler 1500s - early 1600s, led to lots of AZ exploration
○ Early 1600s-1620s - missionaries from New Mexico came to establish missions
among the Hopi - Shungopovi, Awatovi
○ San Xavier Del Bac: Two different towers, never completed
○ Tucson established in 1776
● American arrivals:
○ Fur trappers, 1830s
○ Bill Williams
○ Kearny first official arrival
○ American settlers 1860s
○ Fort Dalliance, Fort Apache, Fort Grant, Fort Thomas, Fort Goodwin, Fort Mason,
Fort Mohave
○ Long Walk of the Navajo, 1864 kept in Fort Sumner for 4 years
○ Geronimo was taken to Oklahoma
○ Raiders to ranchers (White Mountain Apache)
● Navajo:
○ 2nd largest Native group in US to Cherokee
○ AZ, Utah, New Mexico
● Mexican-American population:
○ Jerome, mining towns
○ Colonia
● Mesa was a Mormon community
○ Along Mogollon Rim and White Mountains
○ Snowflake, St. Johns, Springersville, Show Low were all Mormon communities
● 1920 census: 45/48 in population (340k)
● Grown by a factor of 21
● 5 C’s of Arizona:
○ Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, Climate
○ Copper mining done underground until shift to open pits
○ Cattle in Northern and Southern AZ
○ Resorts liked AZ for desert climate
● Healthseeker Era:
○ Tuberculosis sufferers moved to SW to cure from disease (level of humidity)
○ Sanatorium for poor, Castle Hot Springs for rich
UNIT 9:

● AZ post world war 2 hits population boom, hits million mark in the 50s
● Growth of Phoenix metropolitan
● Major farmland in center of state
● Cotton 1950s
● Right to work passed by veteran, first in nation -- weakened unions, spread to South
● Sperry Flights, aerospace, Honeywell, Motorola biggest private employers of state
● High tech and aerospace jobs bring life to Phx and Tucson
● Tucson was bigger until 1910, Phx surpasses them
● 1930s swamp coolers and AC bring ppl to AZ
● Cali, Texas, Florida and then AZ grew during Sun Belt period
● 1970s the huge growth part that put Phoenix on the map nationally and some
consciousness
● Phoenix Suns 1968
● Phoenix 11th most populous metropolitan area in the US
● Tucson 53rd
● AZ 14th most populous state 7.23 million
● Land control
● Spanish/Mexican land grants
○ US would honor land grants for documentation
○ Northeast of Nogales, southeastern part of AZ
● 18.1 percent private land
● Metropolitan and farm land private
● 89.1 percent public land
● Railroads (Santa Fe and South Pacific) were both supposed to be given grants, only
Santa Fe got bc Southern Pacific had fraudulent activities and forfeited their land grand
● Checkerboard pattern: railroad can have every other square mile, the remaining ones
are public land
● Santa Fe has a large swath of land checkerboard style
● AZ has lots of current and former farmland
● Public land:
○ 42.1% federal gov
○ 16.7% Bureau of Land Management, western part of state and along the Gila
River and Arizona strip
○ 15.6% Arizona Forest Service, Kaibab and Coconino, Tonto forest and sky
islands, Pino and Juniper forests, Chaparral, all the nature land shit
○ 2.9% Dept of defense, Barry Goldwater, range for target practice and wildlife
preserves
○ 2.6% Park service, Grand Canyon national park and national monuments
○ 1.7% National Wildlife and Fish Service
○ 2.6% other fed agencies
○ 27.1% Indians (21 tribes)
 ● Apache, Hualapai, Tohono O’odham, smaller is Yavapai, Gila/Salt River
● 12.7% of land is owned by state gov
○ For state parks, rights of way, state trust land that can be sold
● Attitudes toward the environment
○ Pioneer era - time to harness resources, taming the desert
○ Conservation became big in 1930s
○ CCC New deal during 30s built structures like South Mountain park, Grand
Canyon
○ Wilderness areas are for being left alone
○ Environmental groups
■ Writing letters, carry placards, most common method is filing lawsuits
against gov agencies
■ Creation of habitat areas for Mexican spotted out, prevent logging from
occurring, purchasing sensitive environments
○ Radicals
■ The Monkey Wrench gang, Edward Abbey - blow up dams, Abbey was a
forest ranger
■ Center for Biological Diversity file lawsuits, Sierra Club, Nature
Conservancy
○ Sagebrush rebellions - rebellions for more private land and less public land
○ Wise use movement - ranchers, miners, loggers - we need conservation but we
also need to use this stuff
○ Western area wilderness that don’t get a lot of use
○ Problem of the commons - problems include trash (Fountain Hills), wildfire risk,
quad cars cause congestion

UNIT 10:

●
●
● Fountain Hills, north Scottsdale, Paradise Valley, Ahwatukee, Gilbert, Queen Creek,
Surprise, Goodyear, Glendale, east parts of Mesa = cities/towns with lots of white ppl
● Phoenix, Tempe, south Scottsdale, west Mesa = decrease in white ppl (White Flight)
● HISPANIC POPULATION:
○ Mexico/central America origins

○
○ Doubled from mid 1970s, significantly larger than national average
○
○ Immigration growth, larger families
○ New Mexico -- 50% Hispanic, but a lot smaller
○ California and Texas -- are Hispanic borderlands
○ Hispanic populations have very long history in AZ
○ State controlled by Mexico til Mexican War - Treaty and Gadsden Purchase
changed that.
○ Much recent migration: 60s - now, from central America and Mexico (mostly).
○ Includes illegal immigration. People who sneak across border, people who
overstay legal visas.
○ Drop houses: where someone has paid money to a smuggler, smuggler keeps
immigrants in house against their will until all money is paid by their family
members (2003-2008)
○ Phoenix, Tucson, Nogales (Santa Cruz County)
○ Nogales 85-86 percent, Douglas 83 percent
○ Douglas -- mining town, smelter for Bisbee mines, lots of Hispanics
○ San Luis -- highest Hispanic population, most homogenous community in the
state. 97 percent Hispanic.
○ Clifton-Morensi -- mining town
○ Miami/Globe -- mining town, copper
 ○ Ajo
○ Bisbee -- Copper Man statue
○ Residental clustering
○ More neighborhood maturation: neighborhood is more and more integrated,
different ethnicities can live together
○ But some clustering exists
○ South Phoenix, south Scottsdale, central and south Tucson
○ 1 million AZ citizens were born in Mexico, highest numbers in Maricopa County.
● NATIVE POPULATION:
○ Much higher than national average (1 percent)
○ Reservations are not heavily populated
○ Navajo:
○ Navajo reservation spills into Utah and New Mexico
○ 300,000
○ Northeast AZ
○ Must speak Navajo to run for office here
○ Arrived 1400s
○ Page, Flagstaff, Winslow, Holbrook, Window Rock, Kayenta, Tuba City, Phoenix
metropolitan has lots of Navajo
○ Has ancestral longing for their land, frequent trips to homeland
○ Hopi:
○ Arrived 900s
○ 160,000
○ Longest continuning ethnicity in the world, in Western Hemisphere
○ Reservation surrounded by Navajo
○ Hostility between Navajo and Hopi
○ Apache:
○ Two reservations -- Fort (White Mountain) Apache, San Carlos (further to the
south)
○ Forested land (Fort Apache), ranch land (San Carlos) -- best land of the state for
productivity and resources
○ FATCO -- Fort Apache Timberland COmpany.
○ Losing their language
○ Kaibab, Havasupai, Yaqui (Guadalupe)
● AFRICAN AMERICAN POPULATION:
○ 4.7 percent, smaller than national average of 13 percent
○ Long history in America: Buffalo Soldiers of Apache Wars, part of Philippines war
near Sierra Vista, most live in metropolitan Phoenix
○ Elijah Muhammad (1975 -- Phoenix was Western Headquarters of NOI) and
Louis Farrakhan (lived in South Phoenix): famous black activists (Nation of Islam)
○ Live in South Phoenix (majority of pop.)
○ Neighborhood maturation, ethnically mixed neighborhoods
○ Recent refugees (Somalia, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, Congo) -- Glendale.
● ASIAN POPULATION:
 ○ 3.1% in Arizona
○ Less than national average (6%)
○ Long history in AZ -- Santa Fe railroad (Chinese), mining communities
○ Residential clustering -- two Chinatowns near Downtown Phoenix (1889 and
1915)
○ South Phoenix.
○ Lots of Japanese south of Downtown, sent to internment camps. Early days,
Asians were not allowed to own property. Japanese set up flower gardens near
Baseline (50s - 80s).
○ Asian population very mixed and quite integrated.
○ Pacific Islanders in Mesa.
○ South Asians are “other”.
● AGE STRUCTURE:

●
● Bit more youthful than national average, much lower percent of people in working years
than avg., higher in retirees but not that much larger than nat’l avg.
● High visibility of retirees. Distinct and different living communities.
● Sun City, northwest of Phoenix -- built in 50s/60s, 55+ ONLY live here. Built by Del Web
Corporation, one of the first in the nation (built family community of Anthem).
● East Mesa, Apache Junction -- northwest or towards far East.
● Tucson has lots of retirement communities, Oro Valley, Marana. The edge of the
metropolitan.
○ Green Valley - south of Tucson, base of Santa Rita Mountains/Mine. Citrus trees,
○ Rio Rico, Silver Springs Valley (b/t Wilcox and Douglas).
○ Sunsites Pearce Valley
○ Sacramento Valley
○ Parker Strip
○ Bouse, Salom, Windon
● 90s - 00s: Californians moved to AZ and other parts of west/southwest for retirement.
● Californians went to Laughlin, Lake Havasu, Yuma, etc.
● The 4 S Cities that grew bc of retirees: Snowflake, Show Low, Springerville, St. Johns.
 ● Prescott the largest, Sedona and Flagstaff.
● Youngtown next to Flagstaff -- AZ Attorney General's Office spotted a flaw in the way
their deep restrictions were set up. Lots of younger ppl, ethnically mixed, large Hispanic
population.
● SNOWBIRDS:
○ Not reflected in census population because their primary residence is
somewhere else. RV parks in Mesa, Apache Junction, Buckeye, Goodyear,
Sunset City, Carefree, Cave Creek. Illinois, Minnesota, Canada. Yuma doubles in
the winter time.
○ Quartzsite -- empty during most of year, fills up during winter time. Pop less than
200, and then snowbirds come.

UNIT 11:

● 15 counties. Coconino the largest

● Issues with counties: could use more counties for gov. Administration
● 2 highly populated counties: Maricopa (Phx) and Pima (Tucson)
○ Maricopa: 4.4 million, 60% of state, ⅗ Arizonans are in Maricopa
○ Pima: 15% of the state
● ¾ of state population between 2 counties
● Administrative problems between counties: Arizona Strip, hard to reach Coconino and
Mohave counties
○ Often have to go out of state to get to other cities in Arizona (Kingman → Las
Vegas → Littlefield) + (Flagstaff → Utah → Fredonia)
○ AZ Strip is closer to Utah
○ Major trading cities with AZ Strip: Las Vegas, Salt Lake
○ Navajo and Apache counties go from border to Black River -- exempt from state
government stuff
● Names: Town of Maricopa is in Pinal county, Pinal Mountains in Gila County south of
Globe, Pima in Graham County, Mohave County has Mohave Desert
● Solution: divide counties
○ Greenlee and Graham are a result of county division -- miners wanted their own
county
○ Greenlee = 11k people (smallest in population), Santa Cruz (smallest in territorial
size)
● Majority of Santa Cruz river in Pinal County
● Yuma and La Paz county: the one county division to occur since AZ’s statehood
○ La Paz created in 1982. La Paz immediately ran into financial difficulties.
Creating new counties equals creating new government, costs a lost of money.
State gov had to bail them out. Causes hesitance in dividing counties.
● NW and SW Maricopa county very sparsely populated.
● Proposal to put East Valley cities in own county -- Red Mountain County, with Mesa as
the county seat.
● “Lord” Darrell Duppa and the naming of Phoenix:
 ○ Was quite educated for frontier Phoenix, created the name Phoenix for this new
settlement. Named after legendary bird, Duppa noticed that there was a lot of
evidence of Hohokam civilization in the settlement (canals and ruins). Hohokam
canals are still the same area bc they engineered it right.
● Named Tempe after a place in Greece.
● Phoenix was a former farming town, melons were a major export.
○ Farming until 60s, even still has lots of open land when it was starting to develop
● Military played large role in AZ growths
○ Lots of military forts during Apache War, Fort Huachuca.
○ Luke (Peoria, Glendale), Williams, Davis-Monthan Fields (Tucson) survived after
war
● Dept. of Defense Contracts: major employers, create aerospace jobs (more than 1200
companies here)
○ Boeing, Apache Helicopters, Orbital ATK, Northrop Grumman,
● Lots of ppl come from Northeast and Midwest move to Sun Belt in general post WW2
● Center of US population moves west and southward since 1790
● Amenities -- climate, outdoor rec, sports, sunshine. Amenities for MOST of the year.
● Location irrelevant service jobs -- financial service jobs, professional service jobs --
companies can locate wherever they want. Sales, marketing,
● Tourist development -- helps population growth. Tradition since WW2/1920s-30s.
Resorts w/ golf courses. Biltmore built in 1929.
● Tucson -- Hacienda del Sol, 1929 resort.
● PHX has lots of new subdivisions, lots of swimming pools.
● Undeveloped desert/farmland lost due to development -- Chandler, Gilbert, Surprise,
west Phoenix. One benefit is that houses use less water than farms. Con is that
nighttime low temperatures don’t drop as much (heat island effect)
● LA Riots in 92 - 2008 recession: Californians moved out to different places.
● Immigrants usually go from India → Utah → AZ.
● Blue collar jobs -- construction, plumbing, real big part of AZ economy, big employment
sector.
● High tech jobs: AZ is the Silicon Desert. Intel in Chandler. Biggest location for a single
company alone in tech in the US. Motorola spinoffs -- Freescale (semiconductors),
GODaddy, InfusionSoft.
● Professional and business services -- banking, finances. State Farm, Charles Schwab,
● Phoenix Suns were first major professional sports franchise.
● Cardinals moved from St. Louis in 1988.
● Coyotes moved from Winnipeg in 1996 (Canada)
● Diamondbacks 1998.
● 13 metro areas that a team in all 4 major sport leagues -- Phx is one of them
● Reasonably good access: to education, healthcare, government facilities, reliable
electricity, mountainous terrain, public land.
● Cons of growth: Indian reservations -- east of Phoenix are checks on growth. Gila River
south and southeast
● Scottsdale -- Salt River and Fort McDowell puts check on growth of that city
 ● San Xavier puts check on Tucson
● Public land puts check on growth for Horseshoe
● Scottsdale -- Tonto National forest
● Northeast Phoenix can’t grow.

UNIT 12:

● Urban sprawl:
○ Cities growing horizontally, amt of land taken up grows horizontally too
○ 80s - 2010s, increase of population and land area
● Phoenix metropolitan: NW of Surprise and SW of Queen Creek and beyond
● Tucson: NW of Marana, Pinal Airpark, SE to Colossal Cave area
● Leapfrog development:
○ Skipping over vacant land to create new developments closer to the edge of town
○ Occurred during development of Anthem
○ No growth beyond north Happy Valley, Del Web Corp. created Anthem all the
way out there
■ Interstate-17 nearby
■ Bigger than Nogales, the same size as Florence
● Florence, Queen Creek, Santan Ranch – part of urban sprawl
● Gila River Indian Reservation has led to leapfrog development of Maricopa community in
Pinal County, and it’s now beyond the reservation
● Salt River Indian reservation has led to South Scottsdale being very narrow and it
widens out later
● Planners want concentration on “infill”
● Efforts to have higher density areas to fight against urban sprawl
● South of Tolleson, west end of South Mountain, west of Glendale -- open areas to
reduce sprawl
● Tempe, Scottsdale -- higher density now
● North, NE Tucson -- low in population density
● Phoenix metro has more than doubled in the last 30 years
● Urban sprawl = more auto dependence
● More traffic congestion
● Air quality issues
● Depends on atmospheric conditions
● Automobile exhaust is the primary cause of air quality issues
● Higher concentration in winter
● On certain days -- No Burn Days
● High Pollution Advisory
● Air Quality Alert
● Enormous electricity consumption -- lots of AC consumption in heart of summer
○ Yuma is the hottest
○ Glen Canyon Dam -- water released by dam can fluctuate in summer is to
provide Phoenix metro area more electricity at high demand times
 ○ Grand Canyon rafters can be kinda lost bc of this
○ Beaches and sand can result, kinda unpredictable
○ If the dam releases all water at once, it is to restore these beaches
● Phoenix metro area is very vulnerable -- everything has to be imported, kind of isolated,
water and food must be delivered -- if interrupted, can cause disruption
○ Salt River watershed can help
○ Electricity brought in from long distances
○ Palo Verde -- 60 miles west from Phoenix is nation’s biggest nuclear plant, stable
electricity power -- potential for accidents
○ Interstate-10: west of Phoenix, crosses Cali border, just across state lines.
Everything has to be trucked in for grocery stores.
○ No natural gas produced in state, gas lines
● Gasoline has to come in, no refineries in AZ
○ 85% of AZ’s gas comes from LA, 15% comes from El Paso
○ Gas vulnerability: August 2003 gasoline shortage -- break in pipeline at Tucson
caused long gas lines, shortages, not a lot of traffic but difficult to get to places
● Tucson more vulnerable with water supply than Phoenix
● Exurbs: communities beyond the reach of an urban area, beyond urban sprawl.
○ Started out as separate independent towns
○ Superior -- former mining town, Pinal C
○ Florence -- newer subdivisions in the area, state prison is there, going to be part
of metro soon, Pinal C
○ Casa Grande -- starting to grow, could be part of metro in the future, Pinal C
○ Wickenburg -- very spread out, for retirees
○ Black Canyon City -- north of Phoenix, very far out from Maricopa County
○ Oracle -- north side of Santa Catalina Mountains, not part of urban area. Famous
for the Biosphere 2, tourist attraction.
○ Green Valley -- retirement community. San Javier Indian community b/t Tucson
and GV.
● Newly-emerging metropolitan areas: The US Census Bureau has 380 metropolitan
areas. Defined as urban core that has at least 50,000 people -- Phoenix 11th largest,
Tucson 53rd largest
● Metro rank:
○ Prescott-Prescott Valley: #199
■ Prescott is original town, been there since territory days. Prescott Valley
was empty until 4 years ago.
○ Yuma: #216: Colorado River, Interstate 8 (Arizona on left, Cali on right)
○ Flagstaff: #292. NAU, Interstate 40 and 17 meet. SF Peaks.
○ Sierra Vista: #318. Southeastern AZ. Boundaries of Fort Huachuca. Miller Peak.
● Resorts: big ones tend to be in Phx, Tucson metropolitan area. Lots in Scottsdale.
○ Resort towns (besides Phx and Tucson): Prescott (Valley), Flagstaff, Sedona,
Pinetop-Lakeside (White Mountains, western side, Highway 260 connects Show
Low
● Alpine: High elevation, small town
● Page: Helps Lake Powell visitors, Marina
● Bullhead City: Loughlin River, Davis Dam
● Lake Havasu City: London Bridge
● Patagonia, Sonoita for wine, Parker Strip, Tusayan (close to Grand Canyon), Williams
west of Flagstaff
● Old mining towns: Bisbee, Jerome, Tombstone
● Small towns --
● Indian towns: has “capital” (headquarter) town on reservation -- function like county
seats.
○ Window Rock -- capital of Navajo Nation.
○ White River -- capital of Fort Apache Reservation, Fort Apache is a town.
○ San Carlos -- capital of San Carlos
○ Sells -- Tohono O’odham
○ Peach Springs -- Hualapai. Route 66
○ Kykotsmovi -- Hopi. Oraibi wash, third mesa. Oraibi is the oldest continually
inhabited town in America, dates back to 900s.
○ Sacaton -- Gila River Indian Res.
● Second/summer homes development areas: Mogollon Rim, White Mountains, Prescott.
Flagstaff. Payson, Show Low, Eager

●
● Tucson summer homes location: Summerhaven, Mount Graham, Williams.
● Border towns:
○ Big function to fill. People get day passes just to shop sometimes. Economic
function.
○ Nogales in the biggest, 20k ppl in the town, one in Sonora. AZ borders Mexican
state of Sonora. Has 3 different border points. Interstate 19 in Nogales. Toward
Hermosillo, one of the biggest cities. Lots of produce coming in. Tourists come to
Mexico to get cheaper and more varied prescription drugs. Specialized in truck
crossings.
○ Douglas: named after the mining company president, Bisbee mines.
○ San Luis: has 2 main border crossing points.
 ○ Lukeville: big crossing point for Rocky Point, adjacent to Oregon Point.
○ Naco: south of Bisbee. 2 Nacos.
○ Sasabe: closed every night. 2 Sasabes. Wildlife refuge on AZ side, official
crossing point. The slowest route.

●
● Mexican border twins have a lot of factories that make products on assembly lines and
ship them to the US without tariffs, US employees give Mexicans jobs.
● Freeway towns: main economic function is to serve freeway travelers with fast food,
motels, etc.
● Winslow + Holsbrook, Ashfork, Williams (resorts and second home dev.), Kingman:
Interstate 40.
● Gila Bend: Interstate 8
● Camp Verde: Interstate 17.
● Rio Rico, Nogales, Tubac: Interstate 19 (Phoenix and Tucson)
● Wilcox, Benson, Eloy, Casa Grande, AZ City: Interstate 10
● Farming towns: agriculture in the main economic function.
● Maricopa, Safford-Thatcher from Gila River, Eloy, Picacho (Pinal County agriculture),
Welton, Salome-Wendon, Poston had Japanese internment camps,

UNIT 13:

● Economic sectors
○ Primary sector -- earn money directly from Earth’s resources -- miners, farmers,
loggers. Copper mining big business.
○ Secondary -- industry, manufacturing. Assembly lines, construction
○ Tertiary -- services. Vast majority of AZ’s working population. Business, finance,
education, healthcare, tourism. 87% of AZ in this sector.
● Transportation services:
○ Part of tertiary sector. Trucking, etc. AZ was a place to be crossed -- military in
Mexican War, gov officials and surveyors came across the state. Cross to CA. 2
groups of surveyors -- one on Northern Corridor, 35th parallel -- one on Southern
 Corridor, 32nd parallel. Surveys for future railroad -- 1850s and 1860s. Railway
built 1870s/80s.
● Railroads:
○ Santa Fe Railroad: First major railroad built across Northern Corridor. Santa Fe.
I-40 prototype. Checkerboard format railroad land.
○ South Pacific Railroad: Second railroad built along 32nd parallel. Built in 1880s.
Fraudulent activity, company forfeited land.
○ Both railroads established by 1882.
○ Railroad route skipped Phoenix at first.
○ Maricopa was the railway junction for Southern Pacific. Maricopa was a branch
line that connected Southern Pacific to Phoenix. Maricopa is a small junction, has
a water tank for the railroad and that’s famous.
○ Line was built to Prescott, connecting North and South Corridor.
○ Northern (Santa Fe) connecting town = Ash Fork.
○ Williams is a junction town connecting for route to Grand Canyon.
○ Route to Williams kinda jumpstarted explosive growth for Grand Canyon tourism.
○ First railway route EVER in AZ was to Clifton-Morensi.
○ Ajo, Globe, Safford, Parker -- routes were built for mining towns.
○ Holbrook to Maverick is logging route.
○ Benson was a junction town that turned into a mining town.
○ Winslow was a major route and railway town bc it was a rail yard stop, for fixing
and refueling.
○ Clarkdale Flagstaff route abandoned, Winslow to Maverick abandoned,
○ To ride Amtrak, must stop in Flagstaff or Maricopa
○ Yuma had steamships for more than half a century before railroads were a thing.
Big in 1850s-1860s, came from Colorado River, some even went to Fort Mohave.
Laguna Dam built in 1909 ended this.
● Highway building:
○ Dirt roads built in first decades of 1900s. Indian detours -- passengers get off at
railroad, and then use motorbike to visit parts they can’t reach by train. Pueblos,
valleys.
○ Big hit, almost every major stop had a place to go to and a hotel to stay. Indian
hotels has a lot of Indian fashion, decoration, promoted Indian motif. Jewelry was
major.
○ Indian detours were a source of income for Natives.
○ 1930s, late 20s to early 40s were a big time for highway building.
○ Most early highways paralleled railways. Route 66 from Chicago to LA paralleled
Santa Fe railway. Called “Main Street of America”. Diverged from Kingman, went
through Black Mountain, railway south of Black Mountain.
○ Sanders serves Navajo population, Joseph City b/t Wilson and Holbrook, were
towns on route 66 after being towns of railroad.
○ Oatman is an old mining town and it became a town for route 66, it was the one
town not on the railway.
○ Oatman was a ghost town turned tourist attraction, known for feral burros.
 ○ Feral burros in west AZ, Catalinas, San Pedro valley, Grand Canyon, Lake Mead.
● 30s - 60s highways:
○ US 60: New Mexico, Show Low, Salt River Canyon, Globe, into Phoenix.
○ US 191: Coronado Trail, Clifton, Eagerton, Douglas, climbs the Mogollon Rim
from Mountainous Transition Zone to the Colorado Plateau.
○ US 89A: State highway. Scenic with lots of attractions. Flagstaff to Sedona to
Cottonwood to Casa Verde River to Mingus Mountain to Prescott.
○ Interstate highway system: Planning in 1950s, Eisenhower. 70s and 80s were
most construction.
○ Interstate 40 replaced route 66, same route except it went south (not Seligman
and Kingman)
○ Williams wasn’t complete or part of road until 1984
● Current interstate system:
○ Interstate 10, 40, 8, 17, 19 (labelled metric). 10 for LA to Phx wasn’t built until
90s. 10 and 40 get major truck traffic.
○ Interstate 11 will replace route 93, Kingman to LV.
○ Freeways in urban areas: 10. US 60. State highways 51 and 143, Loop 101 and
202, 303. Interstate 11. 8.
○ Tucson: not many options. 10. 19. Needed for north and east.
● Public transit:
○ Well developed bus systems (Valley Metro), Tucson (Sun Tram).
○ Newly emerging urban areas have their own bus systems - Flagstaff, Yuma,
Prescott, Sierra Vista,
○ Shuttles in smaller towns and rural areas. Safford to Globe to Phx.
○ Light rail system: Phoenix to Tempe to Mesa. Tucson has Sun Link Streetcar.

UNIT 14:

● 10% of AZ jobs come from tourism industry

● Tourists responsible for ⅓ of AZ’s tax revenue
● Hotel “bed” taxes, rental car taxes
● Gov. promotes tourism a lot
● Tourists pay for AZ Cardinals stadium, 10 spring training facilities
● Cubs and Dodgers are a big draw
● Sky Harbor Airport is very centrally located in the city and in the state. 13th busiest
airport in the US, 41st in the world.
● Has history since 1920s
● Phoenix Mesa Gateway Airport, 28.06 miles from Sky Harbor. Allegiant uses it a lot.
● Tucson International Airport has limited international connections, 2nd busiest and busier
than Mesa airport
● Grand Canyon Airport in Tusayan has charter planes for specific destinations
● 7 out of 8 tourists for AZ come from US
● 29% of tourists are from AZ (staycations)
● 20% from California
● 5% from Texas
● 4% from Colorado
● 4% from Illinois
● 3% from Florida, New York, New Mexico
● 29% from other 42 states
● Foreign tourism: ⅛ of revenue
● Most from Mexico, Canada, Germany, UK, France, Japan, Korea, Australia, China
● Phoenix metro area is the biggest tourist destination of AZ, Valley of the Sun
● Centrally located
● Pueblo Grande is eastern edge of Sky Harbor, Hohokam ruins
● South Mountain Park, one of the largest city parks in country, right on south end of city
● Piestawa Peak
● Camelback Mountain
● Scottsdale developed tourism 1948 -- The West’s Most Western Town
● Resorts and golf towns further to the north
● Casinos
● Colorado River, Tucson, Payson, Camp Verde
● Glendale not happy about Casino
● Highway 288 -- Roosevelt Dam
● Highway 60 Miami and Superior is also very scenic
● Tucson 53rd largest metropolitan
● South -- Santa Rita Mountains, North/NE -- Catalina (most obvious mountain range)
● Southeast -- Rincon Mountains, West -- Tucson Mountains (smallest and shortest, more
of a desert range)
● 1970s Catalina State Park -- development land that locals wanted to preserve
● US Forest Service runs most of the natural lands here
● AZ Sonoran Desert Museum -- best wildlife museum in the state, also a zoo
● Resorts and golf courses -- north end of metro area
● Catalina Highway -- NE part of the city
● SE part of city -- Pima Air and Space Museum, adjacent to Davis Monson Air Force base
● Near airport graveyard
● Patagonia Creek -- preserved creek, Patagonia Mountains
● Huachua Mountains
● Canela Hills b/t Patagonia and Huachuca
● Cochise County -- Tombstone, ghost town that wouldn’t die
● Boothill Graveyard in Tombstone, shootouts
● Chirichua mountains
● Wilcox -- ranching town to railroad town to freeway town for Interstate 10, theme is Rex
Allen -- singing cowboy of Hollywood
● South of Tucson -- Buenos Aires Museum
● North of Peak is Kitt Peak
● San Bernadino Refuge
● Coronado National Memorial -- south side of Huachuca Mountains
● San Javel Valley -- in between Nogales and
UNIT 15:

● Prescott a newly emerging urban area, new attractions and lots of old ppl
● Main focus is the courthouse and courthouse square in Yavapai County
● Granite Dells, Watson Lake, Granite Mountains, Yarnell
● Sedona -- red rock country, city and town, creeks and Oak Creek Canyon, Sycamore
Creek. Center for New Age Spiritualism/metaphysics -- lots of vortexes and energy
centers in Sedona. 6 in them -- Boynton Canyon, Bell Rock, Airport Mesa, Cathedral
Rock, Holy Cross Chapel, Schnebly Hill
● Flagstaff -- newly emerging metro area. SF Peaks, Ponderosa Pine. Snowbowl, Sunset
Crater (volcano crater), Meteor Crater, Walnut Canyon -- elevation 8000 - 10000 feet.
● Sunset Crater - within last 1000 years. Can’t hike on there anymore, national monument.
● Lava River Cave -- has a dead end, NW of Flag.
● Highway 180 is called North Fort Valley Road. 3 different museums -- museum on
northern Arizona, cocoino center of arts, pioneer museum.
● Grand Canyon considered one of the 5 main jewels of US national parks
● Bright Angel trail most popular trail. South Kaibab 2nd.
● North Kaibab trail for ppl who hike rim to rim
● Solitary trails -- Hermit trail, Grandview trail
● Hualapai indian reservation -- grand canyon west. Skywalk, pay a fee to walk on a 3000
feet drop from Colorado River. One day river rafting trips, can get a booking whenever.
Peach Springs on route 66 -- can go on Jeep road tours to Colorado River. On south
side of river.
● AZ strip is isolated but gets traffic bc of Virgin River Gorge. I-15 comes thru here. Go to
the North rim of grand canyon. 4.5 to 5 hour drive.
● Highway 67 only open during summer months, closed Nov-May. Can see Echo Cliffs and
Vermillion Cliffs.
● South Rim closer to colorado river
● Northeastern arizona -- lake mead, lake powell, kayenta canyons, monument valley (part
of utah and arizona). Monument Valley is popular is bc its in a lot of movies, 40s and 50s
westerns. Car commercials. Canyon de Chelly, north edge of defiance plataeau. Rivers
carved out the rock.
● Highway 163 can get blocked off
● Canyon de Chelly has forested north and south rim, indian ruins, Chinley Wash. Spider
rock. Hire a Navajo guide to go on a truck/Jeep tour to tour the canyon bottom. Anasazi
Ruins.
● Hopi villages -- must be respected, not a lot of photos don’t like it. First - third mesas,
some in valley bottoms. Oraibi is one of the oldest contiuing settlements in the world.
Third mesa -- old Oraibi. Hopi famous for arts and crafts.
● National Parks besides Grand Canyons:
● Petrified Forest national park, east of Holbrook. Created to preserve petrified wood from
being stolen and taken away, Holbrook has collections/sellers of petrified wood.
Fossilized trees and wood, was a big forest at one time and is now treeless. Gets a lot of
 visitors because it’s a national park, because it’s right off interstate 40 (painted desert
viewpoint there as well), has the word forest in it and visitors can be surprised by how
treeless it is.
● White Mountains: attract Phoenix and tucson visitors in the summer months. Greer has
some lodges, little cabins in the forest, near base of Mt. Baldy (highest point), Little
Colorado River. Lots of resovoir lakes here and in Mogollon Rim. Mormon Lake is the
only natural lake.
● Safford, Thatcher, Pinalenos Mountains (mt. graham, highest out of all arizona sky
islands in south AZ). Telescope on Pinalenos Mountains
● Glen Canyon recreational area: Lake Powell.
● 97% of Lake Powell is in Utah. AZ gets ⅔ of revenue from the Lake, Page has all the
tourist functions. Wahweap Marina is the biggest marina for the lake and its in AZ,
● Lake Mead recreational area; split between az and nevada. A good portion in az and
nevada, greg basin. Lake levels fluctuate a lot. Affects colorado river and rafting trips for
the end of the trip. Meadview is az town -- isolated.
● Pearce ferry; near grand wash cliffs. Where rafters end, 277 miles away.
● Temple bar: part of lake mead. Little bit wider part of lake.
● Overton dam: muddy and virgin river meet.
● Willow beach: lake mohave’s. Easy access highway 93.
● Wildlife refuges: Cabeza Prieta (wildlife and sonoran pronghorn antelope) and Kofa
(southwest of Yuma). Southwest corner of the state.
● Imperial and Cibola refuges for aqua birds, ducks and geese.

UNIT 16:

● Hiking:
○ Long-distance hiking is popular. 11 long-distance trails congressionally
designated as National Scenic Trails. Arizona Trail made the list in 2009. People
really like it.
● Arizona Trail: Known as the AZT. Mexican border to Utah border, 800 miles long. Basin
Range, Transition Zone, Colorado Plateau. 43 different passages. 8 - 30 miles in length
(or longer). Starts in sky islands, SE Arizona. Basin Range, Gila Canyons, Transition
Zone, rim, Colorado Plateau, Utah border.
○ Huachuca Mountains, Canelo Hills, town of Patagonia. Saguaro National Park, I-
10, Rincon Mountains, Santa Catalina Mountains, Summerhaven. Tortilla
Mountains, Gila Canyon, close to Superior, Roosevelt Dam, Marina (city),
Superstition Wilderness, Pine (resupply town -- halfway point), Mormon Lake,
Flagstaff, Coconino Plateau from south to North rim, Kaibab Plateau, Utah
border.
○ Trail is 100 percent protected from development.
● Grand Enchantment Trail: Not a congressionally designated trail. Includes AZ And New
Mexico. Starts near Apache Junction, follows AZ Trail until Hayden Winkelman. Valley
Oro Mountains, Pinalenos, Safford, Gila Mountains, Clifton-Morenci, Coronado Trail,
Blue River, north of Albuquerque. 770 miles.
● Wildlife: areas in Flagstaff/near Flagstaff considered wildlife observatories. Bird species.
● Deer: AZ Game and Fish Department has separated a lot of AZ hunting zones, so if you
want to hunt you’re put in a drawing and assigned to a different hunting location for the
year. Deer in Sonoran desert, rocky cactus areas. Chaparral.
○ Kaibab Plateau known for big trophy mule deer.
● Elk are popular to AZ, imported for more than a century. North side of Mogollon Rim,
south Colorado Plateau. Ponderosa pine forest. West of Williams, all the way to New
Mexico.
● Tertiary economy (services): 87% of employees in the state work in this sector of
economy.
○ Largest non-government employer in the state: Banner Healthcare.
● Phoenix is the biggest trading region, Flagstaff, Tucson, Yuma, Kingman, Page,
Winslow, Holbrook, White Mountains area, Globe/Miami, Sierra Vista, etc.
●

● Downtown Phoenix: largest government center/concentration for employees. Fed. gov

workers, court workers.
● Phoenix and Tucson are county seats. Fed gov workers for border patrol in Tucson, Ajo,
Nogales, Yuma.
● Yuma is 3rd most populous county seat. Almost 100,000. Just the city itself, not the
metro area.
● Flagstaff (4th) has around 68,000 -- just the city.
● Prescott next (5th)
● County seats between 25-35k: Kingman (33-34k), Florence (25k), Nogales (21k),
Safford (10k), Globe (8k), Bisbee (5-6k), Holbrook (5k), Parker (3k).
● ⅙ of land controlled by US Forest Service
● US Forest Service offices: part of Dept. of Agriculture. All the land is broken up into 6
national forests.

●
● Coronado Forest:
○ Tucson, Nogales and Safford are county seats.
 ○
■ Sierra Vista and Douglas are in Cochise County.
● Tonto Forest:
 ○
○ Globe is county seat for Gila County.
○ Roosevelt --Tonto River/Basin.
○ Young (town): Pleasant Valley, US Forest District office for Sierra Anches. Site of
Pleasant Valley War in late 1800s, 2 families got in a feud (cattle ranchers vs.
sheepherders). Graham vs. Tookes Valley.
● Apache-Sitgreaves Forest:
○ Two different forests joined together in the 1970s.

○
○ No county seats for any of the cities.
● Prescott Forest:
 ○
● Coconino Forest:

○
○ North of the Mogollon RIm, Flagstaff is a county seat.
● Kaibab Forest:

○
○ Williams has forest service officers as well as district rangers.
○ Tusayan outside National Park boundary, but surrounded by forestry.
○ Fredonia on AZ Strip.
● Bureau of Land Management (BLM): BLM controls more land than forest service. BLM
 controls around 1/6 of land in state.

●
● Most national monuments administered by National Park Service.
● Agua Fria National Monument (Hassy), Ironwood/Sonoran Desert (Lower Sonoran).

●
●

●
 ●
● BLM land mostly in western and southwestern AZ.
● Solar power:
○ BLM controlled lands in west AZ. National wildlife refuges, Indian reservations,
military reservations not open to solar farms.
○ Mesquite Solar Project: west of Arlington.
○ Pacific Solar Farm: traditional solar farm.
○ Solana Generating Farm: parabolic mirrors, gets super hot and it generates heat
and energy from that tower it’s reflected on.
● Palo Verde nuclear plant.
○ Between GIla Bend and Tonopah has a lot of renewable energy (nuclear plants
and solar energy).
● Green Valley has solar farms.
● Davis Monthan air force base has a lot of solar farms.
● Rooftops on ASU structures have solar power panels.
● Wind power: Not a lot of wind for power. Holbrook/Winslow, Navajo reservation,
Mogollon rim, Kingman. South of Holbrook has only active windmill in the state.
○ Proposal for wind farm north of Kingman (Red Lake).
● Secondary economy -- 12%. Manufacturing, construction, etc.
○ Construction -- 6%.
○ Manufacturing -- 6%.
○ High tech and aerospace: Engineers under manufacturing, assembly of chips.
○ Iron and steel: fabrication facilities/foundries. Mesa, Chandler, Phoenix, Tempe.
Avondale. Tolleson. Lavine. Surprise. Kingman, Prescott Valley, Tucson.

UNIT 17:

● Primary economy -- farming, etc. 1% of AZ employment.

● Farming -- for the military force, 1860s. Phoenix was a farming town for the army. Salt
River Valley. Roosevelt Dam 1912 -- big boom in farming. By the time the river reached
the city, it’d be dry after diverting all the time.
○ Guadalupe -- small colonia. Temporary farming community.
 ○ Yaki Indian -- a lot of Indians were forced to leave their homes and settled in
Guadalupe.
○ Hightown -- another colonial, west side of Chandler. Caya Primera/Segundo.
East side has Chandler mall, west side has air strip.
○ County islands -- Gilbert, Chandler, Mesa, Phoenix (north/southwest).
○ El Mirage -- colonia. Lavine. Buckeye.
● “King” cotton - Pima and Egyptian cotton. Goodyear tire factory tried growing cotton --
equals the start of Goodyear.
○ Cotton picked by hand until 1952.
○ Randolph -- black colonia, cotton workers settled down there. Malcom X Street.
MLK Street.
○ Cotton boom in early 1950s, when cotton picking machines became thing.
● Farmland lost from urbanization -- South Valley, Gilbert, Chandler, Surprise, Litchfield
Park.
○ New farms along Gila -- lots of groundwater. Wickenburg, Salome.
● Graham County -- use surface water off of Gila, groundwater.
● Yuma area -- major agricultural production area. Equidistant to Socal and Phx. Veggies.
● Citrus -- a lot of informal crops, is on the decline
● Grape production has increased in NE part of Santa Cruz county.
● Elgin is the new winery of AZ
● Cut flowers -- Baseline and Phoenix. Far west valley, using irrigation water to make cut
flowers and they are exported. SE Arizona -- Boey and San Simone, pecans and walnuts
growing
● Picacho -- pecan groves near I-10.
● Bee keeping, fish farming (Safford, Casa Grande), fish hatcheries (Payson, Sedona,
Flagstaff)
● Cattle ranchers promoted early 1900s. First cattle domesticated and raised successfully
came from Texas to Pima, 1850s. Railroad brought cattle in and out.
● Land ownership -- early land ownership came from cattle ranchers.
● Windmill pump -- expanded cattle range bc it extended the range of water. Cattle
ranchers
● Barbed wire -- Industrial revolution, Putting in fences helped cattle ranchers identify their
herds. Some bad effects for wildlife.
● Barbed wire is allowed on public land.
● Carrying capacity -- how many cows can a square mile support? 13-16 cows, Boey.
More grass - 14-16.
● Highest carrying capacity - Santa Cruz county. Yavapai, Mogollon Rim. Cochise County
has best ranch land.
● Yavapai County: range land, north of Chino County.
● Apache Reservations good for ranch land → raiders to ranchers.
● Feedlots in Yuma, Phoenix area.
● Gilbert, Glendale -- dairy areas. Fresh milk for Tucson market.
● Shamrock farms became Sham Estates. Housing developments move close to where
dairy farms are, ppl complain about the smells, and then the dairy moves to a different
 location.
● Move to Casa Grande, Coolidge, move to edge/outside of metro area.
● Sheep -- late 1800s and 1900s. Basque Country came to west, some in AZ, specialized
in sheep herding in Iberia. Based in Flagstaff.
● Young -- highway 260 or Roosevelt area.
● Pleasant Valley War ended in 1892 in Tempe.
● Navajo Valley have cultural preference for raising sheep.
● Sheep bridge deteriorated, new bridge built over Verde River north of Horseshoe
Reservoir to commemorate sheep runs.

UNIT 18:

● Logging - primary economy

○ Ponderosa pine most commercially available wood in AZ
○ Santa Fe railroad had branch lines that aided w logging
○ One south of Flagstaff
● Lots of logging Fort Apache reservation (FATCO)
● McNary - logging town east of Pinetop and west of Greer
○ Lots of black Southern ppl came here to work in the logging industry
● Coolidge
● Maverick
● 1930s - 1980s 4.5 times greater expansion in logging
● Williams, Payson, Heber, Show Low, Snowflake, Springerville, Alpine, Fredonia --
sawmills
● Tucson Center for Biological Diversity filed lawsuits for too much timber being cut
○ Sawmills closed down bc of opposition
● Declined bc expanded too fast, not economically feasible
○ Ponderosa pine is slower growing
● Mexican Spotted Owl, threatened list, Apache and Kaibab forests
● Gold rush started in Earnest in 1850s-60s
● Central and Southern AZ, most mining takes place in Transition zone
○ Bradshaw Mountains
○ Gold panning/mining is mining from lake/creek (Lynx Creek)
○ Vulture Mountains - hard rock mining near Wickenburg
● Copper, silver, gold nearby
● First rail lines for transporting copper (Clifton)
● Globe good for copper major player
● Ghost towns in Bradshaw, southeastern part of AZ
● Western part of AZ has burros, near Mead
● 1890s, demand for copper rose nationally bc cities were using electricity
● By 1910 AZ was the largest copper state in US,
● Switch to open ore mining increased copper production
● Mining towns:
○ Homes on side of hills
 ○ Level land for company buildings, schools, churches, retail
○ No grid pattern
○ Narrow streets
● Smelter towns:
○ Melt the metal down
○ Have grid pattern
○ Douglas
○ Clarkdale
○ Hayden
● 61% of US copper comes from AZ
● Sonora, Ray
● Lots of Mexicans
● Ray mine swallowed up Sonora
● Move the cemetery
● Highway 177 and 191 have been rerouted bc bigger mines grow
● Company towns: mines run everything sometimes like shops
● No mayor or city council in Baghdad, run by company
● 1917 workers went on strike in Bisbee, busy deportation. Took workers and abandoned
them in the desert
● 1981-82: protests bc mechanization, lots of stuff shut down
● Old mining towns:
○ Tourist attractions
○ Tucson, Bisbee, Jerome, Oatman, Chloride (north of Kingman)
○ Ajo attracted old ppl and ppl on fixed income
● Current mining districts (major):
○ Clifton
○ Globe Miami
○ Superior
● Coal mining:
○ Colorado Plateau
○ Black Mesa Field, Peabody company, in Navajo nation
● Newest electric train near Black Mesa field to transport coal, highway 163
● Slurry pipeline sent to Loughlin, Nevada. One of the only in the world/US
● 5 coal plant lines: Navajo, Cholla, Coronado, Springersville, Apache
● Palo Verde natural gas hub, coal, hydropower provides electricity demand
● Coal in Mogollon Rim
● 50s-60s: hunt for uranium on reservations
● Possible new mines
● Electro process attracts chemicals from copper and shit
● Uranium mine Coconino Plateau, 15 miles from Grand Canyon rim
● Shut down by environmental groups
● Open pit mine Santa Rita mountains south of Tucson
● Underground mine between Superior and Miami, copper, Oak Flat highway 60