IGCSE Worksheet Answer Key

Ch 10 Diseases and immunity

By Ms. Amrita GM
1. B. Antigen
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. A
7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C
11. C

1. (a) primary response, 1st injection takes time to stimulate the immune system and there
is a slow rise in antibody level and peaks at around 10 days. Iit takes time for
lymphocytes to identify the antigen and produce the specific antibody. Secondary
response is faster due to presence of memory cells and there is a rapid increase in
antibody level. The primary antibody starts to drop, and level is low compared to
secondary response. Secondary response creates longer lasting antibodies.

(b) (i) Bronchus- Lining of bronchus produces sticky mucus. This can trap pathogens. The
cilia present in the respiratory passages sweep the mucus back up the throat where
it can be swallowed.

(ii) Stomach- Stomach produces hydrochloric acid is secreted which kills many of the
bacteria in the food that we eat as well as those in swallowed in mucus.

(c) Both pathogens have different antigens and antibodies produces are antigen specific
hence antibodies against antigens present on bacteria causing whooping cough will
not be effective against the antigens present on the polio virus.

2. (a) (i) An increase in cases until Oct/ nov and then a decrease in the number of cases.

(ii) 1320- 168= 1152 cases

(b) whooping cough is a transmissible disease. Immigration introduces people who are
not immunised and may bring the disease into the country which may put
unvaccinated people at risk.

(c) Not everyone has been immunised. Immunisation not fully effective.
 Bacteria mutates making immunisation ineffective. Immunity can decrease with age.
Immunity may require boosters. There may be loss of memory lymphocytes.

3. (a) Antibody is a protein molecule with a particular shape complimentary to the antigen
produced by the lymphocytes./ produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens.
Destroys antigen/ microorganism(pathogen)

(b) Volunteer A= 3.1< 3.2 arbitrary units; Volunteer B= 6.8 arbitrary units

(c) After r 35 days antibody level falls below 4/immune threshold (described);
Volunteer could catch the disease.

(d) (i) body/ white blood cells produce own antibodies.

(ii) Delay of 5 days before antibody level starts to rise; Level of antibodies takes
15/16 days after vaccine to become immune/ 25 days to reach peak/rises
slowly; Level of antibodies not as high (as volunteer A)/peaks at 7; Level of
antibodies decreases slowly/remains immune until after 60 days;

4. (a) Count all or a sample of red and white cells and compare;

(b) (i) more cells/ cells close together in Fig. 4.3 or less in Fig. 1; More white cells in Fig,
4.2 or less 4.1; More red cells in Fig. 4.2 or less in Fig. 4.1; higher ratio of white to red
cells in Fig. 4.2 or lower in Fig. 4.1; Greater variety of white cells/ phagocytes and
lymphocytes in Fig. 4.2 or converse.

Ignore- ref to sickle cells, turgidity of cells/ plasma.

(ii) Second sample taken after disease/ has disease/ infections/ high altitude/
transplant of organ or transfusion

Or

First sample person was anaemic.

Ignore- ref to leukaemia, healthier, age, injuries such as broken arm unless
infected.

(d) Attach to virus/ bacteria/ antigens; Prevent movement around the body/ prevents
entry into cells; stops division; combine with/ neutralise toxins; clump, bacteria/
viruses, together; help phagocytes engulf virus/ bacteria
5. (a) Antigen

(b) Active/ acquired (not artificial unqualified)

(c) produced in response to different/ previous bacterial infections

(d) shape of antibody matches antigens/ specific/ complimentary; Antibody attaches/

binds to antigen/ bacterium; Binds/ clumps bacteria together; Prevents spread/
reproduction/ easier for phagocytes.

(e) phagocyte; Reject- white blood cell

Engulfs bacteria/ clumps of bacteria; Digests

(f) skin; hairs/ cilia; mucus membranes; tears/ lysozyme; stomach/ vaginal acid; blood
clotting