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UNIT 6: GLOBAL WARMING

I. VOCABULARY:
01. absorb 29 man-made
02. atmosphere 30 irresponsible
03. awareness 31 stable
04. ban 32 extreme heat
05. capture 33 fossil fuels
06 greenhouse gas 34 weather pattern
07. catastrophic 35 environmentalist
08. clean-up 36 negative impact
09 lawmaker 37 numerous
10. diversity 38 absorptive
11. drought 39 disrupt
12. ecological 40 Alarming rate
13. ecosystem 41 natural disaster
14. emission 42 drought
15. famine 43 draught
14 carbon footprint 44 famine
17. heat-related 45 crop harvest
18. infectious 46 species diversity
19 balance 47 widespread
20. oil spill 48 light bulb
21 deforest 49 electronic device
22 deforestation 50 Give off
23 chemical fertilizer 51 depict
24 outline 52 cropland
25 inspire 53 oil spill
26 Gulf of Mexico 54 raise money
27 plastic bag 55 raise awareness of
28 run out of 56 criticize for
GRAMMAR
Perfect gerunds: Eg: The company admitted having discharged untreated sewage into the sea.
Perfect participles: Eg: Having identified the wanted in the haunted house, the police planned to arrest him.

III: PRACTICE EXERCISES.

Ex 1: Fill in each blank with the correct word/phrase from the box. There are some extra.
droughts famine sea life weather energy flooding extreme conditions forest
- A rise in sea levels, causing (1)________________ in coastal areas.
- Higher sea surface temperatures, endangering (2)________________ .
- The shrinking of glaciers, leading to a decrease in fresh water for rivers and less (3)___________ production.
- A loss of tropical forests, an increase in arid lands, more (4)________________ fires, and a loss of animal and plant
species. A decrease in agricultural yields, leading to (5)_______________ .

Ex 2: Fill in each blank in the passage with the correct word/phrase from the box.
energy use endangered species carbon footprint climate change severe storms
sea levels alternative sources greenhouse gases carbon emissions natural habitats
Why is global warning a problem? High levels of (1)________________ in the atmosphere lead to
(2)___________________ . The oceans and seas are getting warmer and the polar ice caps are melting. This causes
the rise in (3)_________________ , which threatens low coastal regions and islands. Furthermore, the weather is
becoming more unpredictable, with (4)________________ and floods, or unexpected droughts. Another effect o f
global warming is a rise in the number of (5)_________________ . Many animals and plants could become extinct if
their (6)________________ are changed. What can we do about it? Scientists now agree that there is an urgent need
to cut (7)_________________ across the world. Moreover, we need to develop (8)_________________ of energy,
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such as wind, wave or solar power. For individuals, being a vegetarian reduces your (9)_____________ (the amount
of emissions caused one person’s lifestyle) because it can reduce (10)_______________.

Ex 3: Combine the following sentences by completing the second sentences and using perfect gerunds.
1. It was said that the company had dumped hundreds of tons of waste into the river. But it denied that.
The company__________________________________________________________________________
2. These big companies had invested in wind and solar energy. The government praised them for that.
The government _______________________________________________________________________
3. The mining industry in this region has discharged most of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. It is
responsible for that.
The mining industry in this region is _______________________________________________________
4. The melting of polar ice has made the number of polar bears much smaller. Local people blame it for that.
Local people blame____________________________________________________________________
5. The local businesses haven’t developed clean technologies in recent years. The public criticizes them for that.
 The public criticizes___________________________________________________________________

Ex 4: PRONUCIATION
1. A. dinner B. disappear C. discover D. dinosaur
2. A. robot B. robe C. rock D. role
3. A. constant B. modern C. obvious D. robot
4. A. continue B. finish C. likely D. instant
5. A. annual B. basic C. average D. capacity
6. A. sale B. serve C. sure D. sort
7. A. age B. altogether C. change D. college
8. A. mercury B. mermaid C. merriment D. servant
9. A. solar B. cost C. knowledge D. impossible
10. A. appear B. measure C. nuclear D. year
Ex 5: STRESS
1. A. pollution B. continue C. enormous D. disappear
2. A. importance B. happiness C. employment D. relation
3. A. possible B. cultural C. confident D. supportive
4. A. difficult B. popular C. effective D. national
5. A. architect B. beautiful C. factory D. pollution
6. A. commerce B. consent C. access D. advent
7. A. answer B. reply C. singer D. future
8. A. office B. nature C. result D. farmer
9. A. natural B. endangered C. dangerous D. habitat
10. A. rainforest B. tropical C. discover D. animal
EX 6: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s).
1. Flood and drought are two major causes of famine.
A. family B. obesity C. hygiene D. hunger
2. Water shortages are likely to delay economic growth and damage ecosystems.
A. aid B. advance C. deter D. defer
3. It is important to maintain the biological diversity of the rainforests.
A. similarity B. identity C. variety D. compatibility
4. We may help if we cut down on energy use by using LED light bulbs and unplug unused electronic devices.
A. reuse B. reduce C. recycle D. reproduce
5. Reusing and recycling glass, plastic, paper and other products help to reduce waste and pollution, and conserve
natural resources.
A. preserve B. reserve C. converse D. reverse
6. The thick layer of global warming gases keeps more heat from the sun, which leads to the increase in the earth
temperature.
A. catches B. releases C. allows D. loses
7. Global warming results in climate change and extreme weather patterns.
A. results from B. causes C. originates D. is due to
8. Our city is going to ban supermarkets from using plastic bags.
A. reduce B. encourage C. prohibit D. allow
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9. Many species are threatened with extinction due to deforestation and loss of habitat.
A. damaged B. spoilt C. treated D. endangered
10. It is important to raise money to help people who have to suffer consequences of global warming.
A. collect B. donate C. sponsor D. contribute
Ex 7: Read the passages and circle the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Increasing global temperatures are expected to (1) ________ ecosystems, pushing extinction to those species
that cannot adapt. The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk (2) ________ global warming found that
more than 1 million species could be extinctive by 2050 if the current rate continues.
A recent study of (3) ________ 2,000 species of plants and animals discovered movement toward the poles at an
average rate 3.8 miles per decade.
The latest climate change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species
assessed so far are likely to be at (4) ________ risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more
than 2.7 to 4.5 degree Fahrenheit.
(5) ________ polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes. The
U.S. Geological Survey has predicted that (6) ________ of the world's polar bear populations will be extinct by the
mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap.
The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions. (7) ________ this acidification,
species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, (8) ________
are vital to ocean ecosystems. Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase (9) ________ temperature
would (10) ________ out 97 percent of the world's coral feels.
1. A. endanger B. benefit C. harm D. use
2. A. to B. from C. off D. on
3. A. nearly B. near C. relatively D. wealthy
4. A. declined B. born C. presented D. increased
5. A. Some B. Few C. More D. Little
6. A. two-third B. two-thirds C. two-three D. two-thirds
7. A. As B. Due C. Because D. Because of
8. A. that B. when C. which D. who
9. A. away B. in C. at D. of
10. A. send B. broke C. wipe D. lay

Ex 8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the correct answer.
Passage 1: Viet Nam is likely to continue facing extreme weather conditions such as higher temperatures,
lower summer rainfalls, stronger storms, and rising sea levels from now to 2050. Temperatures in northern Viet Nam
will rise by between 0.83 degrees Celsius by 2050 and continue its uptrend during the late 21st century. Summer
rainfall will decline in most areas. Meanwhile, storms may become rarer but fiercer, causing possible flash floods and
landslides in flood-prone areas of northern mountainous, central and central highland provinces. The forecasts
suggest sea level rises of 100mm-400mm along the entire Vietnamese coast by the end of the 21st century, affecting
marine biodiversity and coastal communities. The experts emphasize the unpredictability of climate change and its
potential impacts to create a variety of dangerous extreme weather events in the future.
To raise the public awareness of climate change impacts, the Vietnamese government urges concerned
agencies to work together on devising worst-case scenario models and responses by 2020 and calls on international
experts to further support Viet Nam in climate change adaptation. Climate change is a real threat to Viet Nam’s
socio-economic development. If sea levels rose one meter, five percent of the country’s land, eleven percent of its
population and seven percent of its farmland would be affected.
1. By 2050, Viet Nam continues facing all of these extreme weather conditions EXCEPT________.
A. higher temperatures B. storms reaching record levels
C. lower summer rainfalls D. rising sea levels
2. Sea level rises along the entire Vietnamese coast by the end of the 21st century will_________.
A. cause certain flash floods and landslides in flood-prone areas
B. make temperatures in northern Vietnam rise until 2050
C. make storms become rarer but fiercer in the near future
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D. have impacts on marine biodiversity and coastal communities

3. To experts, they ______ to predict exactly the model of the climate change and its potential impacts.
A. are unable B. are likely C. are certain D. are surprised
4. Viet Nam needs______ .
A. to recognize Viet Nam’s socio-economic development in the future
B. to calculate sea level rise, loss of farmland, and rise in population by 2020
C. to raise people’s awareness of climate change and to ask for foreign help
D. to recognize the percentage of farmland which would be affected by its population
5. The word “worst-case scenario models” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. the worst scenes that could occur B. the worst climate change impacts that will happen
C. the worst possible things that could happen D. the worst unpredictability of climate change

Passage 2: A new analysis has determined that the threat of global warming can still be greatly diminished I
if nations cut emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases by 70% this century. The analysis was done by scientists
at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). While global temperatures would rise, the most dangerous
potential aspects of climate change, including massive losses of Arctic sea ice and permafrost and significant sea-
level rise, could be partially avoided.
“This research indicates that we can no longer avoid significant warming during this century," said NCAR
scientist Warren Washington, the study paper’s lead author. “But, if the world were to implement this level of
emission cuts, we could stabilize the threat of climate change", he added.
Average global temperatures have warmed by close to 1 degree Celsius since the pre-industrial era. Much of
the warming is due to human-produced emissions of greenhouse gases, predominantly carbon dioxide. This heat-
trapping gas has increased from a pre-industrial level of about 284 parts per million (pm) in the atmosphere to more
than 380 pm today. With research showing that additional warming of about 1 degree C may be the threshold for
dangerous climate change, the European Union has called for dramatic cuts in emissions of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases.
To examine the impact of such cuts on the world’s climate, Washington and his colleagues ran a series of
global studies with the NCAR-based Community Climate System Model (CCSM). They assumed that carbon dioxide
levels could be held to 450 pm at the end of this century. In contrast, emissions are now on track to reach about 750
pm by 2100 if unchecked. The team's results showed that if carbon dioxide were held to 450 pm, global temperatures
would increase by 0.6 degrees Celsius above current readings by the end of the century. In contrast, the study showed
that temperatures would rise by almost four times that amount, to 2.2 degrees Celsius above current readings, if
emissions were allowed to continue on their present course. Holding carbon dioxide levels to 45.0 pm would. have
other impacts, according to the climate modelling study.
Sea-level rise due to thermal expansion as water temperatures warmed would be 14 centimetres (about 5.5
inches) instead of 22 centimetres (8.7 inches). Also, Arctic ice in the summertime would shrink by about a quarter in
volume and stabilize by 2100, as opposed to shrinking at least three-quarters and continuing to melt, and Arctic
warming would be reduced by almost half.
1. Why has the European Union called for dramatic cuts in carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions?
A. As global warming is not an issue of concern.
B. As the temperatures may rise almost by an additional one degree and this may lead to severe climate
change. C. As the NCAR has forced the European Union to announce the cuts.
D. As all the nations have decided to cut emissions of carbon dioxide.
2. What would NOT be one of the impacts of cutting greenhouse gas emissions?
A. Temperatures will stop soaring B. Ice in the Arctic sea would melt at a slower pace
C. The rise in sea level would be lesser D. None of these
3. What would be the impact of holding the carbon dioxide level at 450 pm at the end of this century?
(1) Global temperatures would increase by 0.6 degrees Celcius.
(2) Arctic warming would be reduced by half. (3) Thermal expansion will stop completely.  
A. Only (1) B. Only (1) and (2) C. Only (2) and (3) D. All the three (1), (2) and (3)
4. What does the scientist Warren Washington mean when he says “we could stabilize the threat of climate change"?
A. Climate change can be stopped completely. B. Climate change can be regularized.
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C. Climate change and its effects can be studied extensively.

D. The ill-effects of the change in climate can be minimized.
5. Why did Washington and his colleagues conduct a series of studies?
A. Because they realized that the temperature increase was almost about degree
B. So that they could help the European Union in cutting the carbon dioxide emissions
C. Because they found out that the greenhouse gas emissions could be cut by 70%
D. None of these
6. What would be the impact of unchecked greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions?
A. The temperature would rise from the current temperature by 2.2 degrees Celsius
B. The sea-level would rise by about 5.5 inches
C. The arctic ice would stabilize by 2100
D. The arctic ice would reduce by one-fourth
7. What can be the most appropriate title of the above passage?
A. A study of the rise in water level B. A study of rise in temperatures
C. A study of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions D. A study of the Arctic region
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE in context of the passage?
A. At present the carbon dioxide emission is about 284 pm.
B. The carbon dioxide emissions will be about 450 pm at the end of this century if
C. The carbon dioxide emission was about 380 pm during the pre-industrial era.
D. The carbon dioxide emissions will be about 750 pm at the end of this century if unchecked.
………………………………………………………………………………….

UNIT 7: FURTHER EDUCATION

I. VOCABULARY:
01. abroad 24. respectively
02. academic 25. faculty
03. accommodation 26. institution
04. achieve 27. internship
05. admission 28. kindergarten
06. analytical 29. major in
07. baccalaureate 30. mandatory
08. bachelor 31. coordinator
09. broaden 32. passion
10. campus 33. potential
11. collaboration 34. profession
12. vocational 35. pursue
13. consult 36. qualification
14. coordinator 37. scholarship
15. compulsion 38. credit-based
16. critical thinking 39. cloud-based
17. standardize 40. simultaneous
18. dean 41. transcript
19. polytechnics 42. tuition
20. diploma 43. undergraduate
21. doctorate 44. postgraduate
22. eligible 45. university
23. enroll 46. vocational
* CV: Curriculum Vitae = resume
Ex 1: Fill in each blank in the passage with the correct word from the box. There are some extra words.
level semester cooperation needs benefit degree qualifications
offers strategy market effort areas institutions
The Vietnamese-German University (VGU) is a Vietnamese state university. Founded in 2008, VGU is
based on a close (1)______________ between Viet Nam and Germany. Being a joint (2)______________of
Vietnamese and German (3)______________, the university follows the successful German model and standards.
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VGU's (4)______________is to import excellent German study programmers, taken from the strongest engineering
(5)______________of Germany and customize them to the (6)_______________of Vietnamese higher education.
After a successful study, students receive a German university (7)_______________, providing them with best
opportunities on the job (8)______________. Studying at VGU is a gateway to Germany. VGU
(9)_____________the opportunity to study at German universities for one (10)______________or to continue with
postgraduate programmers.

Ex 2: Fill in each of the blank below with the following words/phrases.

requirement prepare academic year pursue proceed
lasts undertake pre-university mandatory degrees
Education in Singapore is (1)________________for ten years, although university-bound students study
for thirteen. Classes are taught in English and the (2)________________runs from July to April. Primary and
secondary education (3)_____________ for ten years and is compulsory. At the end of Grade 10, students sit the
GCE O-level examinations. Students who complete secondary education may (4)_____________ to pre-university
education at the Junior Colleges, (5)_____________ certificate or diploma studies at one of the Polytechnics, or
leave school and enter the workforce. In the Singaporean education system, (6)______________ education lasts for
three years. These three years will (7)_______________ students for the GCE A-level examinations.
Upon completion of GCE A-levels, students may (8)______________ a bachelor’s degree at one of
Singapore’s public or private universities, which is obtained after three to five years of study. Bachelor’s
(9)_________ in Engineering, Dentistry, Law, Building, Real Estate, Music and Architecture require four years,
while Medicine requires five. The minimum English (10)_____________ for entry to a bachelor’s degree is IELTS
6.0 or equivalent.

Ex 3: Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. distance B. mandatory C. doctorate D. major
2. A. college B. credit C. degree D. respective
3. A. passion B. collaboration C. analyze D. exchange
4. A. based B. pursued C. applied D. arranged
5. A. modes B. colleges C. distances D. enriches
6. A. business B. bustle C. hundred D. number
7. A. modern B. mother C. opera D. hobby
8. A. function B. assimilation C. question D. communication
9. A. thousand B. Thailand C. theatre D. think
10. A. French B. school C. mechanic D. chemistry

Ex 4: Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. abroad B. degree C. exchange D. further
2. A. credit B. divide C. major D. master
3. A. distance B. level C. prefer D. student
4. A. specific B. principal C. implement D. quality
5. A. diploma B. doctorate C. internship D. scholarship
6. A. bachelor B. diploma C. internship D. scholarship
7. A. tuition B. achievement C. business D. intention
8. A. requirement B. graduate C. applicant D. institute
9. A. charity B. accurate C. erosion D. dangerous
10. A. flexible B. junior C. critical D. dependent
11. A. coordinator B. opportunity C. international D. similarity
12. A. biology B. geography C. education D. relationship
13. A. analytical B. qualification C. opportunity D. university
14. A. definition B. politician C. situation D. production
15. A. facility B. minority C. necessary D. priority

Ex 5: Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.

1. Depending on your nationality, you may be _________ for a loan or financial support from the UK government.
A. legal B. eligible C. capable D. able
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2. ________ education normally provides undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education
and training.
A. Intermediate B. Primary C. Secondary D. Tertiary
3. You'll find plenty of books on the ________ of business studies in the library.
A. lesson B. subject C. curriculum D. schedule
4. If you need to ________ the teacher's attention, just put up your hand.
A. attract B. pay C. take D. pull
5. I did six hours of ________ for the test, but I still failed.
A. education B. survey C. revision D. training
6. Australians and New Zealanders often have a/an ________ year before going to college or after finishing high
school to travel overseas independently.
A. gap B. new C. busy D. graduation
7. Going to university is expensive because in addition to the tuition ________, there are expenses for
accommodation, books, living costs, etc.
A. grants B. fees C. fares D. scholarships
8. I got a diploma in business administration, but still sometimes wish I had been able to go to university and get a
________.
A. certificate B. diploma C. degree D. scholarship
9. When I got to 16, some of my friends left school to get a job, but most ________.
A. dropped out B. moved back C. got in D. stayed on
10. The more ____ you have, the more chance you have of finding a better job.
A. courses B. contributions C. qualifications D. qualities
Ex 6. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning the underlined word(s).
1. What is the definition of Community college?
A. A college that offers two-year programs for students from the local community.
B. The first degree for people studying at a university.
C. The subjects included in a course of study in a college or university.
D. A person who assists students in planning their educational programs.
2. What is the definition of Dormitory?
A. A particular kind of teaching or training that aims to develop knowledge and skills.
B. A large room in a university building where people can eat together.
C. A large building at campus where students live (American English).
D. A formal test of a student’s knowledge or skill in a particular subject.
3. What is the definition of Grant?
A. A first-year student at school, college or university.
B. A university teacher who ranks below assistant professor and teaches a limited number of classes.
C. The main subject that a student studies at college or university.
D. An amount of money given by the government to allow a student to follow a course.
4. What is the definition of Prerequisite?
A. A class that must be taken before another class.
B. A course of study that you have completed or an exam that you have passed.
C. The process of matriculating.
D. To succeed in an exam or test.
5. What is the definition of Scholarship?
A. A careful and detailed study of a subject in order to discover new facts or test new ideas
B. One of the two periods into which a year is divided at university.
C. An amount of money that a student gets from an individual or organization to help pay for his or her
education.
D. A social organization for female university students.
6. What is the meaning of the following definition: The main team that represents a college or university in sports
competitions (American English)?
A. Student loan B. Term C. Varsity D. Transcript
7. What is the meaning of the following definition: A two-week holiday from college or university in the spring?
A. Sandwich course B. Quiz C. Roommate D. Spring break
8. What is the meaning of the following definition: A university student who has completed a first degree and is
studying for a more advanced degree?
A. Postgraduate B. Junior college C. Qualification D. Matriculate
9. What is the meaning of the following definition: A student who is still in his or her first term at a university?
A. Fresher B. Homecoming C. First degree D. Law school
What is the meaning of the following definition: A high-rank official in a university who is in charge of a department
or group of departments?
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A. Faculty B. Dean C. Credit D. Dissertation

Ex 7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning the underlined word(s).
1. These audio-visual methods have the added advantage of being independent of the availability of the system.
A. benefit B. drawback C. characteristic D. danger
2. When I was young and idealistic I believed it was possible to change the world.
A. applicable B. energetic C. practical D. thoughtless
3. If you have any comments or suggestions, please let us know - we always appreciate feedback from friends.
A. depress B. welcome C. disregard D. consider
4. For these elective courses, there are no special entry requirements.
A. exit B. score C. academic D. strict
5. On the whole, further education still plays an important role in the development of any country.
A. Generally B. Specifically C. Essentially D. Surprisingly

Ex 8. Choose the word among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Passage 1: How do you feel when you (1) ________ an exam? Do you always (2) ________ in getting all
your ideas down on paper, or do you sometimes feel that you're (3) ________ a mess of it? (4) ________ from those
lucky few who sail through exams, most secondary school pupils find them very stressful. Many teachers are (5)
________ of the problems their students (6) ________ and use a different method for measuring their progress. With
continuous assessment, students are given (7) ________ tasks to do throughout the year. All their marks are added
together to produce a total mark (8) ________ the end of the year. Students have to (9) ________ more responsibility
for their education because they can't rely on doing well on just one day. Also, they have more time to (10) ________
their work, meaning that they are able to do their best.
1. A. sit for B. sit to C. sit back D. sit in
2. A. believe B. succeed C. take part D. enjoy
3. A. doing B. having C. making D. taking
4. A. Apart B. According C. Except D. But
5. A. aware B. intelligent C. recognizable D. knowledgeable
6. A. face B. facing C. to face D. faced
7. A. variety B. various C. vary D. variably
8. A. at B. on C. in D. from
9. A. do B. get C. make D. take
10. A. count for B. talk about C. think over D. apply to

Passage 2: The General Certificate of Secondary Education or the GCSE examinations for (1)________ are the
standard school-leaver qualifications taken by (2)________   all UK students in the May and June following their
16th birthday. If you come to a UK (3)________ school before you (4)________ the age of 16, you will study
towards GCSE examinations in up to twelve subjects. Some subjects are compulsory, including English arid
mathematics, and you can select (5)________ such as music, drama, geography and history from a series of options.
GCSEs provide a good all-round education (6)________ you can build on at college and eventually at university. AS-
and A-levels are taken after GCSEs. They are the UK qualifications most (7)________  accepted for entry to
university and are available in subjects from the humanities, arts, sciences and social sciences as well as in
(8)________ subjects such as engineering, and leisure and tourism. You can study up to four subjects at
(9)________ same time for two years, (10)________ AS-level examinations at the end of your first year (called the
lower-sixth) and A-level qualifications at the end of your second year (called the upper-sixth).
1. A. short B. long C. big D. large
2. A. appropriately B. similarly C. virtually D. fortunately
3. A. dependant B. dependent C. dependently C. dependently
4. A. reach B. come C. approach D. go
5. A. other B. others C. another D. each other
6. A. what B. that C. where D. who
7. A. largely B. widely C. highly D. hardly
8. A. physical B. apprentice C. practical D. vocational
9. A. an B. a C. the D no article
10. A. holding B. choosing C. making D. taking

Ex 9. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
 9

Passage 1: One way of training for your future occupation in Germany is by pursuing a dual vocational
training programme. Such programmes offer plenty of opportunity for on-the-job training and work experience.
Programmes usually last between two and three and a half years and comprise theoretical as well as practical
elements. You will spend one or two days a week, or several weeks at once, at a vocational school where you will
acquire the theoretical knowledge that you will need in your future occupation. The rest of the time will be spent at a
company. There you get to apply your newly acquired knowledge in practice, for example by learning to operate
machinery. You will get to know what your company does, learn how it operates and find out if you can see yourself
working there after completing your training.
This combination of theory and practice gives you a real head start into your job: by the time you have
completed your training, you will not only have the required technical knowledge, but you will also have hands-on
experience in your job. There are around 350 officially recognized training programmes in Germany, so chances are
good that one of them will suit your interests and talents. You can find out which one that might be by visiting one of
the jobs and vocational training fairs which are organized in many German cities at different times in the year.
Employment prospects for students who have completed a dual vocational training programme are very good. This is
one of the reasons why this kind of training is very popular with young Germans: around two thirds of all students
leaving school go on to start a vocational training programme.
1. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?
A. Employment Opportunities and Prospects in Germany
C. Combination of Theory and Practice in Studying in Germany
C. Higher Education System in Germany D. Dual Vocational Training System in Germany
2. The word "it" in the first paragraph refers to ________.
A. company B. machinery C. knowledge D. organisation
3. Which of the following statements best describes the dual vocational training programmes?
A. These programmes consist of an intensive theoretical course of two and a half years at a vocational
school.
B. These programmes require you to have only practical working time at a certain company.
C. These programmes offer you some necessary technical skills to do your future job.
D. These programmes provide you with both theoretical knowledge and practical working experience.
4. The word "hands-on” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. theoretical B. practical C. technical D. integral
5. How many German school leavers choose this vocational training programme?
A. well over 75% B. less than a third C. about 70% D. around one out of five

Passage 2: Do you think education is better now than it was in your grandparents' time? Many older people
in the UK believe the opposite. “Schools were better in our day,” they complain. “There isn't enough discipline these
days. Kids don't work as hard as we did, either. The syllabus isn't as challenging, so clever students aren't being
stretched enough. They need to study things in greater depth. Exams are much, much easier now as well.”
Were schools better years ago? Some British teenagers travelled back in time to a 1950s boarding school.
They got a big surprise! The first shock came when the teenagers met their new teachers. Dressed in traditional black
gowns, they look so frosty and uncaring! They were really authoritarian, too, so anyone caught breaking the rules -
talking in classes, mucking about in the playground or playing truant – was in big trouble! Punishments included
writing 'lines' or staying after class to do detention. The naughtiest kids were expelled.
Things were just as bad after class. At meal times the students had to endure a diet of plain, no-nonsense,
healthy food. Homework was obligatory and it took ages! Copying essays off the Internet wasn't an option, as
personal computers didn't exist in the 1950s!
At the end of 'term' everyone sat 1950s-style exams. The old exams were much longer than their twenty-first
century equivalents and involved learning huge amounts of facts by heart. History papers were all dates and battles.
Maths papers were trickier, too; calculators weren't around in the 1950s, so the students had to memorise
multiplication tables and master long division. Our candidates found this really difficult.
The exam results surprised a lot of people. Students predicted to do well in their real-life, twenty-first century
exams often got low grades in the 1950s exams. Does this prove modern exams are too easy? Do twenty-first century
kids rely too much on modern technology, like calculators and computers?
The TV series of That 'll teach 'em! focused on a 1960s vocational school. UK school-kids study a range of
academic subjects these days. But in the 1960s, children judged to be less ‘able' went to vocational schools. These
helped them learn job skills. Boys studied subjects like metalwork, woodwork or gardening. In some classes, they
even learned how to milk goats! The girls' timetables included secretarial skills. They also learned to cook, clean and
sew - probably not much fun for most girls.
1. What criticism is sometimes made about modern education in the first paragraph?
A. Teachers aren't strict enough. B. The syllabus is out of date.
C. There's too much stress on exams. D. The teaching methods are not good enough.
2. The word "authoritarian” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
 10

A. inexperienced B. impolite C. unreasonable D. strict

3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the food the students ate at school?
A. It wasn't cooked properly. B. It wasn't delicious.
C. It wasn't nutritious. D. There wasn't much of it.
4. The word "obligatory” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ________.
A. compulsory B. difficult C. long D. complicated
5. According to the passage, how did exams in the 1950s differ from those in the twenty-first century?
A They covered more subjects. B. It took students less time to do them.
C. There was more to remember. D. They were less difficult.
6. What was surprising about the students' results after taking the 1950s-style exams?
A. All the students found the exams difficult. B. Students didn't do as well as expected.
C. Students who were predicted to fail did rather well.
D. Students did better than twenty-first century exams.
7. The word “these” in the last paragraph refers to ________.
A. school-kids B. subjects C. series D. vocational schools
8. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Vocational schools provided poorer children with equipment.
B. Vocational schools took children who were good at studying.
C. Vocational schools prepared students for employment.
D. Vocational schools were a complete waste of time.
Read the passage. Decide if the statements below are True (T) or False (F). Why?
Passage 3: Further Education in the UK
Further education courses may be full or part-time and are provided at universities, colleges of technology,
technical colleges (often referred to as ‘tecs’), Colleges of Further Education (CFE), Adult and Community Colleges,
and by numerous ‘open learning’ institutions. Each year, half a million students attend further education courses at
universities alone, which are often of short duration and job-related, although courses may be full or part-time an d
may include summer semesters.
Qualifications that can be earned through further education include GCSE, GCE A-level, International
Baccalaureate, BTEC (e.g. higher national certificate and diploma), SCOTVEC, City and Guilds, bachelors and
masters degrees, MBA degrees, and a range of other nationally and internationally recognized certificates and
diplomas. Qualifications for school-leavers include National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) and General National
Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs).
The Business and Technical Education Council (BTEC) organizes over 250 courses, designed with the co-
operation of major companies in various fields, available in colleges, training centers and companies. BTEC
(SCOTVEC in Scotland) courses are a combination of academic and practical, and cover everything from computer
studies to engineering, catering to travel and tourism. BTEC trains over 200,000 new students each year and offers
three course levels leading to the BTEC first, BTEC national, and BTEC higher national certificates and diplomas.
Many further education courses are of the open learning variety where students study mostly at home.
Institutions include some 50 correspondence colleges which offer literally hundreds of academic, professional and
vocational courses, and enroll many thousands of students each year. Most correspondence colleges are private
commercial operations, although there are a few exceptions, including the National Extension College (NEC), which
has no entry qualifications. NEC courses are generally acknowledged to be among the best in open learning and
include GCSE, A-levels, general education, business skills, and personal development courses.
Open learning courses in accounting, management, marketing, supervisory skills, small businesses, health
and care, retailing, information technology, and engineering are run by the Open College (OC), which has regional
offices in London, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast and 80 local centers.
The Open College of the Arts is an educational trust that caters for those wish to develop their artistic abilities, but
who wish or need to work from home. Courses include art and design, creative writing, drawing, painting, textiles,
sculpture, garden design, photography, singing, the history of art, music and camcorders.
1. Further education includes part-time courses only which are provided at universities, colleges of technology,
technical colleges.
2. About five hundred students attend further education courses at universities annually.
 11

3. GCSE, GCE A-level, International Baccalaureate, BTEC are qualifications that can be earned through further
education.
4. National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) and General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs) will be
asked for when someone first enrolls for further education.
5. BTEC courses are a combination of academic and practical.
6. Further education courses include closed learning environments.
7. National Extension College (NEC) has some very special entry qualifications.
8. The Open College (OC) has regional offices in London, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast and 80 local centers.
9. Students who wish to develop their artistic abilities, but need to work from home can find The Open College of the
Arts wonderful.
10. The author seems to demonstrate very useful information.

Read the passage and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Passage 4: Universities in Britain
A. Today in Britain there are 124 state universities, but only one private university - the University of Buckingham.
Before the 19th century there were only six universities: Oxford. Cambridge, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow and St
Andrews. Universities were usually linked to the Church and were established between the 13th and 15th centuries.
They often have good reputations, beautiful old buildings, traditions and usually offer a wide range of courses.
B. A number of universities were established in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the industrial
revolution and they began training highly skilled people for industry. These universities were generally established in
major industrial centres such as Birmingham, Manchester, Newcastle and other big cities. Sometimes called modern
or civic universities, these universities have the advantage of well-established libraries, academic specialties and
accommodation that is close to campus. These universities are often able to provide accommodation for all first year
students.
C. A number of new universities were established in the 1960s when children born after World War 2 entered the
higher education system. The government decided to expand higher education to educate these students. The
advantage of these universities is that they are well planned and most of the living and teaching facilities are on
campus.
D. Before 1992, higher education in the UK was split into polytechnics and universities. The polytechnics provided
skilled people for the industries situated in their region - they focused on vocational and professional subjects. For
many years, polytechnics didn't have the same influence as universities. However, by 1992, educational standards in
polytechnics were as good as universities and many became universities. Many of these universities also offer
diploma courses.
E. These universities are made of several smaller colleges which come together to form a single university under a
senate committee. There are only seven of these institutions in the UK - London University, Oxford and Cambridge
are examples. Specialist colleges offer a range of courses in one discipline - for example agriculture, music, design or
medicine. Some of these colleges may only offer- postgraduate programmes. These colleges are usually small, with a
limited number of students.
F. Universities have different locations. The older universities often have teaching facilities and student
accommodation situated close together. Students in these usually socialise in a particular part of the city and there is
a strong sense of community despite being in a large city. Some city campuses are situated on the outskirts of the
city. These very often have the space to provide sports facilities and accommodation. They are also close enough to
the city for students to enjoy city life. Some universities, notably Oxford and Cambridge, have a collegiate structure -
that is, students are members of colleges within the university. These colleges are the centre of social life and
academic life. Academic staffs usually live at the college, and students and staff enjoy easy relationships.
List of Phrases
i. Campus types ii. Old universities
iii. Universities during the industrial revolution iv. University colleges
v. Rising standards in higher education vi. The second expansion
vii. Former polytechnics
1. Section A:……... 2. Section B:……... 3. Section C:……...
4. Section D:……... 5. Section E:……... 6. Section F:……...
 12

UNIT 8: WORLD HERITAGES

I. VOCABULARY:
01. abundant 29. heritage
02. acknowledge 30. imperial
03. archaeological 31. in ruins
04. authentic 32. intact
05. breathtaking 33. irresponsible
06. bury 34. islet
07. cave 35. landscape
08. citadel 36. lantern
09. complex 37. limestone
10. comprise 38. magnificent
11. craftsman 39. masterpiece
12. cruise 40. mausoleum
13. cuisine 41. mosaic
14. decorate 42. mosque
15. demolish 43. outstanding
16. distinctive 44. picturesque
17. dome 45. poetic
18. dynasty 46. preservation
19. emerge 47. preserve
20. emperor 48. relic
21. endow 49. respectively
22. excavation 50. royal
23. expand 51. sanctuary
24. fauna 52. scenic
25. flora 53. subsequent
26. geological 54. tomb
27. grotto 55. worship
28. harmonious
GRAMMAR
Participle: Animals eating both meat and plants are called omnivores.
Tourists like to buy clothes and handicrafts made by local people.
To-infinitive clauses: The first student to answer this question will receive my special reward.
There is still a lot to do before we can call it a day.
Ex 2: Match the words in column A with the words in column B to form commonly used phrases.
A B
1. Prestigious 5. Scenic 9. Mosaic a. excavations e. and fauna i. blending
2. Breathtaking 6. Archaeological 10. River b. trip f. landscape complex l. stream
3. harmonious 7. Underground 11. Field c. sanctuary g. school k. site
4. Geological 8. Flora 12. Tourist d. pattern h. view m. attraction
Ex 3: Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. In 1805, King Gia Long requested the building of a new, smaller citadel called Ha Noi Citadel with a new
________________ style. (architecture)
2. The Complex of Hue Monuments is a _________ of many royal monuments from the Nguyen Dynasty. (combine)
3. The Citadel of the Ho Dynasty is one of the most_________destinations in Vietnam because of its value.(attract)
4. Due to its special_______________ constitution, Ba Be Lake has very original and special features. (geology)
5. The_____________ site in Con Moong Cave is also one of ______________ sites that contain the thickest cultural
layer Viet Nam at present. (excavate - archaeology)
6. Cat Ba Archipelago bears the _______________ natural values with its tropical forests which cover the limestone
system and the mangrove wetlands. (exception)
7. The Complex of Yen Tu Monuments and Landscape is a vivid illustration of human interaction with the
environment and traditional human permanent________________ .(settle)
8. Besides the historical value of geology, Phong Nha - Ke Bang is also favoured with the _____________and
majestic landscapes by nature. (mystery)
9. Management and _______________in Hoi An are further strengthened through master planning and action plans.
(preserve)
10. The architecture of Hoi An is a ____________blend of Vietnamese, Chinese and Japanese influences. (harmony)