Statistics Final Exam Study Guide

CHAPTERS 1+2
> Inferential statistics →
generalize from population to sample
> Quantitative Data → Quantities (how much / how
many / data
sets )
↳ discrete :
can be counted > ( gender # , of students in class)
># Of correct answers
always a whole # / NO fraction / decimal Char
matey) on an exam
↳ continuous :
can be measured Chow much) → time , Income ,
annual salary of
weight C. Allows for fractional Athahts) prioressor
>

> Qualitative Data → Names /

categories ( make of automobile ,
Postal Code)
> Levels of
measurement
① Nominal Data → qualitative (
categories Names , lands) ,

② Ordinal Data quantitative i ordered / ranked

→

③ Interval Data →
quantitative (scores) → No absolute zero
④ Ratio Data can be Chekfnt weight)
→ +, -

,
×
,
÷
, & → absolute zero

>
Types of studies
① Descriptive studies →
gather information
② Correlational studies →
examines the relationship b It variables &

determine if a relationship is present

③ Experimental studies →
Investigates possible cause & ltfed
relationships .

IV andependent variable) > the I change variable

↳ -

( changed / manipulated) > In a study of the effect of anxiety on a

test performance → anxiety =
N
↳ Dependent variable > variable being studied / Data >
In the
anxiety + test performance study , test pentane DV =

④ Quasi -

Experiment studies →
backs random assignment & Centro
group
CHAPTER 3
Frequency Distributions + Percentiles
>
Grouped Frequency
↳ range rAhGl=X , Xs -11
class width
-

A- Of classes

> Relative Frequency

↳
rel .
f. =
Class frequency = ¥
sample size
>
Midpoint
↳ ( lower class limit + Copper class limit
midpoint =

2
> Histograms → ( bars connected) best for continuous Numerical
data ; ✗ → scores / class ; y →
frequency
> Bar Chart ( Bars Not connected) NOMINAL DATA
> SKEW
↳ Positive SKEW ~
↳
Negative SKEW A
> Cumulative Frequency
EX : I f- # 10 11 11 13 13 13
17 1+19=20 20 13 14 141414 14
16 2-117=19 19 14 IS ISIS IS 16
IS 4+13=17 17 16 12

]
14 6+7=13 13
13 4-13=7 7
11 2-11=3 3

,, , ,, ,
, ,
-20
> Percentile thank 10%1
(¥0)( 1001=85
↳
PR =
(E) 1100)
Ex : Given a score of 13 , what is the estimated PR ?
PR=(cᵗµ)d0D= (2%1400)=35
 Ex : Given the PR 601 Find the estimated score
( Ntl ) ✗ PR i.

(201-1)/1.60=12.6 Clocathoffe,
=

↳
14+141=14 Cfinat
Answers
> EXACT Percentiles
✗i -

Given
✗v -

lower real limit f. 5)

W -

Always 1 (except in grouped frequencies

fi frequency
-

Cfo -

Cf of class below
I £ ¥ Examen a score of 15 , find the
* 16 5 15 EXACT PR
IS 1 10
13 2 9 PR= Ctu +
[×iw]fi ✗ too
12 3 7
N
11 4 4

9+[15-114.5] 1×100
=

IS

= 9¥ ✗ 100--63.33
EX : Given the PR find the , score
Find Apr first
✗ PR =
Xu + w ( cfpp of, )
*

PR.it#-- 6%15-0=10.2
-

↳
fi

=
15.5 + I (10.2-10)
5

=
15.5+0.04 =
15.54
 > EXACT PR IN Grouped Frequency
Classes f- Ct
87-95 I 10
78--5=78-86 3 9
77.5
3
69 -77 6

60 -68 3 3

Ex : Given a ✗ Of 83 ,
find the exact PR
w=q PR 6
[83-797.5-13
=

✗ 100

10

7.8%35-11100=78.3-3
=