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The Camel: Ship of Desert

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

VOLUME 7
ISSUE 7
(July)
FARMER REFORMER
A monthly e-magazine of Livestock and Agriculture.

Editor in chief
ibn Hussain
Associate Editor
Saba Rashid
VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7 (July)

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

Camel Mastitis
Arifa Rani*, Dania*, Asim Faraz**
* Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, BZU Multan
**Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, FVS, BZU Multan
INTRODUCTION:
Of the 35 million camels in the world, pastoralists and they're taken into

Pakistan has1.1millon numbers of camel of consideration as wealth for these people.

which the best one-humped camels Camel performs a substantial function in

(dromedaries) is in Baluchistan (41%), supplying meat, milk, economic resource

accompanied through Sindh (30%), Punjab draft strength and security. Camel milk being

(22%) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (7%). The nutritious, thirst quenching and digestible is

camel is a multipurpose animal contributing preferred by pastoralists. But mastitis is

to the survival of human in dry and arid lands. pretty difficult for these people.

In Pakistan camels are usually reared by

WHAT IS MASTITIS? dromedary camel due to their living in

motion and at the clean lands. Sometimes

Mastitis is an infection of udder cause
issues occur, but only in exceptionally
through the insult on the teat canal. It is No.
producing camels. Mastitis can be Subclinical
1 disorder of dairy enterprise however In
which is latent and clinical(gangrenous kind
Pakistan Mastitis is very uncommon in the

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

in dromedary) one which can be diagnosed • Use of Cauterization treatment

• Immunological assay of every

mammary gland

MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION :
by signs or symptoms shown by animal.
• Bulk of the contamination in the

environment
AETIOLOGY OF MASTISTIS:
• Infected quarter
Camels are kept a long way from urban areas

.Thus, bacteriological exam of the camel milk • Efficiency of milking Personnel

is quite difficult. According to studies done • Susceptibility of the

around the world, the most important animal/camel
pathogens of camel mastitis are
• Stage of lactation
Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenes,

Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, • Age of the camel (older animals

Micrococcus spp., and , Bacillus cereus, extra susceptible) • Level of

Actinomycete and corynebacterium bovis . inherited resistance (in all

likelihood associated with teat

RISK FACTORS FOR CAMEL
shape and anatomy of the teat
MASTITIS:
canal)
• Anti- sucking devices
Lesions at the teat pores and skin
• Heavy tick infestation
specially the orifice

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

PATHOGENISIS: mammary tissues confronting the second line

of defence (mammary gland, and

Udder is protected through teat because the
inflammatory mediators) inducing the
1st protection mechanisms ,the teat canal has
inflammatory response leading to increased
a sphincter which prevents micro organism
somatic cell count in the milk consequently
access and milk spilling. Also the canal
affecting milks quality, it’s products and
internally enshroud through keratin which is
quantity.
a malleable makes bond with pathogens that

purpose Mastitis. As the milking ends , the FACTORS DETERMINING THE

teat canal stays open for 15 minutes (and in SEVERITY OF IMMUNE RESPONSE:

keeping with a few different books 1 to two

• Host age
hours) presenting a danger for micro
• Immune status
organism to get access and purpose harm to
• Lactation age
the primary protection system. Once the
• Parity(uniparous or multiparous)
micro organism invade the teat canal Or

mammary gland Or any external injury CLINICAL FINDINGS:

occurs to teat ends or teat canal or mammary • Hardening of udder

gland Mastitis starts bacteria starts
• Swelling of udder
multiplying and releasing toxins affecting the
• Pain at palpation

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

• Change in consistency and colour of • Fever

milk • Loss of condition

• Anorexia

TREATMENT: Because of difficulty in administering intra

mammary infusions and particular anatomy

Following antibodies via intra mammary
of udder in camel some scientist are not in
infusion are effective against camel mastitis
favour of this practice. To administer intra
pathogen:
mammary infusion in camels, smaller canula
• Gentamicin
is required because they have small teat canal
• Chloramphenicol
opening as compared to cattle.
• Tetracycline
• Some systemic antibodies
• Penicillin G
(sulfamethazol-trimethoprim or
• Oxytetracycline and
aminoglycosides) and anti-inflammatory
• Kenamycin

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

drugs (flunixin meglumine) are used in • Camel Bedding must be clean, dry

treating acute mastitis. and properly disinfected.

• To reduce local edema, hydropathy is • During milking farmer should wear

favourable. proper gloves.

• Its very difficult to treat chronic mastitis • Prior to milking pre-milking dip (

which often result in lost of affected 0.1% Iodine & 4% hypochlorite)

quarter. should be applied.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL: • After milking with help of cotton

To control mastitis these three are basic swab or towel clean the teats again to

principles prevent bacterial growth.

• Cull chronically infected camels.

• Eliminate existing infection
• Run proper somatic cell count
• Prevent new infection
program to identify sub clinical
• And monitor health status of udder
mastitis.
➢ By appropriate therapy subsist infection
CONCLUSIONS:
can eliminate in an infected locality. New

infection can be prevented by adopting Bacterial infections are the number one

hygienic measures and proper reason of camel mastitis in all camel rearing

supplementation of nutrients. Non countries. Transmission is due to unhygienic

lactating phase is best period to control environment, improper nutrient supplement,

infections that are cause by streptococci. infected quarters, improper sanitation of

➢ To insure prevention and effective dairy worker’s hand and milking machines.

treatment following precautions should Subclinical mastitis is more prevalent and

be taken, harmful for camels.

• Proper sanitization of teat and udder,

Through California mastitis test, somatic cell
farmer’s hand and milking machines.
count, clinical examination, Ph of milk and
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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

bacteriological assay , mastitis can be “The untapped camel milk potential in

Pakistan and produce several commercially
diagnosed. Economic importance of valuable products from it Such initiatives
have been attempted and tested in the UAE
camelids mastitis is
and Kenya. With the existing camel
population in Pakistan, this camel milk
• Reduce quality and quantity of milk market can be established.”

• Due to higher somatic cell count milk

price reduces

• Loss in milk due to antibiotic

administration.

The Camel: Benefits and Prospects

Muhammad Hussain Ghazali*, Asim Faraz**, ***Karrar Hussain
*
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; **Department of Livestock and Poultry
Production, FVS, BZU Multan; DVM scholar, PMAS, UAAR..
INTRODUCTION AND WISDOM OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
CAMEL IN QURAN Camel is a large mammalian member of the
ruminant family. It lacks horn and possesses
The wisdom of the camel is addressed in the razor-sharp teeth. Its stomach is made up of
Quran because the Quran has its own reason three layers. It only has two toes in its feet,
in referring to something, therefore there is a which are covered in a nail-forming hoof.
philosophy behind this reference to the This animal eats less and is utilized for
camel's distinct traits that we should consider transportation in Iran's Khorasan, Persian
in our lives. Various stories about camels Gulf zone, Kerman, and Baluchistan. The
have been told in literary writings, and this best camel race is situated in Sistan and
animal looks to be simpleminded and Baluchistan, and it is trained for riding in the
compassionate, thus we are justified in south of Iran. Its wool is utilized in textile
studying its physiology as mentioned in and carpet weaving (Moein dictionary).
religious, mythological, and literary texts in Camel is a long-legged and long necked
order to learn more about it. Except for its animal that can be found in Arabia and Iran.
simple mindedness, the camel has a good In Pahlavi, it is known as Aveshtar, while in
track record in stories and narratives. It has Avesta and Sanskrit, it is known as Ashtare.
been described as patient, compassionate,
simpleminded, and pious by the majority of
great literary men. It can be compared to the
story of the devout camel given in the
Marzban book or the story of the lion, camel,
and raven, which tells the account of the
camel's simple mindedness. Camels are
mentioned in Indian mythology.

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 FARMER REFORMER
SALIH'S CAMEL
"One day, the Thamud tribe asked that Salih
send them a red-haired camel as well as a cat
to milk it. By Gerbil's direction, he prayed
and requested God, and the mountain
opened, and a weird and large camel
emerged, causing other animals to flee when
it ate grass."
VARITIES OF CAMEL
Ormuzd gave birth to camels, which come in
four different varieties. The king of camels is
a camel with two humps and white hair on its
knee. "Allat" was the mother of goddesses
and had a connection to Saturn, and it was
one of the names for the Kaaba in the pre-
Islam period, which was Saturn's home.
Some people call a stone sculpture of a
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goddess riding a camel Allat, while others call
it Al-uzza.Of course, other mythologies
feature camel goddesses, such as Goddess
Dasha Maa, who was portrayed alongside a
camel.
CAMEL NAME IN DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES
Camel is known in Persian as "ashtar," Arabic
as "jamal," Greek and Turkish as "gora," and
Indian as "onit." It is a well-known and
intelligent mammal. When it gets sick, it eats
oak, and when it gets bitten by a snake, it eats
crab, and the best camel is the Arabic red
camel. Its flesh is a tonic that cures jaundice,
certain illnesses, and reduces fever.
BENEFITS OF CAMEL MEAT IN
URINE
It is said that young camel flesh is hot and
dry, and that it is used with ginger, and that
its fat is used to keep snakes out of snakes'
houses. Camel meat is used for both nutrition
and the treatment of knee ailments. Camels'
urine is also used to treat ailments, and their
fine wool is utilized for injections. The
charred wool of a camel is used to reduce
bleeding, while the liver of a camel is utilized
to improve vision.
The smell of camel urine is beneficial to the
eyes, and pouring it on the ear has a soothing
effect. A mixture of camel urine and milk is
used to treat bile and coughing, colds, liver
problems, and jaundice, as well as to achieve
consciousness. Camel milk enhances libido,
and using this mixture with wool for three
days in a row leads to conception. The hump
of a camel is eaten to cleanse the womb, treat
haemorrhoids, and prevent bleeding. The
combination of wheat and camel urine causes
unconsciousness.
Canned camel meat is toxic to people who
are depressed. Camel meat is hot, dry, red,
salty, and hard, and it is called "jamal" in
Arabic. It's served with dill and salt. Camel
meat is difficult to digest, and its fat is used
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 FARMER REFORMER
to treat haemorrhoids, while its urine is taken
to aid wound healing.
Yemenis take their camels to graze, collect
their urine, and use it to produce tablets,
writes Zahravi. Malegi says that camel urine
is collected as a dark and hard substance from
Mecca fields and mountains, and some
believe it is bat urine collected from caverns,
while others believe it is a plant mixed with
camel urine.In animals, a mixture of urine
and honey is used to heal inflammation and
wounds, and long-term ingestion causes
sores, and it is combined with seed oil. Camel
oil and egg plants are used to prevent
haemorrhoids, and its pee is used to treat
asthma and earaches. Its urine is also
combined with lime juice to strengthen eye
sight.
Camels that eat thorn; the camel is a
metaphor of earthly body in mystics, and
Molavi emphasises its materiality and death.
This sign appears again in Thamud's story
and in a story described in Masnavi's second
book. In this story, a man seeks out a camel,
which is a symbol of wisdom.
A camel that ate thorns appeared. And this
camel is being ridden by the prophet.
(Molavi,2007).
CAMEL IS SIGN OF EQUILIBRIUM
The prophet is riding on a camel. It's a
reference to being overt and explicit. Allegory
abounds in Molana moral lessons in order to
explicitly convey the teaching principles.
Flagrance and obscenity, as indicated in this
couplet, cannot be concealed, and are
compared to a camel's large body that cannot
be hidden.
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Because they will be as visible as a camel, the
vulgarity and flagrance cannot be hidden.
Camel is a sign of equilibrium. On the one
hand, Saadi seeks to teach sound life by
pointing to instances from nature in order to
avoid human beings from making mistakes,
and on the other hand, he tries to teach
profound looking at nature.
He compares the horse with the camel in this
couplet, introducing the camel as a balanced
beast, reminds us that balance is the key to
stability, as highlighted by great educated
men: For a short time, the Arabic horse
sprints.
Camel moves gently and steadily. Salih's
miracle came in the form of a camel. Molana
uses several symbols in his mystical tales to
convey his intentions, and the majority of his
references are based on religious literature,
particularly the Quran: Those who
frightened Salih camel because of their
stupidity
They also failed to provide it with water and
nourishment. It drank from a puddle. They
also acted in an unjust manner. As previously
said, Molana relates a story that reveals a
mystical account in the Quran, but his
purpose is not mystical interpretation of
miracles. In his couplets, he mentions that
prophets' souls are like Salih's and their
 FARMER REFORMER
bodies are like camels, and that their souls are
content with meeting God while their earthly
bodies have their own needs. His soul like
Salih, and his body resembles a camel.
The spirit is looking for love, and the body is
acting like a camel.
"The human body has been compared to a
camel. Because the body requires natural
things, the soul wants to meet its needs
through divine unity."
We also dispatched their brother Salih to the
Thamud. "O my people, worship Allah; you
have no other god than Him," he urged. Your
Lord has provided you with clear evidence.
Allah's she-camel has been sent to you as a
sign. So leave her to eat within Allah's
domain and do not hurt her, lest a harsh
retribution befall you.
MAIN TWO QUALITIES OF CAMEL
Happiness and drunkenness are two of the
camel's qualities, and in this state, it can easily
perform difficult tasks. The fault is placed on
the inebriated lovers. The cheerful and
inebriated camel easily takes the load. Have
you ever seen a camel become joyful and
dance? When it hears an Arab music, it
becomes enraged. When a camel becomes
inebriated and content and when there isn't a
single human on the planet, it's a disaster.
When a camel is inebriated, it is incapable of
distinguishing between thorn and head.
Camel has traditionally been employed for
transportation, particularly during hajj
journeys, due of its resistance and strength.
When the Hajj season arrived, He demanded
a camel and got ready to travel.
When the camels are lined up next to each
other, Send someone to the desert in search
of a camel rider .
Camel's mil; From the point of view of
literary men, camels have been used for
transmitting reasons in writing since the
beginning of time. They avoided using
straight expressions in most circumstances
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and instead employed allusion. I'm not
looking for happiness by drinking camel milk
when I get a taste of Turkmen sour
Riders on camels riders were king's servants
who rode camels. Nobody could be
confidential for the camel rider while he isn't
the king. Riding a camel It relates to the
prophet's dependence on God in all matters
as he mounts his camel and sets out on his
trip. When he began to rely on God in all
matters, he began to ride his camel.
CONCLUSION:
Camel milk is abundant in antioxidants,
which protect your cells from damage that
can lead to major illnesses including cancer,
diabetes, and heart disease. It also contains a
lot of vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin
A. It's nutrient-dense. For persons who are
lactose intolerant or allergic to milk, this may
be a preferable option. Blood sugar and
insulin levels may be reduced. It has the
potential to attack disease-causing germs and
enhance immunity. It could help with brain
problems and autism spectrum disorder. It is
simple to incorporate into your diet.
Meat quality is a matter of concern for food
security and safety. Age, breed, sex, nutrition
and other factors can affect the meat quality.
Hormone status of bovines is related to the
quality characteristics of the meat such as
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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

tenderness, fat and protein distribution. IM
has greater muscle development and less fat
deposition than CM due to anabolic effects
of testosterone. While FM and CM have
higher fat deposition and less muscle
development due to thyroid insufficiency.
Quality of meat can be judged by its sensory
attributes (including color, texture, Juiciness,
Taste, odor, Softness). Tenderness is the
most important determinant of meat quality
The Camel: Ship of Desert
*
Bilal Haider, ** Muhammad Hussain Ghazali, ***Asim Faraz.
*DVM scholar, UVAS Lahore, Narowal Campus.
**
University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; **** Department of Livestock and Poultry
Production, FVS, BZU Multan
The camel is called a polygastric animal
having unique qualities, however, it is not a
true ruminant. As camel ruminates after
feeding, so it is called a special ruminant or
pseudo-ruminant. There are four parts of the
stomach in true ruminants but the stomach
of the camel has three compartments. There
is a large bag in its stomach that stores water
up to 20-30 liters for future use. It is known
as a vegetarian animal and eats green grass,
leaves, shrubs, grains, and bushes. The color
of the animal varies from light brown to dark
brown. It has a third eyelid and big hairs
around the eyes that prevent dust entry
during a storm. It is a tall animal and is called
Ship of the Desert. It walks easily in deserts
because of its large padded toes. It has a large
hump used to store fat that is converted into
food and water during harsh times. Some
people consider that water is stored in the
hump but it is a myth. The hump contains
only fat. Camel is an impressive animal with
astonishing properties. People domesticate it
for milk, meat, wool, riding, and
transportation purpose. Female camel gives
5-7 litres of milk per day and it gives birth to
1-2 calves per year. A camel can live up to 40-
for consumers. Hyp content reflects the
collagen content in connective tissue and is
closely related to tenderness. The more the
amount of Hyp and testosterone in animals'
body the less tender will be the meat. pH and
color are also important determinants of
meat quality and sex have influence on pH
and color of meat. Meat with more marbling
is more tender and juicier.
50 years and it belongs to a family that is
called Camelidae.
Camel is a very important animal for
man. Camel has remained a source of
transport in ancient times and even today
soldiers use them to defend the borders. In
the past, it was used in agriculture, and also
nowadays small farmers are using the animal
in their fields for ploughing and sowing
purpose. It is an amazing animal that can
withstand and easily adapt to extreme cold
and hot environments. Its dung is used as a
fertilizer and a source of biogas production.
They were also used in past for military
purposes.
There are three types of camels:
Domestic Bactrian camel, Wild Bactrian, and
Dromedary camel. Wild Bactrian camels have
two humps which are small-sized, pointed,
and conical in shape. The legs of these types
of camels are slender and there are no
callosities on the knees and the hairs on the
body are Gray coloured. Their feet are
narrow. Domestic Bactrian camels are found
in Central Asia. They have two humps which
are irregular in shape. In an adult camel,
humps become soft and move to one side of
the body. Feet of these are broad and two-
toed. The hairs of these camels are long and

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 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly)
dark. Dromedary or Arabian camels are
found in North Africa and the Middle East.
They have one hump and this is more elastic
than Bactrian. Their legs are larger and
slenderer. They have short and light-coloured
hair.
Now we talk about the miracles of
the camel. Camels can survive in extremely
dry places easily. The erythrocytes of camels
are oval while other mammals have round
RBCs. When there is a loss of water or
dehydration, the red blood cells move quickly
in the cardiovascular system. Moreover,
camels excrete very concentrated urine and
their dung is also dry. They have a well-
developed intestine and kidneys that retained
water efficiently. Camels can bear a loss of
water up to 30 % of their body weight while
other mammals have less than 15%. Wild
Bactrian camels can drink salty or hard water
when freshwater is not available.
Camels are so powerful that they can
survive in a very harsh climate and tolerate
extreme heat quite easily. They can bear a
high-temperature range like -40 degrees
Fahrenheit in January and 100 degrees
Celsius in summer. They produce sweat only
when the temperature rises above their
normal range but this sweat production and
evaporation is limited only to the level of the
skin. Sweat is not evaporated at the level of a
coat. So in this way, they can save 5 liters of
water per day.
Camel is famous for the term ship of
the desert. Nature provided them with slit-
like nostrils that are closed by them during a
storm to prevent the entry of sand and dust.
Moreover, when the camel exhales, a huge
amount of water vapors entangled in the
exhaled air and move back to body fluids
because of its well-developed upper lip. Thus
water lost through respiration is minimized
successfully. Camels have a third eyelid and
large hairs around the eyes. They can close
their eyes in a storm and see by third-eyelid.
In addition, camels store fat in their humps
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ISSN 2519-7835
and use it as a source of food and water
during a long journey in deserts where water
and food are not available.
There are thick strips of leather on
the knees of the camel and these leathery
patches keep the knees safe from burning
when the camel sits on the hot sand. They
have long powerful legs that help in carrying
heavy luggage over long distances and keep
the camel’s body away from extreme dry
sand. Another adaptation is that the camels
have a flat, broad padded toe. These pads
extend when they put their feet on the
ground and thus generating a ‘Snowshoe
effect’. This provides a hamper against the
trapping of feet into the sand.
Miraculous properties of camel’s
milk are described in verses of the Holy
Quran and also proved from the Hadith of
Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH).
The female camel of Hazrat Salih is also
famous for its miracles. Holy Prophet
recommended the milk of camel for
treatment of different diseases. Camel milk is
white in colour and salty in taste. Milk is
comprised of 90% water and 10% total
solids. It is a rich source of minerals like
magnesium and zinc and is thus used as an
antiulcer. It is an abundant source of insulin,
whey acidic protein, peptidoglycan
recognition protein, casein, whey, and
omega-7. Breast cancer can be treated by
drinking camel milk as it has peptidoglycan
recognition protein that retard metastasis.
Other important diseases that can be cured
by this are malaria, jaundice, autism, a
gastrointestinal disorder like diarrhoea, and
cough.
The properties of camel milk are
quite different from that of other ruminants.
It contains vitamin C and defensive proteins
like lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase,
immunoglobulin, and lysozyme in rich
amounts. It is devoid of beta-lactoglobulin.
So lactose-sensitive people to cow’s milk can
use camel’s milk as an option. Camel milk is
 FARMER REFORMER VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7(JUly) ISSN 2519-7835

anti-oxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, also sensitive to harsh weather. But in

antifungal, anti-hepatitis, and anti-arthritic in
nature. It is suggested for diabetes,
cholesterol, and dengue fever. It is also best
for the treatment of paratuberculosis,
preventing aging, and for autoimmune
diseases and cosmetics. It is also used in the
preparation of ice-creams and sweets.
Some amazing facts about camels are listed
below.
1. The word camel meaning is ‘beauty’
in Arabic
2. Camels can forecast a storm in a
desert from a long distance.
3. Camels have the ability they never
forget a path. So it passes easily in the
desert because of the strong memory
of the way.
4. They have an amazing nature that
they remember the oppression or any
damage from the owner and they take
revenge at the appropriate time.
5. Camel milk is more nutritious and
healthier than that of the cow.
6. Camels are famous for spitting on
people. But they do this for their
defence when they feel danger.
7. The only camel that has never been
domesticated is Wild Bactrian.
8. Camel milkshake is popular in Abu-
Dhabi.
9. Its milk is used to treat tuberculosis
in Kazakhstan.
such a situation, the camel can provide
milk and meat for man. Thus, the camel
saves the lives of people during the
shortage of livestock. Old fashioned and
traditional management of camels have
no satisfactory results today. Revolution
in camel management practices should be
done. Government should appreciate the
raising of the camel on a large scale as it
is socially and economically beneficial.
Government should also make a policy to
protect the camels as they are in danger
of extinction, especially the Wild Bactrian
camel. A new and proven method of
camel rearing should be adopted to get
maximum results. Good husbandry
practices of camels play a major role in
producing high milk and meat
production. We should develop, a
planned breeding program, improve the
quality of feed, and a suitable health
program. To do this, first, we should
have to understand the physiology of
reproduction, gastroenterology, and
endocrinology of the camel.

In a nutshell, we can conclude in

these words. A decrease in the number of
camels is enhancing the price that is
proportional to a cow. As people give
low-quality fodder to camels, their
growth rate is low as compared to other
ruminants. Hence, when the
circumstances are favourable, cattle are
preferred. In drought conditions, cattle
cannot perform well and their production
is also decreased. Sheep and goats are

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