Elegance in Structures 1

&RUURVLRQHYDOXDWLRQRIJXVVHWSODWHFRQQHFWLRQUHPRYHGIURPVWHHOWUXVVEULGJH

;XDQ7XQJ1*8<(1  .XQLHL12*$0,  7HUXKLNR<2'$
'RFWRUDOVWXGHQW 3URIHVVRU 3URIHVVRU
7RN\R0HWURSROLWDQ 7RN\R0HWURSROLWDQ :DVHGD8QLYHUVLW\
8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQ 8QLYHUVLW\-DSDQ -DSDQ
1JX\HQ[XDQWXQJ#HGWPXDFMS NQRJDPL#WPXDFMS \RGD#ZDVHGDMS
    
+LGH\XNL.$6$12  -XQ085$.26+,  +LURDNL+21'$
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU &KLHI5HVHDFKHU 5HVHDUFKHU
:DVHGD8QLYHUVLW\ 3XEOLF:RUNV5HVHDUFK 3XEOLF:RUNV5HVHDUFK
-DSDQ ,QVWLWXWH-DSDQ ,QVWLWXWH-DSDQ
NDVDQR#DRQLZDVHGDMS PXUDNRVL#SZULJRMS KLURKRQGD#SZULJRMS
    
'DLNL7$6+,52    
5HVHDUFKHU
3XEOLF:RUNV5HVHDUFK
,QVWLWXWH-DSDQ
GWDVKLUR#SZULJRMS

6XPPDU\
0DQ\VWHHOEULGJHVFXUUHQWO\LQXVHLQ-DSDQ ZHUHEXLOWGXULQJWKHFRXQWU\¶VSHULRGRIKLJKHFRQRPLF
JURZWK$VDUHVXOWWKHQXPEHURIEULGJHVRYHU\HDUVROGZLOOLQFUHDVHGUDVWLFDOO\LQWKHXSFRPLQJ
\HDUV 'XH WR KHDY\ WUDIILF DQG -DSDQ¶V VHYHUH QDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW GHWHULRUDWLRQ DQG GDPDJH ZLOO
LQFUHDVH UDSLGO\ &RQFHUQLQJ VWHHO WUXVV EULGJHV LQ SDUWLFXODU VHULRXV FRUURVLRQ GDPDJH KDV EHHQ
UHSRUWHG UHFHQWO\ HVSHFLDOO\ RQ WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV DQG WKH JXVVHW SODWH FRQQHFWLRQV 7KLV VWXG\
FRQFHUQVWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIDFRUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGXVLQJODVHUHTXLSPHQWZKLFKZDVXVHGWR
GHWHUPLQHWKHGHWDLOHGFRUURVLRQVWDWHRIFRQQHFWLRQ3XWKDWZDVFXWRXWIURPDILYHVSDQVWHHOWUXVV
EULGJH 7KH DFWXDO FRUURVLRQ VWDWH RI WKH RXWHU DQG LQQHU VXUIDFHV RI WKH JXVVHW SODWHV DQG WKH IODQJH
VXUIDFHVRIGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQ%DVHG
RQWKHGHWDLOHGUHVXOWVRIFRUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWWKHFRUURVLRQVWDWHDQGWKHFRUURVLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
WKHFRQQHFWLRQZHUHFODULILHG
.H\ZRUGVFRUURVLRQODVHUPHDVXUHPHQWJXVVHWSODWHVWHHOWUXVVEULGJH

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
0DQ\VWHHOEULGJHVZHUHEXLOWLQ-DSDQGXULQJWKHSHULRGRIKLJKHFRQRPLFJURZWKIURPWKHV
WR WKH V VR WKH QXPEHU RI DJLQJ EULGJHV LQ WKH FRXQWU\ LV QRZ LQFUHDVLQJ UDSLGO\ :LWK WKLV
ULVLQJ QXPEHU RI EULGJHV RYHU  \HDUV ROG WKHUH KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ UHSRUWV RI VHULRXV FRUURVLRQ
GDPDJHLQFOXGLQJWKHFDVHVRIWKH.LVRULYHUEULGJHRQ1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\5RXWHDQGWKH+RQMR
EULGJHRQ1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\5RXWHLQ$URXQGWKHVDPHWLPHWKH0LQQHDSROLV,:WUXVV
EULGJHVXGGHQO\FROODSVHG>@6WHHOWUXVVEULGJHVDUHSURQHWRGDPDJHDIIHFWLQJWKHWUXVVPHPEHUV
DQGWKHFRQQHFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHP&RUURVLRQKDVDSDUWLFXODUO\VHYHUHHIIHFWRQWUXVVEULGJHVDQG
FDQOHDGWRVLJQLILFDQWVHFWLRQDOORVVRIWUXVVPHPEHUVZKLFKPD\OHDGWRORVVRIVWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\

3X

 

 
)LJ&RQQHFWLRQ3XUHPRYHGIURPWKHILYHVSDQFDQWLOHYHUWUXVVEULGJH
2 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

,Q RUGHU WR YHULI\ WKH LQWHJULW\ RI DQ HQWLUH EULGJH V\VWHP WKHUH LV D QHHG IRU DQ LQVSHFWLRQ DQG
PDLQWHQDQFHUHJLPHWKDWHYDOXDWHVWKHLPSDFWRIVXFKFRUURVLRQHIILFLHQWO\DQGSURSHUO\
,QWKLVVWXG\WKHWDUJHWHGEULGJHLVWKH&KRVKLEULGJHDILYHVSDQFDQWLOHYHUVWHHOWUXVVEULGJHWKDW
FURVVHGWKHHVWXDU\RI7RQHULYHU7KLVEULGJHZDVUHPRYHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHRSHQLQJRIQHZ
EULGJH LQ  DIWHU DSSUR[LPDWHO\  \HDUV RI VHUYLFH 'XH WR WKH LQIOXHQFH RI VDOW WKHUH ZDV
VHYHUHFRUURVLRQGDPDJHRQHYHU\PHPEHURIWKLVEULGJHHYHQWKRXJKUHSDLQWLQJKDGEHHQFDUULHG
RXWVHYHUDOWLPHVRYHULWVVHUYLFHOLIH6SHFLILFDOO\WKHXSSHUFRQQHFWLRQ3XZDVFXWRXWIURPWKLV
DJLQJVWHHOWUXVVEULGJHDQGWKHSDWWHUQRIFRUURVLRQDWLWVFRQQHFWLRQVZDVPHDVXUHGLQGHWDLO

 *XVVHWSODWHFRQQHFWLRQ
7DEOH'LPHQVLRQVDQGPDWHULDOV 7KH VWXGLHG FRQQHFWLRQ 3X ZDV
 'LPHQVLRQ UHPRYHG IURP WKH &KRVKL EULGJH DV
PP
0DWHULDO VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  7KLV FRQQHFWLRQ LV
8SSHUFKRUG 2QWKHULJKW îîî
IURP WKH WRS RI WKH VHFRQG VSDQ RQ WKH
PHPEHU 2QWKHOHIW îîî
XSVWUHDPVLGH RIWKH EULGJH ,WV ORFDWLRQ
GLPHQVLRQVDQGPDWHULDOVDUHLQGLFDWHGLQ
'LDJRQDO 7HQVLRQ îîî 66
PHPEHUV &RPSUHVVLRQ îîî
)LJXUH  DQG 7DEOH  UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH
SDLQWHG FRDWLQJ RQ WKH VXUIDFHV RI WKLV
*XVVHWSODWH îî FRQQHFWLRQZDVUHPRYHGE\EODVWLQJ

 &RUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRG
 /DVHUPHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQW
7KH ODVHU PHDVXUHPHQW HTXLSPHQW VKRZQ LQ 3KRWR  FRPSULVHVƻ  D FODPS VWDQG WR VXSSRUW
VSHFLPHQV IRU PHDVXUHPHQWƻ  D ODVHU PHWHUƻ
 D VWHSSHU PRWRU IRU WKH < GLUHFWLRQƻ
 DQ $'
FRQYHUWHUƻ PHDVXUHPHQWFRQWURO HTXLSPHQW DQGƻ  D IL[LQJ GHYLFH 7KH VSHFLILFDWLRQV RI WKLV
HTXLSPHQWDUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH,QWDNLQJPHDVXUHPHQWVDPHDVXUHPHQWJULGRIPPLVVHOHFWHG
GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DFWXDO FRUURVLRQ FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH VSHFLPHQ VR DV WR JDLQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI LWV
FRUURVLRQVWDWH
7DEOH6SHFLILFDWLRQVRIHTXLSPHQW
 
ƻ ķ/DVHUPHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQW
0HDVXUHPHQWUDQJHIODW îPP
 
ƻ 0HDVXUHPHQWUDQJHSHUSHQGLFXODUGLUHFWLRQGHSWK PP
0HDVXUHPHQWVSHHGPPLQWHUYDOPHDVXUHPHQW GDWDPLQ
%DVHRIIUDPH 6WHHO
 
ƻ
 
ƻ  
ƻ ᬆ&ODPSVWDQG
0D[LPXPWHVWVSHFLPHQGLPHQVLRQV îPP
 
ƻ
+RUL]RQWDOURWDWLRQUDQJH 
9HUWLFDOURWDWLRQUDQJH 
3KRWR/DVHU 5RWDWLRQUDQJHRIPLFURWUHPRUV “GHJUHHVLQD[LV
PHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQW

 2XWHUVXUIDFHPHDVXUHPHQW
,QRUGHUWRPHDVXUHWKHFRUURGHGSURILOHRIWKHRXWHUVXUIDFH
WKH VSHFLPHQ ZDV VHW XS YHUWLFDOO\ DQG SDUDOOHO WR WKH ODVHU
PHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQW7KHHTXLSPHQWKDVDOLPLWHGP[
PPHDVXUHPHQWUDQJHVRZKHQWDNLQJPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH
RXWHU VXUIDFH GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH ODUJH VSHFLPHQV WKH VXUIDFH
ZDVGLYLGHGLQWRVHJPHQWV7KHQRUPDOVHWXSIRUPHDVXULQJ
WKH VXUIDFH FRUURVLRQ SURILOH RI D VSHFLPHQ¶V RXWHU VXUIDFH
VHH3KRWRZDVDVIROORZV
ƻ 7KH VXUIDFH RI WKH VSHFLPHQ WR EH PHDVXUHG LV VHW XS
SDUDOOHOWR WKH D[LV RIWKH ODVHU PHDVXUHPHQW HTXLSPHQW 7KH
GLVWDQFH IURP WKH ODVHU PHDVXUHPHQW HTXLSPHQW WR WKH
3KRWR2XWHUVXUIDFHPHDVXUHPHQW
 Elegance in Structures 3

%DVHGVXUIDFH %DVHGVXUIDFH
0HDVXUHPHQWSRLQW
 ZLWKRXWFRUURVLRQ
 
+O
3RLQWZLWKRXW
FRUURVLRQ
WL5 W  G LU
KLO
3ODV
G LO   
+U
WHU 3RLQWZLWKRXW
VSH FRUURVLRQ KLU
WL5 W   G LO
FLP G LU 
HQ G LO  + O  KLO  2XWHUVXUIDFH

WL5 W   G LU  G LO
G LU + U  KLU
,QQHUVXUIDFH
 

W

D&RUURVLRQGHSWKFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRG E%DVHGVXUIDFHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ F5HPDLQLQJWKLFNQHVVFDOFXODWLRQ

)LJ&RUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWDQGFRUURVLRQGHSWKFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRG
VSHFLPHQVXUIDFHLVRXWSXWE\WKH$'FRQYHUWHUDOORZLQJYHULILFDWLRQWKDWWKHWZRSODQHVDUH
SDUDOOHO
  7KHRULJLQIRUPHDVXUHPHQWVLVVHWDXWRPDWLFDOO\
ƻ 
ƻ 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWUDQJHLVVHWVWDUWSRLQWDQGHQGSRLQW


  7KH EDVH SODQH LV GHWHUPLQHG XVLQJ WKH WKUHHSRLQW PHWKRG )LYH SRLQWV RQ WKH VXUIDFH WR EH
ƻ
PHDVXUHGZLWKQRFRUURVLRQDUHVHOHFWHGDQGWKUHHRIWKHPDUHXVHGWRLGHQWLI\WKHEDVHSODQH
DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHDDQGE
 0HDVXUHPHQWVDUHVWDUWHG
ƻ
$W DQ\ VSHFLILF SRLQW WKH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK RQ WKH ULJKWKDQG RXWHU VXUIDFH GLU L    Q LV
FDOFXODWHGE\
GLU +U±KLU
ZKHUH KLU LV WKH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH ODVHU PHWHU WR WKH FRUURVLRQ VXUIDFH DW SRLQW L DQG +U LV WKH
GLVWDQFHIURPWKHODVHUPHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQWWRWKHEDVHGVXUIDFH7KHYDOXHRIGLUPD\EHHLWKHU
QHJDWLYHDWDFRUURGHGSRLQWRUSRVLWLYHLQWKHDUHDRIDULYHWKHDG

 ,QQHUVXUIDFHPHDVXUHPHQW
,QQHUVXUIDFHVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVDQGVXUIDFHVLQRWKHUWLJKWVSDFHVVXFKDVWKHLQQHUVXUIDFHRIWKH
JXVVHW SODWH FRXOG QRW EH PHDVXUHG GLUHFWO\ XVLQJ WKH HTXLSPHQW ,Q WKHVH FDVHV PROGHG SODVWHU
PHWKRGZDVDGRSWHG3KRWRLOOXVWUDWHVWKHVWHSVLQYROYHGLQWDNLQJDSODVWHUPROGRIWKHVSHFLPHQ
7KHVXUIDFHRIWKHSODVWHUPROGZDVWKHQPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHVDPHODVHUPHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQW
7KHEDVHSODQHLQWKHFDVHRILQQHUVXUIDFHPHDVXUHPHQWVLVVHWXVLQJWKUHHFRUURVLRQIUHHSRLQWVRQ
WKHSODVWHUVSHFLPHQVXUIDFH,IDSODVWHUVSHFLPHQZDVQRWVXLWDEOHIRUVXSSRUWLQJZLWKWKHFODPS
VWDQGLWZDVKHOGLQDYLVHRQWKHZRUNEHQFKIRUPHDVXUHPHQW7KHDFWXDOPHDVXULQJSURFHGXUHZDV
WKHVDPHDVIRUWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHV
$W DQ\ VSHFLILF SRLQW WKH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK RQ WKH OHIWKDQG LQQHU VXUIDFH GLO L    Q LV
FDOFXODWHGE\
GLO +OKLO
ZKHUH KLO LV WKH GLVWDQFH IURP WKH ODVHU PHDVXUHPHQW HTXLSPHQW WR FRUURVLRQ SRLQW L DQG +O LV WKH
GLVWDQFH IURP WKH ODVHU PHDVXUHPHQW HTXLSPHQW WR WKH EDVH SODQH 7KH PLQXV VLJQ LQ WKH IRUPXOD
UHSUHVHQWVXVHRIWKHLQGLUHFWPHWKRGWRLGHQWLI\WKHFRUURVLRQXVLQJPROGHGSODVWHU7KHYDOXHRIGLO
LVHLWKHUQHJDWLYHDWDFRUURGHGSRLQWRUSRVLWLYHLQWKHDUHDRIDULYHWKHDG
4 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

 3ODVWHU
ƻ ƻ
 0L[LQJDQGVWLUULQJ ƻ
 6SHFLPHQLQVWDOODWLRQ ƻ
 6HDOWKHJDSRQ ƻ
 6SUD\UHOHDVHDJHQW
ERWWRPSODWH

 5HLQIRUFHPHQWPHVK
ƻ  5HLQIRUFHPHQWPHVK
ƻ ƻ
 3ODVWHUSRXULQJ  &XULQJ
ƻ  'HPROGLQJ
ƻ
SURFHVVLQJ LQVWDOODWLRQ
3KRWR3URFHGXUHIRUPDNLQJSODVWHU
7KHUHPDLQLQJWKLFNQHVVWL5DWDVSHFLILFSRLQWLLVWKHQFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV
WL5 WGLUGLO
ZKHUH GLO GLU DUH WKH FRUURVLRQ GHSWKV RQ WKH OHIWKDQG LQQHU VXUIDFH DQG WKH ULJKWKDQG RXWHU
VXUIDFHUHVSHFWLYHO\DQGWLVWKHLQLWLDOWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVWHHODVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHD
,Q WDNLQJ UHDGLQJV IURP WKH PROGHG SODVWHU IRU WKH LQQHU VXUIDFH PHDVXUHPHQWV WKHUH LV VRPH
XQFHUWDLQW\LQVHWWLQJWKHVDPHVWDUWDQGHQGSRLQWVIRUPHDVXUHPHQW7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUHPDLQLQJ
WKLFNQHVV DW DQ\ VSHFLILF SRLQW FDQQRW EH FDOFXODWHG ZLWK SUHFLVLRQ )RU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH WHUP
³DYHUDJH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV´ PHDQLQJ WKH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV DYHUDJHG RYHU HYHU\ PHDVXULQJ
SRLQW LQ D VSHFLILF DUHD LV XVHG LQ WKH DQDO\VLV IURP QRZ RQ )XUWKHU ZKHUH WKH JXVVHW SODWH DQG
IODQJH RI WKH GLDJRQDOPHPEHU RYHUODSFRUURVLRQRQ WKH LQQHU VXUIDFH RIWKH JXVVHW SODWHDQGWKH
RXWHUVXUIDFHRIWKHIODQJHRIWKHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUFRXOGQRWEHPHDVXUHGVRWKHFRUURVLRQGHSWKLV
FRQVLGHUHG]HURKHUHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHF

 &RUURVLRQVWDWHRIWKHJXVVHWSODWHFRQQHFWLRQ
 2XWHUVXUIDFH
'XH WR WKH GLPHQVLRQV RI FRQQHFWLRQ 3X WKH
OLPLWHG KHLJKW RIWKH ODVHU PHWHU HTXLSPHQW DQG
WKH OLPLWHG P [ P PHDVXUHPHQW UDQJH WKH
RXWHUVXUIDFHVZHUHGLYLGHGLQWRVL[VHJPHQWVIRU
ERWK XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP VLGH
PHDVXUHPHQWV 7KH VHJPHQWV DUH VKRZQ LQ
)LJXUH
 
ƻ ƻ  7KH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK SURILOHV RI WKH XSSHU FKRUG
PHPEHUV RQ ERWK XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP
VLGHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH$VLQGLFDWHGLQWKLV
 
ƻ  
ƻ ƻ   
ƻ )LJXUH FRUURVLRQ RI WKH RXWHU VXUIDFH RQ WKH
XSVWUHDPVLGHLVORFDOL]HGDQGPRVWO\RQWKHVLGH
RIWHQVLOHGLDJRQDOPHPEHU'XHWRGHIRUPDWLRQ
)LJ0HDVXUHPHQWUDQJHRIRXWHUVXUIDFH WKH WUDQVLWLRQ DUHD EHWZHHQ WKH JXVVHW SODWH DQG
WKH XSSHU FKRUG PHPEHU VKRZQ E\ WKH UHG
UHFWDQJOHVHHPVWREHPRUHVHYHUHO\FRUURGHG7KHDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQGHSWKRIWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHRQ
WKHXSVWUHDPVLGHLVPP2QWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHRIWKHXSSHUFKRUGPHPEHURQWKHGRZQVWUHDP
VLGHWKHRQO\FRUURVLRQRQWKHVXUIDFHLV LQVHYHUDO VSHFLILFDUHDVLQVLGHWKH UHGUHFWDQJOHDQG RQ
WKHWHQVLOHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVLGHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH%HFDXVHRIGHIRUPDWLRQFRUURVLRQRIDUHD
ƻ  UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ DUHD EHWZHHQ WKH JXVVHW SODWH DQG WKH XSSHU FKRUG PHPEHU VHHPV
PRUHVHYHUHZLWKDQDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQGHSWKRIPP7KHDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQGHSWKVRIDUHDVƻ  
 Elegance in Structures 5

D8SVWUHDPVLGH

 
ƻ
 
ƻ   ƻ
ƻ  

PP

E'RZQVWUHDPVLGH

)LJ&RUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQRIRXWHUVXUIDFHRIXSSHUFKRUGV
 
ƻ

  
ƻ

 
ƻ
 
ƻ PP

D8SVWUHDPVLGH E'RZQVWUHDPVLGH
)LJ&RUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQRIJXVVHWSODWHRIRXWHUVXUIDFHV

  

 



 



 
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ PP
)LJ'LPHQVLRQVRIKROHVLQJXVVHWSODWHRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGH

ƻ DQGƻ
 DUHPPPPDQGPPUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQGHSWKRIWKHRXWHU
VXUIDFHRQWKHGRZQVWUHDPVLGHLVPP
2QWKHJXVVHWSODWHRIWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHWKHUHLVVHYHUHFRUURVLRQRYHUDOODQGHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHQRQ
ULYHWHG DUHD 7KH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK SURILOH LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  'XH WR WKH VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ WKH
JXVVHWSODWHDUHDLVUHGXFHGE\WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIKROHVRQWKHVLGHRIFRPSUHVVLRQGLDJRQDOPHPEHU
7KHUH DUH WZR KROHV RQ WKH HGJH RI WKH JXVVHW SODWH DQG DQRWKHU DW WKH HQG RI WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ
GLDJRQDO PHPEHU 7KH GLPHQVLRQV RI WKHVH KROHV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  7KH DYHUDJH FRUURVLRQ
GHSWKRYHUWKHZKROHJXVVHWSODWHRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHLVPP2QWKHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVWKHUH
ZDV ORFDOL]HG FRUURVLRQ RQ WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ RQH DQG VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ RQ WKH LQQHU HGJH RI WKH
WHQVLOHRQHZKHUHWKHUHLVDOVRRQHPRUHKROHZLWKGLPHQVLRQVDVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH7KHDYHUDJH
FRUURVLRQGHSWKVDUHPPDQGPPRQWKHWHQVLOHDQGFRPSUHVVLRQGLDJRQDOVUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHFRUURVLRQGHSWKSURILOHRIWKHJXVVHWSODWHDQGGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVRIWKHGRZQVWUHDPVLGHLVDOVR
VKRZQLQ)LJXUH$VFDQEHVHHQFOHDUO\LQWKLVILJXUHWKHUHLVORFDOL]HGFRUURVLRQRQWKHJXVVHW
SODWHDURXQGWKHULYHWDUHDEXWWKLVLVOHVVVHYHUHWKDQRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGH7KHDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQ
GHSWK LV PP 2Q WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV FRUURVLRQ RFFXUUHG ORFDOO\ DORQJ WKHLU HGJHV DQG LV
VHYHUH RQ WKH LQQHU HGJH RI WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ RQH 7KH DYHUDJH FRUURVLRQ GHSWKV DUH PP DQG
PPRQWKHWHQVLOHDQGFRPSUHVVLRQGLDJRQDOVUHVSHFWLYHO\
6 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

 ,QQHUVXUIDFH
7KHFRUURVLRQFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHLQQHUVXUIDFHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJXUH7KHFRUURVLRQKHUHLVYLVLEOH
WRWKHH\HDQGLVFOHDUO\H[WUHPH&RUURVLRQGHSWKSURILOHVRIWKHLQQHUVXUIDFHVRIWKHJXVVHWSODWH
DQG GLDJRQDO PHPEHUVRQ ERWK XSVWUHDPDQG GRZQVWUHDPVLGHVDUH VKRZQLQ )LJXUH  $VFDQ EH
VHHQ LQ WKLV ILJXUH WKHUH LV VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ RQ WKH LQQHU VXUIDFHV RQ ERWK WKH XSVWUHDP DQG
GRZQVWUHDPVLGHVHVSHFLDOO\QHDUWKHHGJHVDQGDWWKHHQGVRIWKHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUV7KHDYHUDJH
FRUURVLRQGHSWKVRIWKHJXVVHWSODWHRQWKHXSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDPVLGHVDUHPPDQGPP
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 2Q WKH IODQJHV RI WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV FRUURVLRQ LV DOVR VHYHUH DW WKH HGJHV DQG
DURXQG WKH ULYHW KHDGV 2Q WKH LQQHU IODQJHV RI WKH FRPSUHVVLRQ GLDJRQDO RQ WKH XSVWUHDP VLGH
LQVLGH WKH UHG DUHD H[WUHPHO\ VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH GHSWK RI PP RFFXUUHG 7KH
DYHUDJH FRUURVLRQ GHSWKV RI WKH IODQJHV RI WKH WHQVLOH PHPEHUV DUH PP DQG PP
UHVSHFWLYHO\DQGRIWKHFRPSUHVVLRQPHPEHUVPPDQGPPUHVSHFWLYHO\RQWKHXSVWUHDP
DQGGRZQVWUHDPVLGHV

 
ƻ  
ƻ

 
ƻ

)LJ,QQHUVXUIDFHVFRQGLWLRQVRIFRQQHFWLRQ3X

PP
D8SVWUHDPVLGH E'RZQVWUHDPVLGH

)LJ&RUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQRIJXVVHWSODWHRILQQHUVXUIDFHV

)LJ&RUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQSURILOHRIORZHUVXUIDFHRIFKRUGPHPEHU
 Elegance in Structures 7

 
ƻ  
ƻ      
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ
 
ƻ ƻ ƻ
 
ƻ
 
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ
 
ƻ  
ƻ
   
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ ƻ
 
ƻ  
   
ƻ  
ƻ ƻ
ƻ

8SVWUHDPVLGH 'RZQVWUHDPVLGH
)LJ'LYLGHGSDUWRIFRQQHFWLRQ3X
7DEOH5HPDLQLQJWKLFNQHVVRIFRQQHFWLRQ3XPP
  ƻ  ƻ   ƻ   
ƻ ƻ  ƻ  ƻ  ƻ   
ƻ  
ƻ  
ƻ
,QLWLDOWKLFNQHVVW           
2XWHUVXUIDFHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGUDYH           
8SVWUHDP
,QQHUVXUIDFHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGODYH           
VLGH
5HPDLQLQJWKLFNQHVVW5DYH          
7KLFNQHVVORVVUDWH           
,QLWLDOWKLFNQHVVW           
'RZQ 2XWHUVXUIDFHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGUDYH           
VWUHDP ,QQHUVXUIDFHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGODYH           
VLGH 5HPDLQLQJWKLFNQHVVW5DYH          
7KLFNQHVVORVVUDWH           
1RWH &RUURVLRQ GHSWK RI WKH RYHUODSSHG VXUIDFHV UHJLRQVƻ  ƻ ƻ
 ƻ ƻ RI LQQHU VXUIDFH DQGƻ
  ƻ
 RI RXWHU
VXUIDFHRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHDQGUHJLRQVƻ  ƻ ƻ
 ƻ RILQQHUVXUIDFHDQGƻ  ƻ
 RIRXWHUVXUIDFHRQWKHGRZQVWUHDP
VLGHLVFRQVLGHUHGHTXDOWR]HUREHFDXVHWKHFRUURVLRQFRXOGQRWPHDVXUHRQWKHVHVXUIDFHV
$VZHOODVWKHLQQHUVXUIDFHVRWKHUVXUIDFHVLQWLJKWORFDWLRQVZHUHDOVRPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHPROGHG
SODVWHUPHWKRG7KHVHLQFOXGHGWKHXQGHUVXUIDFHRIWKHXSSHUFKRUGPHPEHUDQGWKHDUHDVZKHUH
WKHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVQDUURZGRZQIURPER[WR,VKDSHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHƻ  DQGƻ
 

7KH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH XQGHUVXUIDFH RI WKH FKRUG PHPEHU LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH 
7KHUHLVVHYHUHFRUURVLRQRYHUWKHZKROHVXUIDFH7KHDYHUDJHFRUURVLRQGHSWKLVPP7KHDUHD
LQWKHPLGGOHLQGLFDWHGE\WKHUHGUHFWDQJOHLQ)LJXUHLVDOPRVWFRPSOHWHO\FRYHUHGLQFRUURVLRQ
EHFDXVH LW ZDV H[SRVHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH HQYLURQPHQW 7KH DYHUDJH FRUURVLRQ GHSWK LV PP
0HDQZKLOHRQWKHVLGHDUHDVOHIWDQGULJKWFRUURVLRQRFFXUUHGORFDOO\

 'LVFXVVLRQ
,QJHQHUDOFRUURVLRQRIERWKRXWHUDQGLQQHUVXUIDFHVLVPRUHVHYHUHRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHWKDQRQ
WKH GRZQVWUHDP VLGH 2Q ERWK XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP VLGHV ORFDOL]HG FRUURVLRQ RI WKH RXWHU
VXUIDFHV KDG RFFXUUHG ZKLOH WKH LQQHU VXUIDFHV KDG VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ RQ WKH HGJHV RI WKH JXVVHW
SODWHV DURXQG WKH ULYHW KHDGV DQG LQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ DUHD EHWZHHQ WKH IODQJHV RI WKH GLDJRQDO
PHPEHUVDQGWKHJXVVHWSODWHV%HFDXVHWKHFRUURVLRQGHSWKGLVWULEXWLRQLVQRWFRQVLVWHQWRYHUWKH
DUHD RIHDFK JXVVHW SODWH DQG RQ WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV WKH JXVVHW SODWHV DUH GLYLGHG LQWR VHYHUDO
SDUWVƻ ±ƻ RQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHDQGƻ  ±ƻ
 RQWKHGRZQVWUHDPVLGHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWR
FODULI\ WKH DYHUDJH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV GLVWULEXWLRQ 7KH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV RI WKHVH SDUWV RI
FRQQHFWLRQ 3X LV HQXPHUDWHG LQ 7DEOH  2Q WKH XSVWUHDP VLGH WKH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV RI WKH
JXVVHW SODWH YDULHV IURP PP WR PP ZKLOH RQ WKH IODQJHV RI WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV LW
UDQJHVIURPPPWRPPFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKLFNQHVVORVVUDWLRVIURPWR2QWKH
GRZQVWUHDP VLGH WKH DYHUDJH UHPDLQLQJ WKLFNQHVV RI WKHVH SDUWV RI WKH JXVVHW SODWH UDQJHV IURP
PP WR PP DQG WKH UHPDLQLQJ IODQJH WKLFNQHVV RI WKH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV YDULHV IURP
PPWRPPFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKLFNQHVVORVVUDWLRVIURPWR

 &RQFOXVLRQV
'HWDLOHG FRUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV FDUULHG RXW RQWKH FRQQHFWLRQ 3X UHPRYHG IURP D GLVPDQWOHG
VWHHOWUXVVEULGJHOHDGWRWKHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQV
8 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

/RFDOL]HGFRUURVLRQKDGRFFXUUHGRQWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHVRIWKHXSSHUFKRUGPHPEHUV2QWKHVLGHV
RI WHQVLOH GLDJRQDO PHPEHUV LQ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ DUHD EHWZHHQ JXVVHW SODWH DQG FKRUG PHPEHU
FRUURVLRQLVPRUHVHYHUHDVDUHVXOWRIGHIRUPDWLRQ
&RUURVLRQZDVPRUHVHYHUHRQWKHXSVWUHDPVLGHRIWKHFRQQHFWLRQ7KUHHKROHVKDGDSSHDUHGRQ
WKHVWHHOHGJHVDQGDWWKHHQGRIFRPSUHVVLRQPHPEHUVDVDUHVXOWRIVHYHUHFRUURVLRQ2QWKHRXWHU
VXUIDFH ORFDOL]HG FRUURVLRQ KDG RFFXUUHG RYHU WKH ZKROH JXVVHW SODWH 2Q WKH LQQHU VXUIDFH WKHUH
ZDVH[WUHPHFRUURVLRQRQWKHIODQJHVRIWKHGLDJRQDOPHPEHUVDURXQGWKHULYHWKHDGVDWWKHHGJHV
RIWKHJXVVHWSODWHDQGLQWKHWUDQVLWLRQDUHDEHWZHHQJXVVHWSODWHDQGGLDJRQDOPHPEHUIODQJHV
2QWKHGRZQVWUHDPVLGHORFDOL]HGFRUURVLRQKDGRFFXUUHGLQVHYHUDOVSHFLILFDUHDVRQWKHRXWHU
VXUIDFH2QWKH LQQHU VXUIDFH WKHUH ZDVDOVRVHYHUH FRUURVLRQDWWKHHGJHVRIWKH JXVVHW SODWHDQG
DURXQGWKHULYHWKHDGV
 7KH VHYHUH FRUURVLRQ VHHQ RQ WKH LQQHU VXUIDFHV PD\ KDYH EHHQ FDXVHG E\ VDOW DFFXPXODWLRQ
UHVXOWLQJIURPVHDERUQHZLQGYRUWH[HV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KLV UHVHDUFK ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ DV SDUW RI WKH FROODERUDWLYH UHVHDUFK SURMHFW EHWZHHQ 3XEOLF :RUNV
5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 7RN\R 0HWURSROLWDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ DQG :DVHGD 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH -RLQW 5HVHDUFK
³(YDOXDWLRQ RI XOWLPDWHSHUIRUPDQFHDQG WKH EHKDYLRU RI VHYHUHO\ FRUURGHG PHPEHUV RI WKH VWHHO
EULGJH´ )RU WKH PHPEHUV RI UHVHDUFK JURXS LQ 3XEOLF :RUNV 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH ZH WKDQN GHHSO\
IRUWKHLUJUHDWHIIRUWVDERXWWKHSUHSDUDWLRQDQGVXSSRUWLQJGXULQJWKHFRUURVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWWLPH

5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 1DWLRQDO 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 6DIHW\ %RDUG &ROODSVH RI ,: +LJKZD\ %ULGJH 0LQQHDSROLV
0LQQHVRWD+LJKZD\$FFLGHQW5HSRUW
>@ + .$6$12 7 <2'$ &ROODSVH PHFKDQLVP RI ,: EULGJH LQ 0LQQHDSROLV DQG
HYDOXDWLRQRIJXVVHWSODWHDGHTXDF\-RXUQDORIWKH-DSDQ6RFLHW\RI&LYLO(QJLQHHUV9RO
1RSSLQ-DSDQHVH
>@ - 085$.26+, 1 72<$0$ . 12*$0, 7 <2'$ (YDOXDWLRQ RI WKH XOWLPDWH
VWUHQJWK RI VWHHO WUXVV EULGJH ZLWK FRUURGHG PHPEHUV &RQVWUXFWLRQ  DQG 7HFKQRORJ\
'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUWRI0LQLVWU\RI/DQG,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG7UDQVSRUWLQ-DSDQHVH
>@ -085$.26+,.12*$0,7<2'$(YDOXDWLRQRIWKHXOWLPDWHVWUHQJWKRIVWHHOWUXVV
EULGJHZLWKFRUURGHGPHPEHUV&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG7HFKQRORJ\'HYHORSPHQW5HSRUWRI0LQLVWU\
RI/DQG,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG7UDQVSRUWLQ-DSDQHVH
>@ .12*$0,1<$0$02727<$0$6$:$7<2'$+.$6$12-085$.26+,
172<$0$ . $5,08$5$ 06$:$'$ 0HDVXUHPHQW RI FRUURGHG JXVVHW SODWH
FRQQHFWLRQV LQ VWHHO WUXVV EULGJH DQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI FRUURVLRQ VWDWH -RXUQDO RI 6WUXFWXUDO
(QJLQHHULQJ9RO$SSLQ-DSDQHVH
>@ ;7 1*8<(1 . 12*$0, 7 <2'$ + .$6$12 - 085$.26+, 0 6$:$'$
(YDOXDWLRQRIFRUURVLRQVWDWHRIJXVVHWSODWHFRQQHFWLRQVRQVWHHOWUXVVEULGJH-RXUQDORI6WHHO
6WUXFWXUHVRI-66&1RSS