Elements of Physical Metallurgy

3 semester BE Metallurgical Engg

2021 - 22 Odd Semester

Dr.J.Krishnamoorthi
jkm.metal@psgtech.ac.in

Phase Diagrams

28.01.2022 01.45 PM
31.01.2022 01.45 PM 1
Since the properties of a material depend on the type,
number, amount, and form of the phases present, and can
be changed by altering these quantities

Essential to know (1) the conditions under which these

phases exist and (2) the conditions under which a change
in phase will occur.

Information concerning the phase changes in many alloy

systems has been accumulated, and recorded as the data
in the form of phase diagrams, also known as equilibrium
diagrams or constitutional diagrams. 2
The diagram is a graphical representation of an alloy
system. Ideally, the phase diagram will show the phase
relationships under equilibrium conditions (no change
with time, extremely slow heating and cooling, sufficient
time for phase change)

Practical Conditions – non-equilibrium – Hence

Phase diagrams – MORE THEORETICAL – for

understanding only

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Phase Changes - Possible Conditions - Classification

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Experimental Analysis to draw phase diagrams
• Thermal Analysis – Cooling curve – Temp Vs Time
• Metallography methods
• X-ray Diffraction

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States

Series of cooling curves

for different alloys in a
completely soluble system.

The dotted lines indicate

the form of the phase
diagram

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
α +L

α side L side

Tie line

Lever Rule

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
α +L

Alloy of composition 80A-20B at

temperature T consists of a mixture
of two phases. One is a liquid
solution of composition 74A-26B
constituting 62.5% of all the
material present and the other a
solid solution of composition 90A-
10B making up 37.5% of all the
material present 8
Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
α +L

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
Nickel – Copper System

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
Copper – Nickel System
Cu 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Ni

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States
Copper – Nickel System
Au - Ag System

Isomorphous system

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Type I-Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid and
Solid States

Variation of Type – I

• Pseudo-eutectic alloy / congruent-melting alloys

• Cu-Au and Ni-Pd
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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic point
Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition /
eutectic alloy

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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic point
Eutectic temperature
Eutectic composition /
eutectic alloy
Hypoeutectic alloys
Hypereutectic alloys

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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic reaction

Solid A
Solid B
Eutectic mixture AB

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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic reaction

Solid A
Solid B
Eutectic mixture AB

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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic mixture

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Type II -Two Metals Completely Soluble in the Liquid State
and Completely Insoluble in the Solid State

Eutectic mixture

Pb-Bi eutectic mixture

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