4.

0 Imperfections in Solids and

Phase Diagram
Lecturer : Mohd Yusri b Ibrahim
4.1 PRINCIPLES OF SOLIDIFICATION
Solidification is the process of transformation form a liquid phase to a solid
phase which is requires heat removal from the system.

It is most widely used for shaping of materials to desired product.

Solidification of metals and their alloys is an important industrial process:

• Metals and alloys start with the casting of ingots for processing into
semi-finished or finished products (bars, rods, and other shapes)

• During welding, a small region of the metal near the weld melts and
resolidify

• During soldering, the whole solder alloy melts and resolidify

• Other processes which involve solidification: casting, glass forming

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4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

• Start when molten metal is cooled down to solidifies.

(turning from liquid to solid)

• Happen in metal casting process, when molten metal

poured into mold.

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4.1 PRINCIPLES OF SOLIDIFICATION

• The solidification process differs depending on

whether the metal is a pure element or an alloy.

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• A pure metal solidifies at a constant temperature equal to its
freezing point, which is the same as its melting point as shown
in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1: Cooling curve for a pure metal during casting

(Source from : http://www.slideshare.net/Huai123/topic-3-metal-casting-160214)

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4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

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4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

WHAT HAPPEN DURING

SOLIDIFICATION?

CHANGE IN
MICROSTRUCTURE

CHANGE IN PHASE

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4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

Figure : Stages in the solidification of metal

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4.1 PRINCIPLES OF SOLIDIFICATION
4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

The solidification of metal process

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4.1.1 Process Of Metal Solidification

Dendrit formation

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4.1.2 Term And Formation Of Solid Solution

• Solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes

in a solvent.

• Solvent: Solvent is a substance with dissolving capability, thus

can dissolve another substance.

• Solute: Solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent in

order to form a solution.

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4.1.2 Term And Formation Of Solid Solution

Add to

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There are two type of solid solution:

a. Substitution solid solution ( gantian)

b. Interstitial solid solution ( celahan)

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a. Substitutional Solid Solution
- atoms of the solvent metal and solute element - similar sizes
(not more than 15% difference)

- part of the solvent atoms are substituted by atoms of the

alloying element

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• Two types of substitutional solid solution:

– Disordered/Randomly Arrange: Atomic particles (solute) take place of

the main atoms (solvent) at random arrangement

– Ordered/Properly Arrange: Atomic particles take place of the main

atoms (solvent) and their arrangements are in order.

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Substitutional Solid Solution

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b. Interstitial Solid Solution
• Atoms of the alloying elements are smaller than the
atoms of the matrix metal
• Atomic of small particles (solute) fill the spaces
between the main atoms (solvent) in the lattice.

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b. Interstitial Solid Solution

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4.2 PHASE DIAGRAM OF BINARY
ISOMORPHOUS ALLOY SYSTEM
1. Equilibrium a state of balance of stability.

2. Equilibrium is graphical representations of what

Phase Diagram phases are present in a materials
system at various temperatures,
pressures and compositions.

3. Phase is a portion of a system that has

uniform physical and chemical
characteristics.

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4. Homogeneous a single-phase system.

5. Heterogeneous systems with two or more phases

systems.

6. Compositions percentage of certain materials

contains purposely or not added to
another material.

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 the temperature above
which the substance is
stable in a liquid state
Solidus line

Liquidus line the temperature below

which the substance is
the substance consists stable in the solid state
of a mixture of crystals
Solidus,
and liquid.

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4.3 IRON – CARBON EQUILIBRIUM PHASE
DIAGRAM

STEEL CAST IRON

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4.3 IRON – CARBON EQUILIBRIUM PHASE
DIAGRAM
Phases Description
α-ferrite • Solid solution of carbon in iron.
• Soft and ductile structure
• BCC crystal structure
• The maximum carbon solubility of carbon in iron is 0.022%
at 723oC.
• Stable form of iron at room temperature

γ-austenite • solid solution of carbon in γ iron

• FCC crystal structure
• high solubility for carbon compared with α ferrite.
• maximum solubility 2.14% at 1147oC.
• Is not stable below the eutectic temperature (727 °C)
unless cooled rapidly

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4.3 IRON – CARBON EQUILIBRIUM PHASE
DIAGRAM
Phases Description
δ - Ferrite • solid solution of carbon in iron
• BCC crystal structure
• The maximum solubility or C in Fe is 0.09% at 1495oC.
• Stable only at high T, above 1394 °C
• Melts at 1538 °C

Fe3C (iron • Cementite is an intermetallic compound which contains

carbide or 6.67% C and 93.3% Fe.
cementite) • Cementite is a hard and brittle compound.

Pearlite • When alloy of eutectoid composition (0.76 wt % C) is

cooled slowly it forms perlite, a lamellar or layered structure
of two phases: α-ferrite and cementite (Fe3C).
• Mechanically, pearlite has properties intermediate to soft,
ductile ferrite and hard, brittle cementite.

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 Ferrite to pearlite transformation

Ferrite Pearlite

0.8% Carbon

CARBON CONTENT RISES

Ferrite to pearlite transformation
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