CHAPTER 4:Solid Solution

Equilibrium Phase Diagram

NAME:MUHAMMAD AKMAL AFIQ

BIN AMRAN
MATRIK:11DKM19F1028
Solidification Of Metal & Alloys

 The solidification of metals and alloys is an important industrial process since most metals
are melted and then cast into semifinished of finished shape.
 When molten alloys are cast, solidification starts at the wallls of the mold
 Almost all engineering crystalline materials are composed of many crystals.
 Two steps of solidification:
1. Nucleation: Formation of stable nuclei in the melt
2. Growth: Crystals grow until they meet each other
Solidification Of Metal & Alloys

 The solidification of metals and alloys is an important industrial process since most metals
are melted and then cast into semifinished of finished shape.
 When molten alloys are cast, solidification starts at the wallls of the mold
Solidification Of Metal & Alloys

 Almost all engineering crystalline materials are composed of many crystals.

 Two steps of solidification:
 Nucleation: Formation of stable nuclei in the melt
 Growth: Crystals grow until they meet each other
 Solidification Of Metal & Alloys
Growth of Nucleus

 Initially grown dendrites are called primary arms. The secondary and tertiary dendrite are
can also form on the primary arms to speed up the evolution of the latent heat
 Dendrite growth continues until the undercooled liquid warms to the freezing temperature
 Any remaining liquid then solidifies by planar growth.
What is differences of pure metals & alloys?

 A pure metal is found in nature. An alloy is a combination of metals.

 Alloys are better because some metals react with air and water yet Alloys don’t react as
much. This is why car wheels are made of Alloys so that they don’t react with air or
water.
 A pure metal is found in nature. An alloy is a combination of metals.
 Alloys are better because some metals react with air and water yet Alloys don’t react as
much. This is why car wheels are made of Alloys so that they don’t react with air or
water.
Metallic Solid Solution

 Most engineering metals are combined with other metals or non-metals to provide
increased strength, higher corrosion resistance or other desired properties  «METAL
ALLOY»
 There are two types of solid solution
 Interstitial
 Substitional
 Ordered
 Disordered
 The atoms of the parent or solvent metal are bigger than the atoms of the alloying or
solute metal. In this case, the smaller atoms fit in between the larger atoms.
Substitutional Solid Solution

 Atoms of the parent metal (or solvent metal) are replaced or substituted by atoms of the
alloying metal (solute metal).
 In this case, the atoms of the two metal in the alloy, are
 almost similar size.
Binary Isomorphous Systems

 Two components are completely soluble in each

 other in both solid and liquid phases

 This very simple case is one complete liquid and solid solubility, an isomorphous system. The example is the Cu-Ni
alloy.

 The complete solubility occurs because both Cu and Ni have the same crystal structure (FCC), nearly identical
atomic radii, electronegativity and valence.

 At temperature below 1080 0C, Cu and Ni are mutually soluble in each other in the solid state for all compositions

 The Cu-Ni system is termed isomorphous because of this complete liquid and solid solubility of the two components
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

 Typically, a phase diagram, displays the phases (solid, liquid, and gas) of a substance
graphically

 A mixture of two metals is called binary alloy. In binary metallic systems, the two
elements are completely soluble in each other in both liquid and solid states
Equilibrium Phase Diagram

 used to record and study the metallurgical changes that occur during the cooling heating
cycle of a pure metal material and its alloys.
 shows the temperatures during the phase change and the result of the change
 a map of a system and it shows the phases that should exist under equilibrium conditions
for any particular composition and temperature combination
Phase

 refers to a form of structure or area that has different types of properties as a result of
change or has different natural properties
 it is separated by cooling curves or phase boundaries
 pure materials have 3 different phases namely solids, liquids and gases
 there are 3 main variables used to draw the equilibrium diagram namely temperature,
pressure and composition
Composition

 refers to the latitude separating the liquid phase of a material with the semi-liquid phase of
a material.
 during the solidification process, the particles of material that are at melting temperature
will begin to solidify when the temperature is lowered.
 the starting point of the solidification process occurs when it crosses the liquidus latitude
 Liqiudus

 the percentage of content of certain substances that are intentionally or unintentionally

included in a substance.
 with the presence of a percentage of the composition of this material can cause changes in
the phase, properties and shape of the micro-structure of the material
 example – Karbon (C) (2.8% - 3.6%)
 – Silikon (Si) (1.0% - 3.0%)
 – Mangenese (Mn) (0.4% - 1.0%)
 – Sulphur (S) (0.1% - 0.35%)
Austenite

 Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of

iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite
exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel
have different eutectoid temperatures.
Ferrite

 A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing large proportions of iron(III)
oxide (Fe2O3, rust) blended with small proportions of one or more additional metallic
elements, such as barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc.
Pearlite

 Contains layers of cementite and ferrit

Cementite

 iron carbide where more carbon atoms

combine with iron atoms to form hard, brittle
compounds
Cast Iron

 Cast iron is made by remelting pig iron

 The amount of carbon in cast irons is 2.1 - 4%
 its melting temperature of 1150 to 1200 °C is about 300 degrees lower than the melting
point of pure iron
 With its low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability and wear
resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of
applications, including pipes, machine and car parts.