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Questions 35–40
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each
answer.
Technique Procedure Comment
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concentrations and in some circumstances for all feverish children and teenagers.
salicylic acid creams can prove harmful, and
very occasionally, even fatal. Highly F
concentrated salicylic acid, particularly Salicylic acid has many uses for humans and
concentrations used for wart, corn or callus other animals, but several species of flora, too,
removal, can cause chemical burns if applied rely on its benefits. It seems to protect against
to skin for long periods of time. fungicidal and bacterial infections by acting as
Hyper-pigmentation – a blotchy discolouration a signal for pathogenic invasion. It also acts as
of skin tone – may also result in users who a kind of therapeutic agent by playing a role in
have darker skin and those who follow plant responses to abiotic, or external,
application with excessive exposure to stresses, such as in situations of drought,
ultraviolet light. Most over-the-counter facial excessive cold or heat and heavy metal
lotions are limited to a relatively mild 2–3% toxicity.
concentration for this reason.
G
D It is a naturally occurring substance in most
Salicylic acid also has a number of other less fruits, including berries, dates, raisins, kiwifruit,
widely known uses. Due to its antimicrobial olives and tomatoes. A few vegetables and also
properties, it is used in the formation of bismuth mushrooms and almonds have a strong
subsalicylate, the active ingredient in a number salicylic acid content. Some herbs and spices,
of popular remedies for upset stomachs and such as turmeric and curcumin, possess so
other intestinal problems. Some evidence much of the substance that, according to the
suggests that salicylic acid destroys Rowett Research Institute, a very spicy curry
E. coli bacteria and consequently reduces contains more salicylic acid than a dose of
symptoms of diarrhoea and gastrointestinal aspirin!
distress in many sufferers. Long-term use,
however, is discouraged because an H
accumulation of bismuth subsalicylate in the Some physicians recommend aspirin as a
body is toxic. continuous medication in low dosages to
provide a defence against heart attacks,
E strokes and blood clot formation in some
Salicylic acid in the form of aspirin tablets is patients. Early results from studies show it may
commonly used to reduce fever, aches and even be effective in warding off certain types of
pains and inflammation but when ingested, it cancer. However, it is not suggested that
can cause gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach healthy people should start taking daily aspirin
irritation or bleeding and other undesirable side as a prophylactic measure, as there are
effects – an issue for many users of aspirin positive lifestyle changes that can be made
over the years. Children seem to be particularly instead: quitting smoking, consuming little or
sensitive, with epidemiological research no alcohol, and maintaining a normal weight by
demonstrating a connection between aspirin eating a wholesome diet and getting regular
use in children suffering from a viral illness and exercise. These adjustments to lifestyle may
a damaging, and potentially fatal, condition not be effortless but in the long run are
known as Reye’s syndrome. As a result, the extremely beneficial. If symptoms of withdrawal
Food and Drug Administration has (from nicotine or caffeine, for example) are
recommended parents avoid the use of aspirin painful, you could take a couple of aspirin to
overcome the temporary discomfort.
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a noted mathematician and astronomer, whose notes some more speculative, show an
legacy is continued in the naming of women’s awareness of computing potential that went
colleges around the world. Another tutor, beyond mere number crunching. Ada
logician Augustus De Morgan, informed Anne anticipated advances, such as computer
that her daughter had the potential to become generated music, which would not be fully
‘an original mathematical investigator, perhaps realised until a century and a half later. For
of first-rate eminence’. these contributions, Ada has been dubbed the
It was through Somerville, however, that Ada ‘first computer programmer’.
was introduced to the researcher who would Not everyone is convinced that Ada deserves
play the greatest role in shaping her this title, however. Some historians have
legacy: Charles Babbage. Babbage, a suggested that Ada functioned more as an
professor of mathematics at Cambridge, was editor or compiler rather than as a
widely known for having invented and mathematician in her own right. These critics
developed the Difference Engine, a calculating note that, although published under her name,
machine more advanced than any of its time. In the algorithms had been completed by
1834, Babbage wanted to develop another, Babbage several years earlier, and that her
even more sophisticated apparatus, an correspondence with Babbage indicates that
Analytical Engine. Although he enjoyed great Ada relied a great deal on his guidance and
prestige, being a founder of the Astronomical authority in composing her appendices, while
Society, and a member of international making only minor corrections herself. Other
organisations including the American Academy historians defend her role. According to
of Arts and Sciences, his sponsors were Benjamin Woolley, biographer, Ada’s great
reluctant to support his Analytical Engine contribution lies in her discussion of the
project, and for some time it appeared as if implications of Babbage’s work and her
Babbage’s intentions would never be fulfilled. conceptual vision of what computing might
Assistance eventually came from the Italian become. In accomplishing this, Woolley
mathematician Luigi Menabrea, who produced suggests, Ada ‘rose above the technical
a memoir documenting the Analytical Engine. minutiae of Babbage's extraordinary invention’
The memoir was published in French, however, and revealed its ‘true grandeur’. For his part,
and Babbage recruited Ada to help make it Babbage always insisted that Ada’s work, while
accessible to an English-speaking audience. the product of an extensive dialogue between
Over a nine-month period during 1842–1843, them, was entirely her own.
Ada devoted herself to completing the work, Disputes aside, Ada’s legacy in both computing
eventually producing not only an English and the wider popular imagination is now firmly
version of Menabrea’s work, but a set of established. The British Computer Society now
appendices longer than the original document awards a medal bearing her name, and the
itself. In these appendices, Ada wrote a United States Department of Defence has
detailed account, in Section G, of how a named a computer language, Ada, in her
sequence of Bernoulli numbers 6 could be honour. In addition, a number of organisations,
calculated using the Analytical Engine. inspired by the example she set, also exist to
Although the Engine was never built, foster the development of women in the fields
retrospective studies have concluded that of computing, science and technology.
Ada’s calculations would have been correct
had the Engine existed at the time. In addition
to her mathematical accuracy, Ada’s other
6
Bernoulli numbers (named after Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli) are the sequence of rational numbers; extremely important in number theory and analysis
and the subject of the first computer program.
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Questions 20–24
Fill in the gaps in these sentences using NO HAAST’S EAGLE
MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the ‘Tiger of the skies’
passage.
Write your answers in bo es 0 4 on your A
answer sheet. As a result of being separated for tens of
millions of years from other mainland
20 Babbage did not receive any help for his ecosystems such as Australia or continental
Analytical Engine from ..................... Asia, the biota of ew ealand evolved to
21 Ada translated enabrea s work and include some of the most unique plants and
created a .................... for him. animals on earth. ntil the arrival of humans
22 Long before its time, Ada predicted the and their associated introduced species, such
development of .................... . as rats and dogs, New Zealand was not home
23 Ada’s .................... suggests that the work to a single ground mammal, and this
she did for enabrea was not completely encouraged bird-life to prevail. Another
original. common feature of island ecosystems,
24 Ada’s biographer felt that she had a whereby some species significantly outgrow
.................... of the future of computer their mainland relatives, also occurred in
science. ew ealand. rom these twin forces the
dominance of birds, and the tendency toward
Questions 25–26 larger body si es in island ecosystems
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. emerged one of the most formidable flying
Write the correct letter in bo es and on predators known on earth: the aast s eagle.
your answer sheet.
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Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The pie chart below shows where energy is used in a typical Australian household,
and the table shows the amount of electricity used according to the number of
occupants. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
and make comparisons where relevant.
1 5,000 – 6,500
2 6,000 – 8,000
3 7,500 – 10,000
Writing Task 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Most people accept that we now live in a globalised world but not everyone agrees
that this is beneficial.
To what extent is globalisation a positive or negative development?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
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Speaking PART 2
Talk about someone you met who was
interesting.
You should talk about:
- Where he/she was
- who he/she was
- what you did together
And explain why you think this person was
interesting.