Aristotle’s notion of “Moral Responsibility” on the responsibility of Filipinos to get

the covid-19 vaccine.

By: Sem.Michael A.Tatel
Grade 12- Rogationist

Introduction:
The covid-19 is an illness caused by the sars-cov-2 virus. covid-19 causes modest symptoms in
the majority of people, but it can cause serious illness in some. But even though the majority of
COVID-19 patients recover within several weeks after getting ill, some people are experiencing
post-COVID symptoms. However, some infections got worse, and even died because of
complications. COVID-19 vaccines are being developed to lessen the cases throughout the
world.1 Vaccines have been produced in western countries since the beginning of the year 2021,
and these Vaccines have been distributed around the world as part of a campaign to lower the
number of illness caused by the virus. Vaccines have been one of the instruments in preventing
sickness in medical history. One of the first attempts to inoculate humans was against smallpox,
one of history's most feared diseases, which caused a death rate of about 30% in China in the
16th century. In the 18th century, there is an English physician named Edward Jenner who Prior
infection with cowpox, a slight sickness spread by cattle, was thought to be the cause of the
smallpox protection. As a result, he initiated a process of research that are today considered the
foundations of immunology, vaccine treatment, and preventative medicine. In 1796, Jenner
inoculated an eight-year-old boy by collecting pus from cowpox lesions on a milkmaid's hands
and injecting it into the boy's arm through an incision. Jenner exposed the child to smallpox six
weeks later, but he did not contract the disease then or after another 20 exposures. 2 Jenner
gathered evidence from a further 23 people who had been infected or inoculated it with the
cowpox virus in the years afterward to support his theory that immunity to cowpox did indeed
confer protection against smallpox.
1
CDC. “COVID-19 Overview and Infection Prevention and Control Priorities in non-
US Healthcare Settings, February 26, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
ncov/hcp/non-us-settings/overview/index.html#background.
2
World Economic Forum. “A Brief History of Vaccines and How They Changed the
World.” Accessed October 10, 2021. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/how-
vaccines-changed-the-world/.
The first vaccination – whose name comes from the Latin word for cow (“Vacca”) – was born.
Jenner's vaccine immediately became the most effective way of avoiding smallpox. For almost a
century vaccine development and inoculation have been continued. The WHO declared a
coronavirus outbreak on January 20, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease
caused by a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2; formerly known as 2019-nCoV) that was first discovered in Wuhan City, Hubei
Province, China, during a respiratory illness outbreak. On December 31, 2019, it was first
reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). On January 30, 2020, the World Health
Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global health emergency. On March 11, 2020,
the WHO designated COVID-19 a global pandemic for the first time since H1N1 influenza was
declared a pandemic in 2009. Since the arising of the covid-19 virus vaccines against it has been
developed by the medical field to lessen and prevent its transmission researches about
coronaviruses has been conducted to make a possible vaccine that will prevent the threat of the
virus. As the outbreak begins in China and the NA sequence was published and it helps to make
the vaccines and conduct clinical trials and to seek of approval to the government and now it’s
been used by the world to try to inoculate the entire population.3
Since the covid-19 vaccine was developed, questions about its efficacy and protection
have arisen. However, some medical articles discussing the covid-19 vaccine emphasize that the
vaccines work and protect individuals against the threat of the virus while also assisting the body
in building immunity to fight the disease caused by the virus and it can also prevent from
infecting others.4
The risk of serious complications for everyone who contracts the virus, as well as the
public health implications of the epidemic continuing, are compelling reasons to get vaccinated.
Explains Michael Saag, M.D., professor of medicine in the University of Alabama at
Birmingham Division of Infectious Diseases. COVID-19 vaccinations have been licensed after
being tested in clinical trials and demonstrating that the vaccine reduces the risk of contracting
the infection significantly. Based on what has been shown with vaccinations for other diseases,
3
NIH COVID-19 Research. “NIH | COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Behind the Scenes.”
Accessed October 10, 2021. https://covid19.nih.gov/news-and-stories/vaccine-
development.
4
“COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know.” Accessed October 10, 2021.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-19-
vaccine-what-you-need-to-know.
the COVID-19 vaccination may help you avoid becoming seriously unwell even if you contract
the virus. Getting vaccinated can help protect people around you, especially those who are more
susceptible to severe COVID-19 illness. According to Saag, the actual worth of the vaccine may
be seen when we consider what would happen if the vaccine development had failed.
"We'd be dealing with a rapidly spreading pandemic with no end in sight," says the
author. COVID- Clinical trials have shown that 19 vaccines reduce the risk of contracting the
virus significantly, and they have been approved because the studies show that the vaccine
reduces the risk of contracting the virus significantly. According to Saag, the true value of the
vaccine may be seen when we consider what would happen if the vaccine development had
failed. “We'd be dealing with a growing pandemic with no end in sight,” Saag predicted. “It
could take another two to four years to burn through the population.” He compares the speedy
discovery of a safe, highly successful vaccination to a "home run" as well as an occurrence that
could be considered divine intervention.5
Politicians, health professionals, and the general public are struggling with how to lift the
quarantine and restore normal life as COVID-19 continues to sicken and cause the deaths of
people around the world. This, however, will not be simple. New outbreaks of COVID-19 will
always be a possibility without a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes the
sickness.
While thorough testing, contact tracing, and quarantine protocols will aid in the management of
COVID-19, the only way to drastically diminish the threat is for a large portion of the population
to become resistant to the virus and hence unable to spread it. We'll need around 60% of the
population to be immune to the disease for this to work. However, recent estimates imply that
only between 2-14 percent of people are immune to coronavirus infection, however, this number
could be higher in specific locations. Widespread community immunity (also known as "herd
immunity") can be produced by infecting a large number of people - which is extremely
dangerous and can result in thousands of deaths - or by vaccination. Many politicians and
scientists believe that a COVID-19 vaccine is the only safe way to return to normal. 6 Getting the
covid-19 vaccination has effects For example, a vaccine can assist an individual secure
5
“COVID-19 Vaccine: What You Need to Know.” Accessed October 10, 2021.
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-19-
vaccine-what-you-need-to-know.
6
“Why Do We Need a Vaccine for COVID-19?” Accessed October 10, 2021.
https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-coronavirus-vaccines.
themselves and those around them, and life can return to normal once people have been
vaccinated. Last March 1, 2021, the Philippines starts its vaccination campaign against the covid-
19 Pandemic for their citizen and the medical front-liner was the first to be inoculated with
Sinovac biotech vaccine which is donated by the Chinese government. It is also mentioned by
the Philippine Vaccine Czar Galvez that “It’s our moral obligation to be vaccinated” 7. The
Philippine Government continue in
procuring vaccines for the Filipino citizen
from different vaccine makers. Vaccine
brands that are available for the Filipinos
are the following: Sinovac, Pfizer,
Figure 1 WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard AstraZeneca, Moderna, J&J, and
Sputnik V. Some of these vaccines are purchased by the government, and some of them are
donated by generous countries. The Philippines continues to promote vaccination campaigns to
its citizen to lessen the threat brought by the
Covid-19 8
. Now that effective COVID-19
vaccinations have been produced and are being
delivered to the general public, it is critical for
people to understand the benefits of the vaccines
and why they much outweigh any minor potential
side effects or inconvenience of it. The number of covid-19 cases in the Philippines continues to
rise, as shown in the data above. However, the country's vaccination effort for its citizens
continues. As shown in the following figure As of October 19, 2021, the doses are being
administered to the general public. Despite the continuing campaign, covid-19 instances continue
to rise. According to a recent report, positive cases are attributable to those who do not receive
any vaccine dosage, and about 93 percent of deaths reported in Iloilo are unvaccinated..9

7
“Philippines Starts Coronavirus Vaccinations but Supply, Demand Uncertain.” Reuters,
March 1, 2021, sec. Healthcare & Pharma. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-
coronavirus-philippines-vaccin-idUSKCN2AT17N.
8
Rappler. “TRACKER: The Philippines’ COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution.” Accessed
October 10, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/data-documents/tracker-covid-19-
vaccines-distribution-philippines.
9
Rappler. “Unvaccinated Represent 93% of COVID-19 Deaths in Iloilo City.” Accessed
October 10, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/nation/unvaccinated-represent-percent-of-covid-19-
deaths-in-iloilo-city.
This research paper aims to explain that Filipinos are Morally Responsible for receiving a covid-
19 vaccine on the notion of Aristotle of Moral Responsibility and Choice and Its also discuss the
citizen of the World view of Martha Nussabaum since the Pandemic is the problem not only in
the country but for the whole world.

According to Rackham, in his translation of Nicomachean Ethics, Book III is titled Moral
Responsibility. In Aristotle's Moral Responsibility, he distinguishes between voluntary and
involuntary actions, as well as the notion that only voluntary actions merited praise or blame.
Involuntary Actions conditions are when actions are done (a) under compulsory (b) Through
ignorance (a) acts is compulsory when its origin is from without being of such nature that the
agent, who is really passive, contributes nothing. After describing the two types of action,
Aristotle examines the nature of choice, stating that "choice appears to be concerned with a thing
within our control." Aristotle emphasizes that children and lower animals are capable of
voluntary action, but not from choice, because choice is clearly a voluntary action..10
The ability of the agent to do the right thing for the right reason is also discussed, as is the
fact that complete moral responsibility involves the ability to see all of the arguments for and
against one's choice.11 To be vaccinated is an action in which the agent is morally responsible12
not only for itself but for other people surrounding him, It is the moral responsibility for every
agent to lessen the transmission of the virus during this time of pandemic and vaccines that has
been proven to be effective is a solution for prevention.
Statement of the Problem

The COVID-19 is an illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 causes modest
symptoms in the majority of people, but it can cause serious illness in some. Although the
10
Harris Racklam et al., The Nicomachean Ehtics.( Wordsworth Editions Limited
Cumberland House, 1996.)51-76
11
Clarke, R. (1992). Free will and the conditions of moral responsibility. Philosophical
Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition, 66(1), 53–72.
12
Indiana Daily Student. “OPINION: It Is Your Moral Duty to Get the Vaccine and Help
End This Pandemic.” Accessed October 10, 2021.
https://www.idsnews.com/article/2021/04/covid-vaccine-moral-duty-ethics.
majority of patients with recover within weeks after becoming unwell. Vaccines have been
produced in western countries since the beginning of the year 2021, and these vaccines have
been rolled out in various parts of the world. COVID-19 vaccines are being developed in order to
lessen the number of people infected with the covid-19 virus. Vaccination has become a tool for
everyone to employ to protect themselves from the covid-19 virus, but in Iloilo, unvaccinated
persons represent for 93 percent of covid-19-related deaths.13 Moral responsibility is defined as
an agent's ability to do the right thing for the right reason, and full moral responsibility
necessitates the ability to see all the arguments for and against one's choice. As a result, The
researcher will support the claims of some officials in the Government and Health Ministry that
people are morally responsible for getting vaccinated . This research paper, will argue Filipinos
are morally responsible for receiving. the Covid-19 vaccine, and in order to prove this claim I
shall first discuss 1.What is Aristotle’s Concept of Moral Responsibility? 2. What is Covid-19
Vaccination Program in the Philippines and 3.What are the different arguments regarding
vaccinations?.

Research objectives

 It extends to discuss Aristotle’s concept of Moral Responsibility.

Since moral responsibility is a connection to the actions of the agent as Aristotle
discusses in Nicomachean ethics wherein He points out two kinds of actions which are
voluntary and involuntary action. In order to make a more informative judgement about
the problem at hand, it is necessary to first discuss the concept of Moral Responsibility,
which is appropriate for the problem, which involves the actions made by the agent to be
vaccinated.
 It will analyze the different perspectives regarding covid-19 vaccination program in
the Philippines. Because the main problem of this research paper is to discuss how the
Filipinos are morally responsible in receiving the covid-19 vaccine. To properly discuss
the problem, it is necessary to discuss the various perspectives on the covid-19
vaccination program in the Philippines, in ability to answer to the argument about
Filipinos' moral responsibility to be vaccinated.
13
Rappler. “Unvaccinated Represent 93% of COVID-19 Deaths in Iloilo City.” Accessed
October 10, 2021. https://www.rappler.com/nation/unvaccinated-represent-percent-of-
covid-19-deaths-in-iloilo-city.
  Through the Notion of Moral Responsibility of Aristotle, this research paper will argue on
the moral responsibility of Filipinos to be vaccinated through the various aspect that
explains the chosen notion of Moral Responsibility and it will support the researchers in
completely presenting the argument of this research using the concept of Moral
Responsibility because the chosen problem is linked to the subject of moral responsibility,
therefore it will support in completely analyzing and discussing this paper.
 Scope and Limitation

The research paper will discuss the Philippines' covid-19 vaccination campaign and argue
that Filipinos are morally responsible for receiving the vaccine. Since the country's vaccination
campaign against the covid-19 virus began, the government has encouraged everyone to get their
vaccine shots in order to achieve herd immunity. This research paper will focus on the discussion
of covid-19 vaccination and prove its arguments this paper is limited to using the concept of
Aristotle of Moral responsibility and of tackle some insights being a citizen of the World by
Martha Nussbaum . However, some other concepts will be mentioned in the course of this paper
to discuss the moral responsibility of the Filipinos to be vaccinated.

Review of Related Literature

The Notion of Moral Responsibility

A morally responsible agent is someone who is properly subject to the demands,

expectations, and evaluations of morality, according to Susan Sauvé Meyer's article " Moral
Responsibility: Aristotle and After.". In practice, only normal human adults should be subjected
to these expectations and evaluations. There are exceptions for non-human animals, inanimate
things, the insane, and children with a limited degree of intelligence (a degree that increases, of
course, as they grow older). While praise and blame are not limited to morally responsible
agents, morally responsible agents are the only ones who deserve praise or blame for their acts.
Praise and blame (or reward and punish) agents who are not morally responsible may be
appropriate or useful, for example, as a means of controlling or changing their behavior or
dispositions. However, such attitudes and treatment are unjustified and undeserved by the agent.
Only morally responsible individuals are deserving of praise and blame for their actions.. 14
The
concept of moral responsibility, on the other hand, is fundamental to any system of ethics,
according to Diana Mertz Hsieh's article "Aristotle on Moral Responsibility," because claiming
that people ought to take certain actions presupposes a choice that determines the action taken
and for which the individual is responsible. It also addressed Aristotle's concept of choice, which
ascends as a type of the willful and is an important part of moral responsibility because it
includes the unique human ability to consider. Consultation concerns imply that "with things that
happen with a specific goal in mind in general, but where the occasion is dark, and where the
occasion is unclear as such, people should consider which move to make when the tendencies
and rules that we have shaped don't enough or apply."Aristotle holds that, in consideration, we
"accept the end and think about how and by what implies it is to acquired" exactly because "we
purposeful with regards to things that are an option for us and should be possible Nevertheless, I
do imagine that it is feasible to say that people in a roundabout was way conscious with regards
to closes by perceiving that most closures are essentially intended to more digest closes. 15 In the
Article of Randolph Clarke entitled “Free will and the Conditions of Moral Responsibility” He
discussed the nature of free will as a type of self-determination and He also explains further that
moral responsibility is a behavior in which it requires one’s actions to be attributed to oneself
and discussed that free will is a condition of moral responsibility.16

The notion of Moral Responsibility in which being discussed on this both explains the action
of the Agent that merited either praiseworthy or blameworthy as Aristotle discussed in his
Nicomachean Ethics Book III17 , However, many commentaries and ideas about this concept
have grown over time to gain a better understanding of it. To be recognized as a morally
responsible agent, this concept requires the agent's action and choice, as well as its full
contribution, as discussed in the articles mentioned.

14
Meyer, Susan Sauvé. “Moral Responsibility: Aristotle and After.” In Ethics, edited by
Stephen Everson, Cambridge University Press, 1998. 1st ed., 221–40.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166348.009.
15
“Enlightenment: Aristotle on Moral Responsibility.” Accessed October 13, 2021.
https://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/dianamertzhsieh/
aristotle_responsibility.html.
16
Randolph Clarke, “Free Will and the Conditions of Moral Responsibility,” 53–72.
17
Racklam et al., The Nicomachean Ehtics, 51-76
 The Covid-19 Pandemic and Vaccination Program

Even though SARS-COV-2, the coronavirus that causes covid-19, has continued to
spread, sicken, and even kill thousands of people around the world, many health professionals
and government leaders have been wondering how to get out of lockdown and resume normal
function, but this plan will not be easy. There will always be a risk of new outbreaks of covid if
there isn't a vaccine. While testing, contact tracing, and quarantine protocols will aid in COVID-
19 control, the only way to significantly reduce the threat is for a large portion of the population
to become immune to the virus and thus unable to spread it. For this to work, we'll need about
60% of the population to be immune to the disease. According to recent estimates, only 2-14
percent of people are immune to coronavirus infection, though this number may be higher in
some areas. Infecting a large number of people - which is extremely dangerous and can result in
thousands of deaths - or vaccinating a large number of people can produce widespread
community immunity (also known as "herd immunity"). A COVID-19 vaccine, according to
many leaders and scientists, is the only safe way to return to normalcy. In comparison to
previous inoculations, research into COVID-19 vaccines has proceeded at a rapid speed. Because
of a global research effort backed by governments and public health organizations, as well as the
use of cutting-edge genetic technology to quickly identify potential vaccine candidates. On
January 12th, a group of Chinese scientists sequenced the virus' genetic material and published it,
setting off worldwide vaccine development and testing. Only a few weeks later, the first
vaccination candidates were ready for pre-clinical testing in animals, and a few have already
been tested in human volunteers. ‍There were 115 vaccine candidates in development as of April
8th, each with its own technique for developing immunity. Some rely on injecting virus spike
proteins into the body, while others use a weakened version of the virus to deliver a harmless
variant of the complete virus. Others employ a variety of methods to transfer viral genetic
material to your cells, which subsequently produce the spike proteins needed to develop
immunity.18 Vaccines protect us from disease by providing immunity without the need to become
ill.

18
“Why Do We Need a Vaccine for COVID-19?” Accessed October 13, 2021.
https://covid.joinzoe.com/post/covid-coronavirus-vaccines.
 In an article that were published by the Word Health Organization entitled “Vaccines and
immunization: What is vaccination?” provides information about vaccination and its benefits, it
emphasizes that Vaccination is a simple, safe, and efficient technique to protect yourself from
deadly diseases before they infect you It boosts your immune system by utilizing your body's
natural defenses to build resistance to specific pathogens.

Vaccines instruct our immune system to produce antibodies in the same way it does when
you are exposed to a disease. Vaccines, on the other hand, do not cause disease or put you at risk
of complications because they only contain killed or weakened pathogens such as viruses or
bacteria. Data show that mild side effects were reported in one out of every four people who
received the Pfizer or AstraZeneca coronavirus vaccines, according to an article by Mary Van
Beusekom titled "Data reveal fewer real-world COVID vaccine side effects." The most common
side effect was headache (7.8 percent of vaccinees after the first Pfizer dose, 13.2 percent after
the second dose, and 22.8 percent after AstraZeneca). Furthermore, the vaccine's ability to
prevent illness caused by covid-19 may be unaffected by the low side effects.19

Vaccines work in conjunction with your body's natural defenses to provide protection,
lowering your risk of infection. When you get a vaccine, your immune system reacts. It:
Recognizes the Antibodies that have been produced. Antibodies are proteins produced by the
immune system in response to infection. (b) Reminds the patient of the illness and how to treat it.
Your immune system will quickly destroy the germ if you are later exposed to it, preventing you
from becoming ill. The Philippines Vaccination Program against the Covid-19 Virus, on the
other hand, began in January of this year, as stated in The Philippine National Deployment and
Vaccination Plan for COVID-19 Vaccines was drafted for the purpose of providing operational
guidance in the deployment and vaccination program for the COVID-19 vaccine. Various
government agencies were involved in the plan's drafting to ensure that policies and plans were
aligned across agencies and that the plans were integrated into national governance mechanisms.
Furthermore, all members of society must participate in the deployment of COVID-19 vaccines
and the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine program. As a result, a whole-of-society

19
Mary Van,Beusekom “Data reveal fewer real-world COVID vaccine side effects.” in
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/ Acessed October 29,2021 URL:
https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/04/data-reveal-fewer-real-world-
covid-vaccine-side-effects
approach is being used, in which all members of society and the government are encouraged to
participate and take action in order to achieve common goals. While the government is
responsible of vaccine deployment and program implementation, the private sector and other
organizations have been enlisted to collaborate and work closely with the government to ensure a
unified and coordinated vaccination campaign. On the other hand, according to John Rey
Saavedra's article "Most Covid-19 deaths in Cebu private hospitals unvaccinated," since the
outbreak of covid 19 in the country, there have been reports from various private hospitals in
Cebu that the majority of the deaths reported are those who have not yet received any covid shot.
According to statistics, 84 percent of the 249 people who died were not vaccinated. Despite
reports of unvaccinated people who die, the government has provided 2,432,990 doses of
vaccines for the Visayan Region, according to government records.20 However despise of
vaccination program of the Country there are still unvaccinated citizen because of some health
issue and personal reason on the other hand the government had unethical statement for those
unvaccinated citizens as President Rodrigo Roa Duterte said “Individuals who have not been
vaccinated should not leave their homes until a facility where they can be vaccinated is
available..” In his statement he wants to limits the unvaccinated Filipinos in their homes. 21 On
the other article of Pia Ranada entitled “Duterte threatens to arrest people who refuse getting
vaccinated” states about the order of the president to arrest those Filipinos who refuse to be
vaccinated against the covid-19 vaccine he stated it during the meeting with the pandemic task
force officials. Vaccine hesitancy remains a major concern in the Philippines, despite the
government's efforts to encourage people to participate in the COVID-19 immunization
campaign, according to Raymond John D Vergara's article "Social trauma as a contributory
factor in Filipino's vaccine hesitancy." While many efforts have been made to promote the safety
and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations, the Philippine government must also consider the role
of societal traumas in vaccine apprehension because of the country's most recent vaccination
controversy occurred in 2016, when a number of infants died as a result of a dengue vaccine,
causing chaos throughout the country, as well as political and media involvement.

20
“Most Covid-19 Deaths in Cebu Private Hospitals Unvaccinated.” Accessed October 13,
2021. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1151134.
21
MSN. “Duterte ‘Suggests’ Unvaccinated to Stay Home amid COVID-19 Threat.”
Accessed October 13, 2021. https://www.msn.com/en-ph/news/national/duterte-suggests-
unvaccinated-to-stay-home-amid-covid-19-threat/ar-AAN7hjs.
 The various articles discussed how devastating the corona virus, also known as covid-19, is
to those that are infected with it, as well as the importance of population vaccination to achieve
herd immunity and return to normal life. However, amid the continuing vaccination program,
there is a concern that the government or health ministry in charge of vaccines roll out is having
encountered due to the people who do not want to be vaccinated.

Synthesis

The various articles provided emphasized how dangerous the corona virus, also known as
covid-19, is to those who are infected with it, as well as the significance of vaccination among
the general public in order to acquire herd immunity and return to normal life. However, despite
the ongoing vaccination program, there is still a risk that the government or health ministry in
charge of vaccine distribution will encounter against those who refuse to be vaccinated.
Aristotle's concept of moral responsibility discusses why an agent is morally accountable for
their actions, whereas secondary sources describe how the agent acquires or acts morally
responsible for their actions. Therefore all cited articles and books are necessary for the making
this research paper possible because its tackcle on the aspect of moral responsibility and covid-
19 vaccine. The main contribution of this research paper is to give knowledge to the Filipinos
how they are morally responsible to receive covid-19 vaccine for the common good and safety
them and of the community.
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