St.

Paul College of Ilocos Sur

(Member, St. Paul University System)
St. Paul Avenue, 2727, Bantay, Ilocos Sur

DEPARTMENT OF NURSING

Name: Claudine Monette R. Ceon ___________ Score: ________________

Section: BSN-III__________________________ Date: 01-14-2022________

A. Communicable Diseases-Sources of Infection, Transmission, Treatment, Prevention and Control

Individual work
1. Visit a website and review on the prevalent communicable diseases in the Philippines.
2. List down the communicable diseases then record your findings. Use the template below.

Communicable Source of Infection Mode of Transmission Treatment Preventive Measures

disease

Covid-19 The first known COVID-19 transmits when  COVID-19 vaccine  Call your health care provider
infections from people breathe in air  Hospitalization or COVID-19 hotline to find out
SARS-CoV-2 were contaminated by droplets where and when to get a test.
discovered in Wuhan, and small airborne particles  Cooperate with contact-tracing
China. Epidemiologist containing the virus. procedures to stop the spread
states that it is from an Transmission can also occur of the virus.
animal (bat). if splashed or sprayed with  If testing is not available, stay
contaminated fluids in the home and away from others for
eyes, nose or mouth, and, 14 days.
rarely, via contaminated  While you are in quarantine, do
surfaces. not go to work, to school or to
public places. Ask someone to
bring you supplies.
 Keep at least a 1-metre
distance from others, even from
your family members.
 Wear a medical mask to protect
others, including if/when you
need to seek medical care.
 Clean your hands frequently.
 Stay in a separate room from
other family members, and if
not possible, wear a medical
mask.
 Keep the room well-ventilated.
 If you share a room, place beds
at least 1 meter apart.
 Monitor yourself for any
symptoms for 14 days.
 Call your health care provider
immediately if you have any of
these danger signs: difficulty
breathing, loss of speech or
mobility, confusion or chest
pain.
 Stay positive by keeping in
touch with loved ones by phone
or online, and by exercising at
home.
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is caused Tuberculosis is transmitted  Combination of  Take all of your medicines as
by bacteria that spread through the air (airborne). antibacterial they’re prescribed, until your
from person to person medications for a doctor takes you off them.
through microscopic period of six to 12  Keep all your doctor
droplets released into months. appointments.
the air. This can happen  isoniazid INH in  Always cover your mouth with a
when someone with the combination with three tissue when you cough or
untreated, active form of other drugs, rifampin, sneeze. Seal the tissue in a
tuberculosis coughs, pyrazinamide and plastic bag, then throw it away.
speaks, sneezes, spits, ethambutol.  Wash your hands after
laughs or sings. coughing or sneezing.
Although tuberculosis is  Don’t visit other people and
contagious, it's not easy don’t invite them to visit you.
to catch.  Stay home from work, school,
or other public places.
 Use a fan or open windows to
move around fresh air.
Measles Measles is an infectious The virus is transmitted by  There's no specific  The only way to prevent
illness caused by the direct contact with infectious treatment for measles. measles is to get the measles,
rubeola virus. It spreads droplets or by airborne mumps, and rubella (MMR)
either through direct spread when an infected vaccine.
contact with a person person breathes, coughs, or
who has the virus or sneezes. Measles virus can
through droplets in the remain infectious in the air
air. Measles is a highly for up to two hours after an
contagious disease that infected person leaves an
can lead to life- area.
threatening
complications.

Rabies The virus is transmitted Rabies virus is transmitted  Anti- rabies  Wash animal bites immediately
in the saliva of an through direct contact (such shot/vaccine. with soap and water
infected animal. as through broken skin or  If you are bitten or scratched,
 mucous membranes in the talk to a healthcare provider
eyes, nose, or mouth) with whether you need post
saliva or brain/nervous exposure prophylaxis.
system tissue from an  Vaccinate your pets to protect
infected animal. People them and your family.
usually get rabies from the
bite of a rabid animal.

Leptospirosis The bacteria that causes The bacteria that cause  Leptospirosis is treated  The most important control
leptospirosis are spread leptospirosis are spread with antibiotics, such as measures for preventing human
through the urine of through the urine of infected doxycycline or leptospirosis include avoiding
infected animals, which animals, which can get into penicillin, which should potential sources of infection
can get into water or soil water or soil and can survive be given early in the such as stagnant water and
and can survive there there for weeks to months. course of the disease. animal farm water runoff,
for weeks to months. Intravenous antibiotics rodent control, and protection of
Many different kinds of may be required for food from animal
wild and domestic persons with more contamination.
severe symptoms.
animals carry the
Persons with symptoms
bacterium.
suggestive of
leptospirosis should
contact a health care
provider.
Polio The virus enters via the Polio is spread when the  Pain relievers (like  The best prevention against
fecal-oral or respiratory stool of an infected person is ibuprofen) polio is a series of four vaccine
route, then multiplies in introduced into the mouth of  A ventilator (a device shots in the arm or leg. The
oropharyngeal and another person through that helps you breathe) inactivated polio vaccine used
lower gastrointestinal contaminated water or food  Physical therapy that in the United States is very
tract mucosa. The virus (fecal-oral transmission). can help keep your effective and safe, and cannot
is secreted into saliva Oral-oral transmission by muscles working. cause polio. The recommended
and feces, from which it way of an infected person's  Bed rest and fluids for vaccination schedule for
can be transmitted to saliva may account for some flu-like symptoms. children is based on age: First
 Antispasmodic shot when 2 months old.
others. cases.
medications to relax
muscles.
 Antibiotics for urinary
tract infections.
 A heating pad for
muscle aches and
spasms.
Diphtheria Diphtheria is an infection Diphtheria bacteria usually  Antibiotics. Antibiotics,  Vaccination. Keeping up to date
caused by strains of spread from person to such as penicillin or with recommended vaccines is
bacteria called person through respiratory erythromycin, help kill the best way to prevent
Corynebacterium droplets, like from coughing bacteria in the body, diphtheria. In the United States,
diphtheriae that make or sneezing. Diphtheria is a clearing up there are four vaccines used to
toxin. Diphtheria serious infection caused by infections. ... prevent diphtheria: DTaP,
spreads from person to strains of bacteria called  An antitoxin. If a doctor Tdap, DT, and Td. Each of
person, usually through Corynebacterium diphtheriae suspects diphtheria, he these vaccines prevents
respiratory droplets, like that make a toxin (poison). It or she will request a diphtheria and tetanus; DTaP
medication that and Tdap also help prevent
from coughing or is the toxin that can cause
counteracts the pertussis (whooping cough).
sneezing. It can also people to get very sick.
diphtheria toxin in the
spread by touching open
body from the Centers
sores or ulcers of
for Disease Control and
someone with a Prevention.
diphtheria skin infection.

Meningococcemia Meningococcemia is People spread  Meningococcemia is  Practicing healthy hygiene can

caused by infection with meningococcal bacteria to usually treated with decrease the risk of infection.
the meningococci other people by sharing Penicillin or Ampicillin. This includes washing hands
bacteria (Neisseria respiratory and throat In adults the method of thoroughly and covering your
memingitidis) which are secretions (saliva or spit). treatment is often mouth and nose when sneezing
gram-negative Generally, it takes close (for through intravenous and coughing.
diplococci bacteria. example, coughing or Penicillin G. In children
There are various kissing) or lengthy contact to penicillin is still the
groups of this bacteria spread these bacteria. treatment of choice,
however, other
that cause different Fortunately, they are not as
organisms must be
forms of the disease and contagious as germs that
ruled out before
they are grouped by cause the common cold or
treatment is begun.
strains A, B, C, D, X, Y, the flu.
Z, 29E and W135.

Cholera A person can get The cholera bacteria is  Oral or intravenous  Make sure to drink and use
cholera by drinking passed through feces (poop). hydration is the primary safe water to brush your teeth,
water or eating food It is spread by eating or treatment for cholera. wash and prepare food, and
contaminated with the drinking food or water In conjunction with make ice.
cholera bacterium. contaminated by the feces hydration, treatment  Wash your hands often with
Large epidemics are (poop) of an infected person. with antibiotics is soap and safe water.
often related to fecal This occurs more often in recommended for  Use latrines or bury your poop;
contamination of water underdeveloped countries severely ill patients. It is do not poop in any body of
supplies or street lacking proper water supplies also recommended for water.
patients who have  Cook food well (especially
vended foods. The and sewage disposal.
severe or some seafood), keep it covered, and
disease is occasionally
dehydration and eat it hot. Peel fruits and
spread through eating
continue to pass a vegetables.
raw or undercooked large volume of stool
shellfish that are  Clean up safely in the kitchen
during rehydration and in places where the family
naturally contaminated. treatment. bathes and washes clothes.
 Furazolidone; Antibiotic
Influenza (H1N1) The flu is caused by Person to Person. People  Plenty of rest and  Avoid close contact.
influenza viruses that with flu can spread it to water.  Stay home when you are sick.
infect the nose, throat, others up to about 6 feet  If you have a severe  Cover your mouth and nose.
 and lungs. These
viruses spread when
people with flu cough,
sneeze or talk, sending
droplets with the virus
into the air and
potentially into the
mouths or noses of
people who are nearby.
away. Most experts think that
flu viruses spread mainly by
droplets made when people
with flu cough, sneeze or
talk. These droplets can land
in the mouths or noses of
people who are nearby or
possibly be inhaled into the
lungs.
infection or are at  Clean your hands.
higher risk of  Avoid touching your eyes, nose
complications, your or mouth.
doctor may prescribe  Practice other good health
an antiviral drug to treat habits.
the flu. These drugs - Clean and disinfect
can include oseltamivir frequently touched surfaces
(Tamiflu), zanamivir at home, work or school,
(Relenza), peramivir especially when someone
(Rapivab) or baloxavir is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be
(Xofluza). These drugs physically active, manage
may shorten your your stress, drink plenty of
illness by a day or so fluids, and eat nutritious
and help prevent food.
serious complications.

B. WHO’s Strategies for Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases. Please answer the following questions regarding the
strategies of WHO on the prevention and control of communicable diseases.

1. Identify the vaccine, risk group, primary series of doses and booster doses, if available) to prevent the following diseases:

Diseases Vaccine Primary Series of Dose Booster Doses Risk Group

1. Tetanus The tetanus vaccine Primary series of 3 doses A booster dose between age Most reported cases occur in
is part of the at age 2, 4, and 6 months 15 through 18 months, and adults. From 2009–2017, more
recommended series another booster dose between than 60% of the 264 reported
of childhood and age 4 through 6 years (total of cases were among people 20
adult immunizations. 5 doses). through 64 years of age. In
It protects against addition, a quarter of those
the bacterial reported cases were among
infection tetanus, people 65 years old or older. The
also known as risk of death from tetanus is
lockjaw. Tetanus highest among people 65 years
causes painful old or older.
muscle spasms and
can lead to death.
The tetanus vaccine
has made tetanus a
preventable disease.

2. Diphtheria There are 4 vaccines A primary series of 3 Three booster doses of People who are at increased risk
that include doses of diphtheria- diphtheria-containing vaccine of catching diphtheria include:
protection against containing vaccine should be administered in Children and adults who don't
diphtheria: The (completed by 6 months childhood and completed by have up-to-date vaccinations.
DTaP vaccine of age if possible) should adolescence. 3. People living in crowded or
protects young be administered. unsanitary conditions. Anyone
children from who travels to an area where
diphtheria, tetanus, diphtheria infections are more
and whooping common.
cough. The DT
vaccine protects
young children from
diphtheria and
tetanus. The Tdap
vaccine protects
preteens, teens, and
adults from tetanus,
diphtheria, and
whooping cough.

3. Polio Polio can be Recommends that Worldwide, children younger than

prevented with children get four doses of 15 years are the age group at
vaccine. Inactivated polio vaccine. They highest risk of developing polio
polio vaccine (IPV) is should get one dose at and some other forms of AFP.
the only polio each of the following Even in the absence of
vaccine that has ages: 2 months old, 4 laboratory-documented poliovirus
been given in the months old, 6 through 18 infection, AFP is expected to
United States since months old, and 4 through occur at a rate of at least 1 per
2000. It is given by 6 years old. 100,000 children annually.
shot in the arm or
leg, depending on
the person's age.
Oral polio vaccine
(OPV) is used in
other countries.

4. Meningococcal All 11 to 12 year olds Administer MenACWY Booster dose at 16 years old. Anyone can get meningococcal
meningitis should get a vaccines (Menactra®, disease, but rates of disease are
MenACWY vaccine, Menveo®, or highest in children younger than
with a booster dose MenQuadfi®) to 1-year-old, with a second peak in
at 16 years old. adolescents as 1 primary adolescence. Among teens and
Teens and young dose at 11 to 12 years of young adults, those 16 through 23
adults (16 through age. years old have the highest rates
23 years old) also of meningococcal disease.
may get a MenB
vaccine. CDC also
recommends
meningococcal
vaccination for other
children and adults
 who are at increased
risk for
meningococcal
disease.

5. Yellow fever The vaccine is a live, For most people, a single
weakened form of dose of yellow fever
the virus given as a vaccine provides long-
single shot. Vaccine lasting protection and a
is recommended for booster dose of the
people aged 9 vaccine is not needed.
months or older and However, travelers going
who are traveling to to areas with ongoing
or living in areas at outbreaks may consider
risk for yellow fever getting a booster dose of
virus in Africa and yellow fever vaccine if it
South America. has been 10 years or
more since they were last
vaccinated.
For most people, a single dose
of yellow fever vaccine
provides long-lasting
protection and a booster dose
of the vaccine is not needed.
However, travelers going to
areas with ongoing outbreaks
may consider getting a booster
dose of yellow fever vaccine if
it has been 10 years or more
since they were last
vaccinated.
 infants aged less than 9
months;
 pregnant women – except
during a yellow fever outbreak
when the risk of infection is
high;
 people with severe allergies
to egg protein; and.
 people with severe
immunodeficiency due to
symptomatic HIV/AIDS or
other causes, or who have a
thymus disorder.

6. Cholera The FDA recently The primary immunizing The primary immunizing series People who are more likely to be
approved a single- course consists of two need never be repeated for exposed to cholera include
dose live oral doses administered one booster doses to be effective. healthcare personnel treating
cholera vaccine week to one month or cholera patients, cholera
called Vaxchora® more apart. The table response workers, and travelers
(lyophilized CVD below summarizes the in an area of active cholera
103-HgR) in the recommended doses for transmission who cannot or do
United States. The both primary and booster not always follow safe food and
Advisory Committee immunizations by age, water precautions and personal
on Immunization volume (mL), and route of hygiene measures.
Practices (ACIP) administration. 3,5 The
voted to approve the intracutaneous
vaccine for adults 18 (intradermal) route is
– 64 years old who satisfactory for persons 5
are traveling to an years of age and older,
area of active but higher levels of
cholera antibody may be achieved
transmission. in children less than 5
years old by the
subcutaneous or
intramuscular routes.

7. Typhoid fever There are two Typhoid Vaccine Injection Typhoid vaccines lose Typhoid risk is higher in
vaccines to prevent is for adults and children 2 effectiveness over time. The populations that lack access to
typhoid fever. One is years of age and older. injectable vaccine requires a safe water and adequate
an inactivated booster every 2 years, and the sanitation. Poor communities and
(killed) vaccine and oral vaccine requires a booster vulnerable groups including
the other is a live, every 5 years. If you were children are at highest risk.
attenuated vaccinated in the past, ask
(weakened) vaccine. your doctor if it is time for a
Your health care booster vaccination.
provider can help
you decide which
type of typhoid
vaccine is best for
you. Inactivated
typhoid vaccine is
administered as an
injection (shot).

8. Japanese JE vaccine, Adult: primary Adult: Booster dose: Given 12- Risk groups of Japanese
encephalitis Japanese immunization: 0.5 mL at 0 24 months (12 months for encephalitis include: Residents of
encephalitis vaccine and 28 days. those at continued risk) after rural areas in endemic locations,
triggers the immune Alternatively, an the primary course. particularly children. Expatriates
system to produce accelerated schedule or travelers with long time
neutralizing consisting of 0.5 mL at 0 Child: Booster dose: Given 12- exposure in rural endemic areas.
antibodies against and 7 days may be given 24 months (12 months for
Japanese when there is insufficient those at continued risk) after
encephalitis virus time for the standard the primary course.
which correlate with course. Primary course
protection and should be completed at
survival. Onset: 10 least 1 week before
days after 1st dose potential exposure.
and 28 days after
2nd dose. Duration: Child: Primary
12-36 months after immunization: 2 months to
initiation of the <3 years 0.25 mL at 0 and
primary course. 28 days; ≥3-17 years
Same as adult dose.

9. Influenza Influenza (flu) First year of Vaccine (age First year of Vaccine (age <8  Adults 65 years and older
vaccines (often <8 years): two doses at 4 years): two doses at 4 weeks  Children younger than 2
called “flu shots”) are weeks apart apart years old1
vaccines that protect  Asthma
against the four Annually starting at age 6 Annually starting at age 6  Neurologic and
influenza viruses months months neurodevelopment
that research conditions
indicates most  Blood disorders (such as
common during the sickle cell disease)
upcoming season.  Chronic lung disease
 Most flu vaccines (such as chronic
are “flu shots” given obstructive pulmonary
with a needle, disease [COPD] and
usually in the arm, cystic fibrosis)
but there also is also  Endocrine disorders (such
a nasal spray flu as diabetes mellitus)
vaccine.  Heart disease (such as
congenital heart disease,
congestive heart failure
and coronary artery
disease)
 Kidney diseases
 Liver disorders
 Metabolic disorders (such
as inherited metabolic
disorders and
mitochondrial disorders)
 People who are obese
with a body mass index
[BMI] of 40 or higher
 People younger than 19
years old on long-term
aspirin- or salicylate-
containing medications.
 People with a weakened
immune system due to
disease (such as people
with HIV or AIDS, or
some cancers such as
leukemia) or medications
(such as those receiving
chemotherapy or radiation
treatment for cancer, or
persons with chronic
conditions requiring
chronic corticosteroids or
other drugs that suppress
the immune system)
 People who have had a
stroke
10. Measles Measles can be CDC recommends No "booster" doses of MMR Children younger than 5 years of
prevented with MMR children get two doses of vaccine are recommended for age.
vaccine. The vaccine MMR vaccine, starting either adults or children.
protects against with the first dose at 12 Adults older than 20 years of age.
three diseases: through 15 months of age, Pregnant women.
measles, mumps, and the second dose at 4
and rubella. through 6 years of age. People with compromised
Teens and adults should immune systems, such as from
also be up to date on their leukemia or HIV infection.
MMR vaccination.

11. Mumps Measles can be CDC recommends
prevented with MMR children get two doses of
vaccine. The vaccine MMR vaccine, starting
protects against with the first dose at 12
three diseases: through 15 months of age,
measles, mumps, and the second dose at 4
and rubella. through 6 years of age.
Teens and adults should
also be up to date on their
MMR vaccination.
No "booster" doses of MMR
vaccine are recommended for
either adults or children.
Risk factors for mumps include:
unvaccinated individuals who do
not have evidence of immunity,
belonging to the age group 2-12
years, international travel,
especially to countries without
mumps vaccination programs,
working or living in close proximity
to individual(s) infected with
Rubulavirus, and being in states
of immunodeficiency.

12. Rubella Measles can be CDC recommends No "booster" doses of MMR Rubella is very dangerous for a
prevented with MMR children get two doses of vaccine are recommended for pregnant woman and her
vaccine. The vaccine MMR vaccine, starting either adults or children. developing baby. Anyone who is
protects against with the first dose at 12 not vaccinated against rubella is
three diseases: through 15 months of age, at risk of getting the disease.
measles, mumps, and the second dose at 4
and rubella. through 6 years of age.
Teens and adults should
also be up to date on their
MMR vaccination.

13. Rabies Rabies vaccine is an Three 1.0-mL injections of Three 1.0-mL injections of
active immunizing HDCV or PCEC vaccine HDCV or PCEC vaccine
agent used to should be administered should be administered
prevent infection intramuscularly (deltoid intramuscularly (deltoid area)
caused by the rabies area) — one injection per — one injection per day on
virus. The vaccine day on days 0, 7, and 21 days 0, 7, and 21 or 28.
works by causing or 28.
your body to
produce its own
protection
(antibodies) against
the rabies virus.
 2. The purpose of the mass drug distribution (chemoprophylaxis) is to ensure the protection of a community against infection or to treat
members of the community where the diseases is highly prevalent, WITHOUT SUBMITTING individuals to a preliminary clinical
investigation.” What are the potential health risks regarding this preventive measure? (20 points).
The possible health risk related to no accurate clinical trials as preventive measure is that not all treatment is always
effective, some patients may experience side effect or be uncomfortable. The new treatment may not work, or it may not be
better than the standard treatment.
Study Questions:

1. What diseases do you predict will cause the next pandemic? Why? (10 points)
2. To what extent is there justification for saying that an epidemic is evidence of an inadequate public health education program? (10 points)
3. If effective methods of immunization were developed for all of the communicable diseases, would humankind eliminate all existing
communicable diseases such as COVID-19? Explain your answer. (15 points)

https://www.rxlist.com/cholera-vaccine-drug.htm
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid#:~:text=Epidemiology%2C%20risk%20factors%2C%20and%20disease
%20burden&text=Typhoid%20risk%20is%20higher%20in,children%20are%20at%20highest%20risk.
https://www.mims.com/philippines/drug/info/vaccine,%20japanese%20encephalitis?mtype=generic
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