Hydrocarbon

Properties alkane alkene Halogenoalkane

General CnH2n+2 (n>=1) CnH2n (n>=2) CnH2n+1Cl (n>=1)
formula
Identity C-C 1 C=C C-C
structure C-H C-C; C-H C-H; C-Cl
Reaction: 1. Substituion: 1. Addition: 1. Elimination:
CnH2n+2 + Cl2 (g) → CnH2n+1Cl +HCl CnH2n + HX → CnH2n+1X CnH2n+1X → CnH2n + HX
Condition: uv light HX: HCl/HBr/HI condition: gas (CnH2n+1X + NaOH → CnH2n + NaX + H2O)
HOH (H2O) condition:H3PO4, heat OR H2SO4 condition: NaOH in ethanol (C2H5OH), heat
H2 condition: Ni, heat/ Pt/ Pd heat CH3CH2CHClCH(CH3)2 →
CnH2n + Br2 (l or in CCl4) → CnH2nBr2 (ROOM TEMP)
CnH2n + Br2 (aq) → CnH2nBrOH (ROOM TEMP)
Brown/red colourless
Rule of substitution: Rule of addition: Rule of elimination:
Cl thế vào H của C có bậc cao hơn → H cộng vào C= có bậc thấp hơn (có nhiều H hơn), X Cl tách cùng C bên cạnh có bậc cao hơn
main product cộng vào C= còn lại → main product

2. Substitution:
CnH2n+1X + NaOH (aq), warm→ CnH2n+1OH +
NaX
CnH2n+1X+ NaCN (in ethanol, heat) → CnH2n+1CN
+ NaX
CnH2n+1X +NH3 (in ethanol, heat) → CnH2n+1NH2
C2H4 + Br2(CCl4) → C2H4Br2
+HX
CH4 +Cl2 → CH3Cl Mechanisms: AE CnH2n+1X + HOH (heat) → CnH2n+1OH + HX
Mechanisms: SR
Mechanisms: SN
SN1 : C bậc 3 (liên kết trực tiếp với 3 C khác)

NOTE Mechanisms thế NH3 KHÁC

C2H4 + Br2(aq) → C2H4Br2

C2H4 + H2O (H+) → C2H5OH KHÁC

SN2: C bậc 1 (liên kết trực tiếp với 1 C khác)

C2H5Cl + NaOH (aq) →

C3H6 + HBr→ C3H7Br

C2H5Cl + NaOH (ethanol) →

(CH3)3CCl + NH3 ( )→
 '
KM v04
tai nhainoxi hoa :

Kzclz 07
2. Cracking:
CnH2n+2 → CmH2m + CkH2k + 2
n=m+k C2H5Cl + NaCN (ethanol) →

2. Addition polymerization
C4H10 t!
cord : pressure

C2H4 catalyst
CH2=CH(CH3) → (-CH2 -CH(CH3)-)2
C5H12
C2H3Cl

3. Oxidation:
Condition: KMnO4 dilute, acidified, cold:
(ROOM TEMP))
C=C + H2O + [O] → C(OH)-C(OH)

Condition: KMnO4 concentrate, acidified, hot:

C=C + [O] → C=O + O=C
CH2=C + [O] → CO2 + ….
R1CH=C + [O] → R1CHO +… → R1COOH
(aldehyde) is oxidised (carboxylic
acid)
R1R2C=C + [O] → R1R2C=O
(ketone) is not oxidised to
carboxylic acid

Fix -
×

✗ -
C -
C -
Y
 C2H4

C3H6

3. Combustion: 3. Combustion:
CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 → nCO2 + CnH2n+1X + O2 → nCO2 + H2O + X2
(n+1) H2O
4. Combustion:
CnH2n+2 + 3n/2 O2 → nCO2 + nH2O
 C2H4

C3H6

3. Combustion: 3. Combustion:
CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 → nCO2 + CnH2n+1X + O2 → nCO2 + H2O + X2
(n+1) H2O
4. Combustion:
CnH2n+2 + 3n/2 O2 → nCO2 + nH2O