Chapter 1,2,3: Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry, Atomic structure, bonding.

A. Atoms and atomic structure

1. Atom
Nuclear : proton (1+; 1) + neutron (0; 1)
Shell: electron (1-; 1/1836)
➔ Charge off nuclear : positive (p+)
➔ Charge of shell: negative (e-)
2. Ion
Atom → positive ion (cation) + n e
(IA; IIA; IIIA) (1+; 2+; 3+) (1, 2, 3)
Metal lose e → cation
Cation: number of proton = (p in atom) = Z
Number of neutron = (n in atom)
Number of electron= (e in atom) – n
Atom +me → negative ion (anion)
(VA; VIA; VIIA) (3, 2, 1) (3-; 2-; 1-)
Metal lose e → cation
Cation: number of proton = (p in atom) = Z
Number of neutron = (n in atom)
Number of electron= (e in atom) + m
Symbol of Atom

Z is atomic number = number of proton

A is atoimic mass = number of proton + number of neutron = Z + N
3. Configuration :
 Shell (1, 2, 3,4,…) Subshell (s, p, d, f…)

Order of energy : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s………..

Configuration : 1s2s2p3s3p3d4s4p4d4f5s……….
Configuration of cation (ion +) : configuration of atom lose e
Configuration of anion (ion -) : number of electron in atom + e → write
configuration of ion

4. Ionisation energy
R (gas) → R+ (gas) + 1e I1
R+ (gas) → R2+ (gas) + 1e I2
Factor affecting ionisation I1:
(F = k q1q2/ R2)
 Radius (↑↓ F) ↑↓ I1
Shelding (↑↓ F) ↑↓ I1
Positive charge (↑↑ F) ↑↑ I1

Across period : general I1 increase (because : p increase, R decrease)

Except: Mg, Al AND P, S in period 3
Mg: 1s22s22p63s2 Eep > Ees I decrease
Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1 shielding increase (the same shell) (Fattract decrese)
(Fattract decrese)
P: 1s22s22p63s23p3 ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 ↑↓ ↑↓
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
S have 1 paired electron → repel F attract decrease
p3 (half filled) more stable than p4 I1 decrease
AO : s (spherical in shape),p (dumbbell shape), d, f
1AO s = 1 block
1AO p= 3blocks
1AO d= 5blocks
1AO have max 2e ↑↓
↑
1AO have 1e called unpaired electron :
AO s : 2e
AO p: 6e (saturated) p: 3e (half filled) → stable
AO d: 10e (saturated) p: 5e (half filled) → stable
Down the group:
R, shielding increase → I1 decrease
Relative atomic mass
Relative isotope mass= (isotope abundance x isotop mass number)/100
isotop abundance: percentage about partical of isotope.
Relative molecular mass, Mr
Relative atomic mass, Ar
5. Isotopes
The same element
The same proton
Different neutron
6. Stoichiometry
1 mole have 6x1023 particles
Mole (n) = m solute /M
CM = [ ]= n/ V mol x dm-3
n gas (room temperature) = V/24
percentage yield = (actual mass product) x 100/ (predict mass product)
m solution = V x d
B. Bonding
1. Metallic bonding :
 Positive ion metal and delocalized electron → electrostatic attraction →
strong
Factor affecting metallic bonding:
Radius ↑↓ F
Positive charge of ion ↑↑ F
Number of mobile electron (delocalised electron) ↑↑ F
2. Covalend bonding: non metal- nonmetal ( -AlCl3; Al2Cl6)
Shared electron
Sigle bond : 1 pair electrons “ – (sigma bond
Double bond : 2 pair electrons “= (1
Triple bond: 3 pair electrons
Sigma bond : linear overlap
Pi bond: side way overlap

Hybridization: H=
Non polar: 2 atom the same : N2, H2…..
Polar: 2 atom different : HCl, H2O….
Inter molecule force:(vanderwaals force)
- Hydrogen bonding : H-F; H-N; H-O strongest
- Permanent dipole- dipole (pd-pd): polar molecules (F)
- Vanderwaal’s force (id-id)(London force): all molecules SPECIAL nonpolar molecules have
only Fvan. (F)
If 2 molecule have the same electron → pd-pd > Van
2 molecules different electron → Ưu tiên Fvan
Electron increase → F increase
3. Ionic bonding: metal- non metal
Cation and anion bonding = electrostatic force

Factor affecting F:
Radius ↑↓ F
charge of ion ↑↑ F