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Application of Mass Spectrometry for soil analysis

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 SOil Analysis

0oml 10

d sin
0 20

1percent
CLAY
Clay percon
SILT
50 Sllt s0
40 clay
Clay loamn Silty
Sandy
clay loam
clay loam 0
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Sandy Slty loam
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0CIET
Y O
INDIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE SO
EON
ONI.ES 1934
Soil Analysis

Editors:
S.K. Singh
D.R. Biswas
C.A. Srinivasamurthy
S.P. Datta
G. Jayasree
Pramod Jha
S.K. Sharma
R.N. Katkar
K.P. Raverkar
A.K. Ghosh

OCIET OF SO

ta 193

Indian Society of Soil Science

A Block Ist Floor)
National Agricultural Science Centre Complex
Dev Prakash Sastri Marg
New Delhi - 110 012
S o i lA n a l y s i s

Printed: November 2019

Science
of Soil
Indian
Society
2019,

I S B N 8 1 - 9 0 3 7 9 7 - 8 - X

Price Rs. 1400/-

Srinivasamurthy, C.A.,
Datta, S.P., Javasr e,
S.K., Biswas, D.R., A.K. (Edito
Correct
citation. Singh,
R.N., Raverkar, K.P. and Ghosh, (Editors)
Katkar,
Pramod, Sharma, S.K., New Delhi.
Jha, Indian Society of
Soil Science,
(2019) Soil Analysis.

retrieved or distributed either mechanically.

This book cannot be reproduced, stored,
in or full, without the written
electronically or otherwise, part
photographically,
permission of the publishers.

Published on behalf of the Indian Society of Soil Science by:

Dr D.R. Biswas
Secretary, Indian Society of Soil Science
Ist Floor, A Block
National Agricultural Science Centre Complex
Prakash Sastri Marg, Pusa, New Delhi -110 012
Phone: 91-11-25841991, 25841529
Email: isss1934@gmail.com isss.secretary@gmail.com
Web page www.isss-india.org

Cover C 7esy: Abhijit Sarkar, Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Dhopal,
Madhya-adeshn)

ambridge Printing Works, B-85, Naraina Industrial Delhi-110 02s

Area Phase-II, New D
 Contents

1. Introduction
1.1 Soil Sampling and Analysis... *********e **e************°**°******°***°°°***°*********** .1
D.R. BISWAS and ABIR DEY
1.2 Basic Concepts of Chemical Analysis... ee**** ***** **********°**********°**e****** ******* 17
D.R. BISWAS

2. Soil Chemical Analysis

2.1 Determination of Soil Reaction (pH), Soluble Salts (EC) and Redox
Potential (Eh) of Soil . ***************************s******o*********************************. ..49

SATISH KUMAR SINGH and LATARE ASHISH MAROATRAO

2.2 Preparation of Soil Sample for Total Elemental Analysis ***** .... 67
RUMA DAS and S.C. DATTA

2.3 Determination of Calcium Carbonate in Soils ... 81

S.K. MAHAPATRA and RITU NAGDEV

2.4 Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soil ... °*°** ...87

DEBARUP DAS, S.C. DATTA and SONALIKA SAHOO
2.5 Determination of Soil Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. .. 105
PRAMOD JHA, B.S. DWIVEDI, BRIJ LAL LAKARIA and A.K. BISWAS
2.6 Determination of Total, Available, Mineral, Non-exchangeable
Ammonium and Potentially Mineralizable Nitrogen in Soil..
115
YADVINDER-SINGH, BIJAY-SINGH and SANDEEP SHARMA
2.7 Determination of Phosphorus in Soil ****e******e****°°**********°*****************e***********1 5 1
K. SAMMI REDDY, C.A. SRINIVASAMURTHY and A. SUBBA RAO
2.8 Determination of Potassium in Soils.. .
°*****°°*********°°***** e***°* **°*°°**°*°*****° ****************°****
175
ANAND PRAKASH SINGH and MOHAMMAD SHAHID
2.9 Determination of Sulphur in Soils. ***e****************e****°***** 189
SURENDRA SINGH and P.K. SHARMA
2.10 Determination of Micronutrients and Pollutant Elements in Soil
... 207
S.P. DATTA, D. GOLUI, M. BARMAN, M.C. MEENA, A.K. SHUKLA
and V.K. TRIVEDI
2.11 Estimation of Readily Soluble Silicon in Soil. ****e**************************e*************°° 227
NAGABOVANALLI B. PRAKASH and SABYASACHI MAJUMDAR
2.12 Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium in Soil 237
**°*°***°********°*.***** e********
A.K. SHUKLA, S.K BEHERA, S.P. DATTA and M.C. MEENA
 Hydrometer
ter
Analysis Pipette and
Soil Physical
Intermational

3. of Soil by
e********************************************°***.
Mechanical
Analysis
****°°****"**********

NAIDU
.249
3.1 and M.V.S.
Methods . M.S.S. NAGARAJU
PRASAD,
JAGDISH Method and Textural Triangle
Feel
of Soil
Texture by
Determination
*****°*****°*****

2667
3.2 e****** *°***** ****************************

WAKODE
Method. and ROSHAN R.
IAGDISH PRASAD,
RAJEEV SRIVASTAVA
Moisture Retention
-
Field Capacity, and Permanent
Determination of Soil
3.3 Wilting Poin*
t*.*.
********°****°*******°**°*°°°
***
****** .277
CHAUDHARY
SOMASUNDARAM JAYARAMAN and R.S.
K.M. HATI,
and Pore Space in Soils..285
3.4 Determination of Particle Density, Bulk Density
KK. BANDYOPADHYAY

of Hydraulic Conductivity in Soils...

..295
3.5 Determination
CHAUDHARY
S.K. CHAUDHARI and R.S.
Determination of Infiltration Rate in Soils. 307
3.6
S.K. CHAUDHARI and R.S. CHAUDHARY

3.7 Evaluation of Soil Structure, Aggregation and Consistency .321

DEBASHIS CHAKRABORTY and BAPPA DAS

3.8 Determination of Soil Colour by Munsell Colour Chart... .333

NAYAN AHMED and C.S. WALIA

3.9 Soil Temperature and Heat Flow in Soil . 1

PRAMILA AGGARWAL and PRAGATI PRAMANIK
3.10 Determination of Oxygen Diffusion Rate (ODR) in Soil. .353

S.K. VERMA and V.S. TOMAR

3.11 Assessment of Soil Compaction in Agricultural Fields...... ******

.359

PRAMILA AGGARWAL, PRAGATI PRAMANIK, DEBASHIS

CHAKRABORTY and RANJAN BHATACHARYYA
masysis of Problem Soils
Preparation of Saturation Paste and Saturation Extract of Soil... .. 373
KHA AINCHI LAL
* * * * *

Jetermination of
Forms of Soil Acidity and its . 377
Lime Requirement..
PRABHAKAR
A.K. SARKAR MAHAPATRA, K.K. ROUT, B.K. AGARWAL and
eaesseneee********

3 Determination of
V.K. Gypsum Requirement
MISHRA, P.K. ..
e*****.
*******.
3 8 7

BASAVARAJA and S.K. JHAA

5. Soil
Biological Analysis
5.1
Enumeration of Soil
Microbial Population by 393
Techniques Dilution Plate.
*******

JANARDAN YADAV and K.P.

.2 RAVERKAR
Deterimation of Microbial Biomass Carbon , 405

M.C. MANNA and Glomalin in

SoilS
 5.3 Determination of Overall Microbial
Respiration Studies Activity in Soil
through Soil
417
...

J.K. THAKUR and PRAMOD

JHA
5.4 Determination of Soil
ANAMIKA SHARMA, Enzymes.. **
SURENDER **********************
************************* .423
SINGH and LATA NAIN
6. Instrumental Methods of
6.1
Analysis
Application
A.K. GHOSH
of pH Meter and Conductivity Meter in Soil Analysis.
435
6.2 Instrumentation for Soil Moisture
A.K. SINGH and P.K. Determination....****************** e******** 445
BANDYOPADHYAY
6.3
Application of
CHN, CHNS, CNS and TOC
BRIJ LAL Analyzers for Soil Analysis ..471
LAKARIA, M.C. MEENA, PRAMOD
6.4 Flow
JHA and A.K. BISWAS
Injection Analyzer and its Application
in Soil
A.K. PATRA and A.K.
BISWAS Analysis. ...477

6.5 Assessment of Soil Fertility Status

and 'L value' . . by Tracer Techniques 'Et value', 'A value'
P. SURESHKUMAR *****°**°°°****°****°°°°°**°°°°°°°°°°°°****°**°°°°°°°°°°***°*°*** 491
and K.M.
MANJAIAH
6.6
Application of Chromatographyfor Soil Analysis
P. CHANDRASEKHAR *******...|501
RAO and G.
6.7
PADMAJA
Application of Mass
P. JANAKI and K. Spectrometry
for Soil Analysis . .
**°******** 513
ARULMZHISELVAN
6.8 Use of
D.R. BISWAS
Spectrophotometer in Soil Analysis.. *******°*************** 535

6.9 Use of Flame Photometer/ Flame Emission

Analysis s*.....
Spectrophotometer in Soil
D.R. BISWAS °*°°°**°°**°*°°**°°*°**°°°*°°°°**°****°*°°*°°°°**°°**°°°°°*******°° .553

6.10 Application of Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) in Soil
Analysis...
****************e**************°*°°°°a*****°**°**°****************************************.
P.C. SRIVASTAVA, S.P. PACHAURI and ****. 63
VEER SINGHH
6.11 Use of Inductively
Coupled Plasma -

Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-

OES) for Soil Analysis . . .
A.K. PATRA AND J.K. SAHA °°****°°**°°°*****°°* ********.e
575
6.12 ldentification and Semi-quantification of Soil Minerals by X-ray Diffraction
Analysis 583
DEBARUP DAS and S.C. DATTA
6.13 Use of Geiger Müller (GM) Counter and Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC)
in Soil Analysis.. ************°°°**********°°**°*°*********.
*°*****************°***********
..601

K.M. MANJAIAH, SARVENDRA KUMAR, KAPIL ATMARAMM

CHOBHE and M.S. SACHDEV
6.14 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and its Application in Soil
Science... .. 615
**********°**********************o******************* ******************** *********************** "****°
RAJESH KUMAR, D.R. BISWAS and ABHIJIT SARKAR
6.15 Characterization of Soils and Soil-Clays by Electron Microscopic
. . 629
Techniques.... *
* * * *

*'*****°***°°°°************************************°*******"************************

SIDDHARTHA S. MUKHOPADHYAY
 * 643
Subject i n d e x . .

Appendir Unit....
to SI
Conversion
factors for Non-SI Unit ****.61

Some common
metric prefixes . .

.62
factors..
conversion
Some other
acids and bases
2S ... b3
percentage of
some
and mass
Density, molarity
cations in soil tor interpretation
of cation
Ranges of exchangeable
exchange data .. 53

General soil test limits used for classifying soils into different fertility
classes.. *******i*

Equivalent weight.... ..654

 Chapter 6.7

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Applicat
Anplication of Mass Spectrometry for
Soil Analysis
P. JANAKI AND K. ARULMOZHISELVAN

Mass ctrometry (MS) is an analytical technique in which the chemical species under
investigation is bombarded with a beam of electrons which produce an ionic molecule or
ionic fragments of the original species. The resulting assortment of charged particles is
then separated according to their masses. In simple terms, a mass spectrum provides
information regarding various masses produced and their relative abundances. Mass
spectrometry is being used in numerous fields and is applied to pure samples as well as
complex mixtures. In recent years, the development of mass spectrometric techniques has
Contributed significantly to the increased understanding of soil environment and sooil
health The development of hyphenated methods combining diverse separation techniques
with spectrometric detectors has generated enormous applications on speciation
analy s in soil environmental studies.

in the physical and chemical studies concerning

The ssspectrometry has its heredity
ne discharges in the mid 19th century led to the
the ure of matter. The study of gas
which turned out to be positive 1ons and electrons.
disc
e r y of anode and cathode rays, cathode rays and measured their mass/electron
J.J of
omson discovered the nature
to study and m e a s u r e the m/e values of the
(m/ ratios and built an apparatus in the separation
rays. The improved capabilities
CO Scles" which make up the positive isotopes of the elements. The first
of the discovery ofstable shown by the mass
epositive ions enabled which was
neon (Ne),
the element (neon with 10 protons and
discovery was with namely, 0Ne
isotopes
spec netry to have at least two stable A variable type of mass
and 12 neutrons).
l0 with 10 protons ot u r a n i u m isotopes,
Ons) and 20Ne (neon the separation
Sh Manhattan project for in
the of m a s s spectrometry
e t e r was used in applications
Spectrometer
De atomic bomb. Early
1onization
energies
and other thermo
y
necessary to to develop the energies, with the use of
determinations
of bond analysSIS began
molecular) distillates. Now
chemistry inch ded
chemi chemical (viz., characterize
the p e t r o l e u m
chemi Energies. In 1940, to compositions
of the element,
patterns
mass fragmentation isotopic
rometric the
S
ts application h a s extended to study
has been
Protein On etc.
protein apping,
sequencing,