12

Philippine Politics
and Governance
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Elections and Political Parties
in the Philippines
 Philippine Politics and Governance – Grade 12
Self-learning Module
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary to exploitation of such
work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition
the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor M. Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module

Writer: Donald Roland M. Dela Torre

Editors: Liberty P. Lego, Eric G. Buenafe, Lerma J. Oscares, Ronaldo H. Lamit

Reviewers: Arlo L. Villalva, Leila G. Valencia, Jezereel Grace G. Tiron, Bernie P. Alcedo

Illustrator: Hilda S. Salvilla

Layout Artist: Jefferson B. Magbanua

Management Team: Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma

Elena P. Gonzaga
Donald T. Ginene
Printed in the Philippines by _______________________________.
Mary Hazel Vivien P. Pineda
Arlo L. Villalva
Leila G. Valencia
Liberty P. Lego
Department of Education – Region VI - Western Visayas
Office Address: Duran Street, Iloilo City
Telefax: (033) 336-2816, (033) 509-7653
E-mail Address: region6@deped.gov.ph
 Grade Levels: Grade 12
Specialized Subject: Philippine Politics and Governance
Semester: First/Second Semester

LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines.

(HUMSS_PG12-IIc-d-9)
ELECTIONS AND POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Elections are integral to democratic governance. Through the

mechanism of elections, politicians are held accountable for their actions and
compelled to introduce policies that are reflective of and responsive to public
opinion. Ideally, elections serve as a “major source of political recruitment, a
means of making government and of transferring government power, a
guarantee of representation, and a major determinant of government policy”
(Heywood, 2000: 200). These do not, however, prevent the distortion of the
will of the electorate in a “flawed democracy.”
In the Philippines, the plurality system has been enshrined in the
1935, 1973, and 1987 constitutions. Under the 1987 Philippine Constitution,
all elective officials – president, vice president, senators, members of the
House of Representatives, local chief executives and local legislators – are
chosen by a direct vote of the people through a “first-past-the-post system.”
The Philippine electoral system has generally been consistent throughout
history.
This module presents the nature of elections and political parties in
the Philippines. The learning material would help you uncover the realities in
national and local elections and examine how competing groups led by the
existing political parties influence this democratic process.

At the end of the module, you should be able to:

1. describe the nature of elections and political parties in the

Philippines ;
2. identify the types of electoral systems ; and
3. a nalyze the implications of the type s of electoral systems to
Philippine elections and political parties.
I. Identification
Direction: Identify the concept that is described in each statement. Choose the
correct answer from the box below. Use a separate paper for this pre-test.
ELECTIONS POLITICAL PARTIES
REGULAR ELECTIONS SPECIAL ELECTIONS
DOMINANT MAJORITY PARTY
1. It is the embodiment of the popular will, the expression of the sovereign
power of the people.
2. Usually the administration party, they are entitled to receive a copy of
election returns.
3. It refers to an elections participated by those who possess the right to
suffrage, are registered voters, and are not disqualified by law.
4. It is resorted to when there is failure of elections on the scheduled date of
regular elections in a particular place and it may also be conducted to fill up
certain vacancies as provided by law.
5. It refers to an organized group of persons pursuing the same political
ideology, ideas or platforms of government.

II. True or False

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. Elections is the means by which the people choose their public officials.
2. The party system is an organization that seeks political power by electing
people into public office.
3. Party functions ensure candidate quality.
4. The one-party system holds several powers because it towers above the
others.
5. Party system is referred to as the interaction of political parties with each other.

Picture Analysis
Direction: Look at the pictures and give context to these. Then answer the
following guide questions. Write your answers on the blanks provided below.
Guide Questions:
1. What do the photos tell us about elections and
political parties in the
Philippines? Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Do you have an experience that relates to elections and political parties in the
country? Describe that experience briefly.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Based on your observations, do you think we have a good electoral system
and a fair, orderly and peaceful conduct of elections? What can you suggest to
improve the elections and political parties in the Philippines?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Direction: Answer the questions comprehensively on a separate sheet of paper.
Support your claim with evidences which may include your personal real-life
observations, facts, and researches.

1. How would you describe the Philippine elections and the involvement of
political parties in such mechanism?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Do you agree that political parties in the Philippines lack a clear and
consistent political ideology? Justify your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Elections and Political Parties in the Philippines

Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines not otherwise

disqualified by law, who are at least eighteen years of age, and who shall have
resided in the Philippines for at least one year, and in the place wherein they
propose to vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election.
Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the
election of public officers.

Views on Suffrage
1. A privilege. Suffrage is not a natural right but a privilege to be given or
withheld by the law.
2. A political right. Suffrage enables the citizens to participate in the process
of government.
Theories on the Nature of Suffrage
The most important theories on suffrage are: 1) Natural Right Theory; 2)
Legal Theory; 3) Ethical Theory; 4) Tribal Theory; and 5) Feudal Theory.

1.The Natural Right Theory

This theory claims that the right to vote is a natural and inherited right to
every citizen. The state was created by the people deliberately and hence all the
people have a natural right to take part in the affairs of the government.
2. The Legal Theory
According to this theory, suffrage is not a natural right, but a political right
granted by the law of the state. Voting is a public function.

3. The Ethical Theory

The Ethical Theory considers the right to vote as a means of self
expression of the individual in political affairs. Suffrage provides for the
development of the human personality.

4. The Tribal Theory

In early Greek and Roman States, suffrage was extended only to the
citizen class. Only people who were accorded citizenship status could vote. Now
a day's citizenship is essential for voting. This practice is based on the Tribal
Theory.

5. The Feudal Theory

The feudal theory claims that the right to vote depends on a particular
social status. The simplest form of social status was ownership of land. Even now
in some states emphasis is on property qualification. This is a legacy of the
feudal theory.
Of the above mentioned theories, the feudal theory and the legal theory
limit the right to vote by imposing some restrictions. However, the modern
government today tends to give widest possible extension of suffrage.

Classification and Types Vote

1. One Man One Vote
Under this provision every other is entitled for one and only one vote. The
voter can cast his vote in favour of any candidate.

2. Single Transferable Vote

In this system, which is designed for multi-member constituency, the voter
possesses only one vote. But he can make his priority like 1,2,3, etc, according to
his requirement.
If a candidate fails to secure a majority, the votes polled for him will be
reallocated according to the second choice, and then third choice, until a clear
majority is obtained by a candidate. In India, election of the president, and
members of Rajya Sabha are held on the single transferable vote method.
3. Plural Voting
According to this system, several qualifications are prescribed for the right
to vote such as payment of property tax and education.
A person who owns property or is a tax payer or is educated is eligible for
an vote, because he possesses all of these qualifications.
At the same time, a person who is educated, possesses property and is a
tax payer, is entitled for three votes.
A voter is entitled for one vote for every qualification he possesses. In
Belgium, this method was used earlier.
4. Open Ballot
Under this system, the voters raise their hands to support a candidate.
Montesquieu advocated this system because, seeing intelligent people raise their
hands for a right candidates, the uneducated man would also support him.
However this method is not practical, considering the vast size of
electorates. In the legislative assemblies and the parliament, when motions and
bills are introduced the speaker puts it for voting. Members who support raise
their hands on that basis, the speaker declares the bill passed or defeated.

5. Secret Ballot
In this system the voter casts his vote in favor of a candidate, without the
knowledge of another person. A voter can exercise his franchise without fear. In
polling station, an enclosure is provided for him to mark his vote and put the
ballot in the ballot box. The ballots are mixed and no body can identify the exact
vote polled by any voter. This method is adopted in most of the countries in the
election to their legislature. In India also 85 Only secret ballot method is used for
elections to the state legislative assemblies and parliament.

Scope of Suffrage
Suffrage includes:

1. Elections - It is the means by which the people choose their officials for
definite and fixed periods and to whom they entrust, for the time being as their
representatives, the exercise of powers of government;

2. Plebiscite - It is the name given to a vote of the people expressing their

choice for or against a proposed law or enactment submitted to them. In the
Philippines., the term is applied to an election at which any proposed amendment
to, or revision of, the Constitution is submitted to the people for their ratification.
Plebiscite is likewise required by the Constitution to secure the approval of the
people directly affected before certain proposed changes affecting local
government units may be implemented.

3. Referendum - It is the submission of a law or part thereof passed by the

national or local legislative body to the voting citizens of a country for their
ratification or rejection.

4. Initiative - It is the process whereby the people directly propose and enact
laws.
5. Recall - It is a method by which a public officer may be removed from
office during his tenure or before the expiration of his term by a vote of the people
after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified
voters.

Qualifications of Voters
He/she must be:

1. A citizen (male or female) of the Philippines

2. Not otherwise disqualified by law;
3. At least eighteen (18) years of age; and
4. Have resided in the Philippines for at least one (1) year and in the place
wherein he proposes to vote for at least six (6) months preceding the election.

Age Qualification
1. Minimum age - There must be some minimum age for voting. No one, no
matter how ardent his belief in democracy, has ever contended that human
beings must be permitted to participate in the selection of public officials from the
day of their birth.

2. Basis - This suffrage qualification is based on the assumption that under a

certain age, human beings do not have the maturity, experience, education, and
sense of judgment that will enable them to vote with any reasonable degree of
intelligence.

3. No maximum age limit - No general agreement exists as to the exact age

at which the individual supposedly attains the maturity sufficient for political
participation.

Residence Qualification
4. Period of residence - A voter must have been a permanent resident of
the Philippines for at least one (1) year preceding the election and six (6) months
in the province, city, or municipality where he is a voter.

5. Importance - Six (6) months residence in a province, city or municipality is

considered the minimum length of time within which a person can adequately
familiarize himself with the needs and conditions and the personalities of the
locality.

Persons Disqualified to Vote

1. Any person who has been sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment
for not less than one (1) year, such disability not having been removed by
plenary pardon or granted amnesty. But such person shall automatically
reacquire the right to vote upon expiration of 5 years after service of sentence;

2. Any person who has been adjudged by final judgment by competent court or
tribunal of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly
constituted government unless restored to his full civil and political rights in
accordance with law. Such person shall likewise regain the right to vote upon
expiration of 5 years after service of sentence; and
3. Insane or competent persons as declared by competent authority.

System for Securing the Secrecy and Sanctity of the Ballot

1. Untrammeled exercise of the right to vote- The right to vote has reference
to a constitutional guarantee of the utmost significance. It is a right without which
the principle of sovereignty residing in the people becomes nugatory.

2. Voting by the disabled and illiterates- With the enfranchisement of the

illiterates and the existence of many disabled voters, this responsibility of the
legislative body assumes more importance. The sanctity of the electoral process
requires secrecy of the vote.
 (a) Congress will have to enact a law prescribing procedures that will
enable the disabled and the illiterates to secretly cast their ballots without
requiring the assistance of other persons, to prevent them from being
manipulated by unscrupulous politicians to insure their victory at the polls.

(b) Until Congress provides for the appropriate procedure, they shall be
allowed to vote under the existing law and such rules as the Commission on
Elections (Art. IX, A-Sec. 6, C-Sec2 [1].) May promulgate to protect the secrecy
of the ballot.

System for Absentee Voting by Qualified Filipinos Abroad

Section 2 extends the right of suffrage even to Filipinos abroad provided
they possess all the qualifications mentioned therein and none of the
disqualifications provided by law. Filipinos who by force of circumstances (e.g.,
the need to earn a living) have to temporarily work and reside abroad but
maintain their love and loyalty to their native land are still part of our Republic.
Congress is mandated to provide a system of absentee voting by qualified
Filipinos abroad. It is bound to set aside funds and other requirements for the
purpose and to provide safeguards to ensure that elections overseas are held in
a free, clear and orderly manner.

Party System
Political parties play an important role in supporting a democratic
institution. Even in authoritarian countries, dictators need political parties to
consolidate power and maintain governance. Without them, a country could not
function healthily. However, there is growing discontent against “partisan politics”
in some parts of the world. Similarly, some in Hong Kong do not want the Chief
Executive to be a party member in the future. In light of the global trends and
local debates, the first part of this paper argues that political parties have
practical importance in operating and stabilizing a democratic system, and they
facilitate political bargaining which could effectively balance the interests of
citizens. Discontent itself simply does not disregard the importance of the parties.
The second part argues for a multi-party system through comparing the political
consequences of it with one party and two-party systems in terms of the quality
and the effectiveness of democracy.
A political party basically, is a group of people. These people come
together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government. It is a way
to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests, concerns, and goals. The
primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies. So,
each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better than
those of other parties.
A political party is an organized group of people who have the same
ideology, or who otherwise have the same political positions, and who field
candidates for elections, in an attempt to get them elected and thereby implement
the party's agenda. They are a defining element of representative democracy.

Functions of a Political Party

Every political party has a number of functions to perform. Here we have
listed some of them.
A political party contests elections by putting up candidates.
 In countries like the United States, the candidates are selected by
members and supporters of a party.
On the other hand, in countries like India, the candidates are chosen by
top party leaders.
Every party has different policies and programmes. Voters make a choice
in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them.
In a democratic country, a large group of people that has certain similar
opinions group together and form a party. Then then, give a direction to the
policies adopted by the government.
Those parties which lose elections form the opposition. They voice
different views and criticize the government for their failures and mobilize
opposition to the government.
Political parties shape public opinion. With the help of the pressure groups,
the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people.
Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes.
The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government
officer.

Importance of Political Parties

A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party. This is
clear from the function performed by the political parties. In case, there are no
political parties then:
Every candidate in the election would be an independent candidate. Any
individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy
change to the people. In such a scenario, no one will be responsible for how the
country is run.
In the long run, only a representative democracy can survive. Political
parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present
them to the government.

There are three types of party systems:

One-Party System
Two-Party System
Multi-Party System
One-Party System
In a one-party system, there is no competition in this system. Here, the
lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices i.e.

Two-Party System
In a two-party system, the power shifts between two major, dominant
parties. So, for winning the elections, the winner will have to get the maximum
number of votes. However, please know that maximum number of votes is not
equivalent to a majority of votes.

Multi-Party System
The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party
system. In such a system, there are three or more parties which have the
capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition.
A Comparison of Political Systems: Multi-party vs. Two-party
Background
The recent elections in the United States has once again brought the focus
on the debate whether a two-party system of democracy is better than multiparty
system (more than two parties).
The US, the world’s oldest democracy, has traditionally followed a two-party
system. India, on the other hand, has taken the latter route. Both systems have
their pros and cons.

Key Points
In the US, elections have been traditionally contested between the
Republicans and the Democrats.
Both parties have their own policies and views on various issues, such as
health care, foreign affairs, internal security, employment, outsourcing and the
war on terror.
Every four years, both parties nominate candidates to contest the post of the
President of the US.
The President is elected by the Electoral College, which is a body of
popularly elected representatives from each state.
In a multi-party system, various national and regional parties field candidates
to contest elections to represent constituencies. Each state has a different
number of constituencies depending on the size and population.
The party which has a majority of elected representatives has the right to
form the government and choose the Prime Minister.

Why a Multi-party System is Better

Restricting choice to two parties limits the number of ideas on every issue
and reduces each voter's choice. Each of the two parties has fixed views on
various topics. A voter who supports the view of one party on a topic but supports
the view of the other party on another topic is forced to compromise one of his
views.
A multi-party system, on the other hand, allows each citizen to vote for the
party that best fits their beliefs and represents their ideology.
Countries like the US and India are known for the diversity of their
population. Two parties are not enough to represent this diversity.
A multi-party system is more responsive to a change or shift in public
opinion. Two-party systems are not as flexible because they have a more or less
rigid set of opinions on every issue.
To win an election, each party in a two-party system is forced to moderate its
views. Thus, each party represents the radically moderate, and not the
conservative and liberal wings. As is evident in India, the multi-party system also
caters to people with extreme views.
If the voter turnout is very low, the votes that the winning party gets would
actually only represent a minority of the population.
Some voters tend to have one issue that determines which party they will
vote for. In a two-party system, opposing parties tend to take opposite sides on
many issues. These "one issue voters" will automatically vote for the party that
represents their view on the one issue, even though they may disagree with most
of their other positions.
 Since the two parties have completely opposing views on issues, they tend to
reverse the policies of the previous government when voted into power. This
does not benefit the state in the long run.
A multi-party system prevents the leadership of a single party from setting
policy without challenge.
If any one party in a two-party system becomes weak, a dominant-party
system may develop. In a two-party system, candidates are motivated to run
negative campaigns, pointing out the flaws in the "other person" (usually the
leader of the other party).

Why a Two-party System is Better

The two-party system presents voters a simple choice.
Since the parties in a two party system have to moderate radical views, they
follow public opinion better than a multi-party system would.
If the majority opinion is split among a large number of parties, it is possible
that a party representing a minority view may prevail over the majority in a
multiparty system. In this sense, the two-party system protects the majority from
the minority.
In a multi-party system, even parties with extremely radical views have a
chance to be elected to power. This could result in chaotic and disastrous
reforms. The moderate approach of a two-party system negates this possibility.
There is no real control or limit over the number of parties. Sometimes, no
single party is able to get a clear majority. This leads to hung parliaments and
coalition politics, as has been the case in India for sometime now. Coalition
partners often tend to use their clout to get their way on key issues. This can be
very detrimental to progress. There is very little chance of a coalition government
in a two-party system. This provides for stable governance.

Video Analysis
Direction: Search the given YouTube links to watch the video presentations.
Then answer the guide questions on a short-sized bond paper.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOqC4p8lXWs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pOuHKyloQ0&pbjreload=101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLf40WRzZz0

1. What topic was presented in the videos? Cite a situation which happened
in your barangay or school that could be related to the topic discussed in the
videos.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. As a student, how can you minimize (or stop) violence during the elections
held in your community or school?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. If you are a political candidate in your locality or school, what actions are
you going to undertake to improve the electoral system?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. How can you convince your fellow youth or students to uphold the values
of integrity and honesty during elections?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

5. What good practice/s in your school or barangay help in achieving a fair,

just and honest student government and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) elections,
respectively?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Wait, we’re almost done! Now, let us develop your personal insights on the
lesson presented in this module.

Direction: Supply the necessary ideas to produce meaningful statements. Use a

separate paper for this reflection activity.

I have learned that political parties

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

I have realized that elections in the Philippines is

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

I have will apply what I have learned about elections and political parties by
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Essay
Direction: Answer each question comprehensively. Write your answers on a
short-sized bond paper. Make sure that your penmanship is legible. Your output
will be rated using a rubric for essay writing.
1. How people choose their leaders?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Do political parties affect people’s perceptions on choosing their leaders?

Justify your answer.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. How do the political parties and the electoral system in place affect the
dynamics of the Philippine elections? Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Glossary

The terms used in this module are defined as follows:

Absentee ballot - A vote cast by someone who cannot reach a polling station.
Can be postal or by proxy

Absentee voting - A way people can vote when they can't get to their polling
place. They vote on a special form and mail it in.

Ballot - Another term for vote.

Board of Election Inspectors - refers to the body which conducts the election in
the polling place of the precinct usually composed of three (3) public school
teachers appointed by the Commission.

Campaign - A series of planned actions for getting someone elected.

Candidate - A person who seeks, or who has been suggested for an office or
award.

Candidate disqualification - Ballotpedia uses the term disqualified when a

person announces a candidacy or files for an election, but another entity—such
as a court, election authority, or political party—prevents him or her from
appearing on the final ballot. This may also be referred to as candidate removal.

Candidate withdrawal - Ballotpedia uses the term withdrew when a person

announces a candidacy or files for an election but later decides—by his or her
own choice—not to appear on the final ballot.

Canvassing - Canvassing is the process whereby candidates or campaign

workers attempt to win votes by contacting voters directly. Canvassing maybe
conducted in person, by telephone or via email. Another important purpose of
canvassing is to determine whether certain policies will prove popular with voters

Coalition - When two or more parties govern together, when neither has an
overall majority. After the 2010 election, the Conservatives and Lib Dems formed
a coalition, which lasted for five years.

Commission - refers to the Commission on Elections (COMELEC);

Delegates - Delegates "are individuals chosen to represent their states at their

party conventions prior to a presidential election." Delegates formally select
the presidential nominees of their respective parties at these conventions.

Elections - The process whereby eligible persons vote to determine who will hold
a political office.
Election officer - refers to the highest official or authorized representative of the
Commission in a city or municipality; and province.
List of voters - refers to an enumeration of names of registered voters in a
precinct duly certified by the Election Registration Board for use in the election;

Partisan - A strong, often emotional supporter of a person or cause; can apply to

a group as well as individuals.

Party - A group of people who join together because they share many ideas
about what the government should do.

Party list voting - Party list voting is a system in which electors vote for political
parties rather than individual candidates

Political parties - refer to local, regional or national political parties existing and
duly registered and accredited by the Commission;

Polling place - refers to the place where the Board of Election Inspectors
conducts its proceeding and where the voters cast their votes;

Precinct - refers to the basic unit of territory established by the Commission for
the purpose of voting;

Voting center - refers to the building or place where the polling place is located;
 ANALYTICAL RUBRIC FOR ESSAY WRITING
RATING FOCUS CONTENT ORGANIZATION STYLE CONVENTIONS
SCALE The single The presence The order The choice, Grammar,
controlling of ideas developed and use and mechanics,
point made developed sustained within arrangement spelling, usage
with an through and across of words and and sentence
awareness facts, paragraphs sentence formation.
of task examples, using structures
about a anecdotes, transitional that create
specific details, devices and tone and
topic. opinions, including voice.
statistics, introduction and
reasons conclusion.
and/or
explanations.
4 Sharp, Substantial, Sophisticated Precise, Evident control
distinct specific or arrangement of illustrative use of grammar,
controlling illustrative content with of a variety of mechanics,
point made content evident and/or words and spelling, usage
about a demonstrating subtle transitions sentence and sentence
single topic strong structures to formation
with evident development
create
of and
consistent
awareness sophisticated
writer’s voice
of task. ideas
and tone
appropriate to
the audience/
reader.
3 Apparent Sufficiently Functional Generic use of Sufficient control
point made developed arrangement of a variety of of grammar,
about a content with content that words and mechanics,
single topic adequate sustains a logical sentence spelling, usage
with elaboration or order with some structures that and sentence
sufficient explanation evidence of may or may not formation
awareness transitions create writer’s
of task. voice and tone
appropriate to
the audience
2 No apparent Limited Confused or Limited word Limited control of
point but content with inconsistent choice and grammar,
evidence of inadequate arrangement of control of mechanics,
a specific elaboration or content with or sentence spelling, usage
topic explanation without attempts structures that and sentence
of transition inhibit voice formation
and tone
1 Minimal Superficial Minimal control of Minimal variety Minimal control
evidence of and/or minimal content in word choice of grammar,
a topic content arrangement and minimal mechanics,
control of spelling, usage
sentence and sentence
structures formation
References
Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia; Julio Teehankee; 2002; Pages
149-202; Germany; Bonn: Fiedrich-Ebert-Siftung

‘Philippine Democratization and the Consolidation of Democracy since the 1986

Revolution: An Overview of the Main Issues, Trends and Prospects’, in
Miranda, 1997. Abueva, J.V. 1997. Philippines; UP Press.

Q&A Primer on the Philippine Party-List System: A list proportional representation

scheme of electing one-fifth of the members of the House of Representatives.
Kasarinlan, 13(2).; 1997; Manila: Rex Bookstore.

[De]scribing Elections: A Study of Elections in the Lifeworld of San Isidro. Alejo, M.J.,
Rivera, M.P. and Valencia, N.P. 1996; Quezon City: Institute for Popular
Democracy, Quezon City

‘Cacique Democracy and the Philippines: Origins and Dreams’, New Left Review,
Anderson, B. 1988. P.160. Philippines.

‘Guns, Goons and Government: Pre-martial Law Politics and Elections’, in

Coronel and Kalaw-Tirol, 1992. De Quiros, C. 1992.,UP Press.

Campaigning for Democracy: Grassroots Citizenship Movements, Less-

thanDemocratic Elections, and Regime Transition in the Philippines.
Franco, J.C. 2000. ; Quezon City: Institute for Popular Democracy.

Politics in the Philippines. Grossholtz, J. 1964. Boston: Little Brown & Company.

All in the Family: A Study of Elites and Power Relations in the Philippines. Gutierrez,
E.U., Torrente, I.C. and Narca, N.G. 1992. Quezon City: Institute for Popular
Democracy.

The Ties that Bind: A Guide to Family, Business and Other Interests in the Ninth
House of Representatives. Pasig: Gutierrez, E.U. 1994. Philippine Center for
Investigative Journalism/Institute for Popular Democracy.

‘The electoral system and political parties in the Philippines’, in de Guzman and
Reforma, Tancangco, L.G. 1988. Manila Philippines.

Brigada: Kaso ng election-related violence sa bansa, bakit dumarami? GMA news

and Public Affairs, May 14, 2019, GMA News and Public Affairs Portal:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOqC4p8lXWs, July 19, 2020.

Vote buying in the Philippine elections; CNN Philippines; April 2, 2019;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pOuHKyloQ0&pbjreload=101; July 19,
2020.

TV Patrol: Ilang election-related violence sa unang araw ng campaign period; ABS-

CBN News channel; May 4, 2018; ABSCBN NEWS;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLf40WRzZz0; July 1, 2020.