AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

 
  
∗



Abstract
Ijmāʿ is an important mode of Ijtihād and well known principle of Islamic Sharʿiah. Historically it is
evident that incidence of Ijmāʿ (Consensus) restricted only to four Caliphates of Islam only. This
Collective Ijtihād and Collective Opinion was actually the decision of the Islamic State followed and
obeyed by the all Muslims specially by "Ṣaḥābah" (Companions of the Holy Prophet), this is why it is
called Ijmāʿ-e- Ṣaḥābah. These decisions were applicable and binding to all Muslims living elsewhere
in the world, because at that time there was centralized ruling system (Khilāfat-e-Wāḥidah).Now
Muslim world has split into many states, so every state has its own decision making institutions and
hence such Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ, Islamic Legislation Activities should be validated within those states as
Ijtihād and Ijmāʿ except issues relevant to general interest as whole human being and all Muslims. In
such issues International level consensus of Islamic Jurists would be required. "Ijmāʿ", actually it is
the same processes. More over any "Ijmāʿ" held in a time period can be revoked by any new situation
in future as per requirement of the time. It is the inevitable demand of dynamism of Islam to
correlate it to every need of the time.


Keywords: Ijmāʿ, Concensus, Salaf, Ummah





!
"#

$%


& ،1



















.

-!
!'
(
)*

+
,
" "#  ‫


   
 
!
   
 ﷺ‬.
;
2


(
=
>

!

?@
A  <
9
:8

34


5


67
 2
/0
1



K L OP
BC
D


EFGMN

HI

J
K
.C

R3FS
TU
V
WX
T

Y*



Z[Q
3 :
K ;
B


1


V
\
]
(
^
_
9
" &#
'
 
 &()‫ ﷺ‬$% &

"
;
. 
   -  ‫ ﷺ‬$% &* +, 
" .
C
 !

`a
+
Y*



Zb(c

3.

K ;
B


de



f

(
=
g>

h
95

67 2
_
= 4 "/
 *

m
i

B
j
J
k

l
R

u
mn
o
p
m


6q


r


V
Es
6qt



 " #  ! ∗

{ 21 }
 K ;K
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities


B

}‚
D
u „
V
mnƒu 2
v!
6w
xu
y
z{
|
6q

}t

o
C
4~

€


LK ;

y
’…
†
‡
(
"ˆ

‰s

Š‹Œ!
j
TU

3

Ž





=

o
}‘
i
m
‚

6q


V
”•
–I
T
C
—

”•
˜

™
6w
zš
o
C
x  
›C
œ
 2!
6w


“
z
; L ;


ž

}BŸ!
u D

 

V
¡
m

¢£
¤

B
¥
¦
"§

"¨
Ž

m?

-!

©ª

6q


;


9«
[
¬
­
®

¯!

°±

²
,

TU

™³
´
µ
=
¶š



6w
zš
V
de
;

¼
V
½\
¾

`¿À
Á
Â
Ãe

Äu 
Å
m
B¯!
°±

žu 
,

TU


F¸u ¹ F » º
= V·
; ;K ; ; L


Æ
FS
t
Á


6w
x

y
z{
žu Ç
È


V
!?@
B
É
—

V
ž
(
`¿À
Äu s
;K
BC
t


x
V
m
C
,

Ê
Ë
+

m
V
Ì
!
!'

o
ÅC



K ;

g
Ó

V
Ô0
5" !1 ! 2$3
456 7#6
7"
-3FS
V
Î
T0FS
“
z
y
B
C
g

Ï
ÐÑ
Ò(
Ä
u Í
K ;
K u àuáàáâ Ø Ù

f 2
/0¥
Ý 
Þß 2!
Û
B
u !
Ü

Í
g

“
z
yÚ
u !
Õ
p
–Ö×
; î ; K


É
æ

&
žu ç
è'
^

Šé
z

¥
ê
ë u 

ì

\
í
’…
V
ã
T0FS
B
¥
ä
3FS
å
; L ;

ã
T0FS
o
ïð

ñ ò
m

óD
?„
r

ô£
õ


6w
žu 

Î
T0FS


o
C
^
ö
÷4~
(
m
L

ì

·

p
mB

C
ú
ûü

(ýþ
”•




"@
Šé



6ù
 2
ø
6w
žu 

K ; Kî

}

[

y -6& 89
 :* ;$< ' =
>? .C
ª
T3FS
( 2
!

Š‹

„
FS
F¸D
"


T
K L K ;


w
" 
 @A @A  -BC D/
1
E 

.o
u 3FS
V
žu 

} B

?3FS
j
®


9

; 
B
?D
~
V



l

Š‹

!

 <

}F¸ 8




6 7 7 ".
M5 LS KB FN$

J 77 - 5 LL L L OP7 ;5LJ  QR

L L GE
L L 7 K 
7 7 7 6 K 6 "#E 7 7 6 6 7 7 7K6 K- 7 F5 7 J 777 56 7 
6 7 K J HI

KK
 L LL K
;
"
OW 7 TUE
6 7 7 7 7 JV
7 7 -B


žu ç

6 7

}



?w



\


b3FS
 2
!
6w
5

D0
I
!


K
B

C




}F¸




!

V


m

!ð
D

m

É
Ž

F¹» "#

óD
$
’£
¤
&
†

; K ;


-
F.
(
`/

V
žu 0
m
.o

$
V
T0%
’e
&
4
^3
'
( Z
_
)
?-!
*+

žu 0
,
K K

-

3
Ä
12
2
!
6w
o
C
`0
^


12
 26w
Ä .
C
3FS
TU

x
u u u   (

6Ž
{ 22 }
 ; : ; K ;

8 ;< 
(
9

o

F¹» 9

`†
T
B

!
4
5
 
6F¸

m
–!

h
9
}I
7
(

 

C
6
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

; K ;K

(
`=>
¢£
m
?
C
D

4~
@3

!
A

3
!
TU
V 2
6w
x
y
z{
¢£

|
C
K K ; K
B
C-


B
 !
12

m
CD
4~@3

m

!
A
f
/

m
?D
CD
/


; ; ; L

G
J

T0FS
Z¼0

H
C
V
ã
T0FS
J


I


9
—
o
É
—
6w

ZEF
3
=
; u ; u K ; ;

I

!
"@

ž0
m
ƒ
,0
VJ
'
ž0
ûK
. F L
C-!MN
V
ã
T0FS
Ä
T
O
P

Q

!
;  ; ;


[

y
V
Î
T0FS BC
S
J
~
žu 0
,

Î
T0FS

T


o
—
CD


m

`R
†
—
TU
K ;
B
C
ÉU

p

V
4~

}W3FS
X
2
6w
m

K 76 7 ".
11
"
6 5KJ77I 5 7'J 57 #6XL7 =
L "YL 67 L
6 $

B[
r
\]
V^
_

V
YZ


¤

[

y"
L L  =
L L ‫ە‬1 5 L L 6 L 7 6 ! K 6 L '

L 6 7 6  
L K GE
L L L J  :

6 K3
6K >
6 GE

6K J 7 
[ 6 Z K7 UA7 6 6 K6\5 7 77 >V 6 7 7 6 K J
6 5K #6]
77 7=

6 5K #6]
7
6 5K
7 [ @

7 6 57 Z7[
K K
L L L >5
7 6L 6 7 ^_

8 7 L 7 L L 6 46 57#6

7 =
K 7 6 7J
OK 67) `
a )b

L K
7 6 KN5
12
K

’b
V/


c
ƒ

`[
4

V
Þ

2
6w
!
}W3FS

y
!
}W3FS a
[
T`

–"
;



Ce


^
C
T`

T

9n


y
d
c
’£
 2
6w

’£

y

!

†!

B
Cf






g
B"cJ K 7L fE 7 7 77 " . $
L
; ;

L 
d 7 7 7U
A
7 7 K
KBe W 7 7 W&KJ * 6 gV
K 76 7 7 h @g
B
B¡D
l
Vm
n

`l[ <k28
Þ
o
C

6j <
iF¹»8

C
u §

Äu 

h
Þ

&


; ; ; ;


ñ ò


 <9
bs8
r
9

 <9
e8
9q



™
6w
zš
o2
p

u 0
,
; ;

Ry
z
{

!
4
½t



`!
C
É
u 
u
(



Äu 
V
^0

`=>
`v

wxð

@3
K
.

-3FS
[


y

C
,
6 K 7 7'7 :%
LK ;
L L
5 LJ
;
K [ S#576
7 K UiV
25 K 7 7 7 57 7  6 6 K7 7)
7
6 5KI 5
J 77 @ 3
7 6 7
6 K5B!
15

B`‚ˆ
õ
}
~

o

m
5€
!
’b

ê
C

¢£


`l[
T

9
Þ.|F¸

K ;



T
u 
!


`\ƒ
„

’b

C…
o
4†
V&

'

Zb‡
(
_
~\
V
–

oª
žu 0
m

; ;

CŒ
…

o
C
^ˆ

(
m
C
9,

’b
C…

V
žu 0


r

‰
P1
^
VŠ


!
œ
‹
; ; K K

o
0
õ


o
C

^
V
žu 0
Ž




‘

’
u “
V
3
EFS

g
u 
V
6q

g

{ 23 }
 ;uK K ;
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

†

r
’“
c
o

-
õ


”
f
FS


-
õ

A


g
6q
Š‹

C•

FS
õ

1
m

5


B–
r
—˜

’b


 
K K
&* *  G
j'
.
3FS
 2
¼0
Ÿ
HI
 2v!

V .
U

`™
o

-3FS
š
^e
=
u
"B`
a   =
* k _ R@)  ' l@3   9 ' =
k &$mI
; L ; ; ;


j
T›
R
j
$
œ


$
!
12

m

½
C

ž 

‡
ž

Äu 

9
} .
|F¸

; ;
B
`
V
6
¤


½
?D0

9n
|
1
(
y
o
Ä
`Ÿ


–
K ; L
n >?" .
u 3FS
 2
y
6w
o
C
žu 

š
¡
´

y 

= .
žu 
} 
Äu 
[
;
 * ;$< ' -

B

–!
j
®


9
}

[

y -19& 89

K ;
L J 
-
L 5 ^_ L
>$^$

6
7 6 7 K 7 W7 7 7 K 6 K 7 7 7 Q7*  $ " : C
T3F S
( < 28
/0
o
C
žu 


š
¢
´
y 
=

;
LJ 
7 6 L 5
; ;

‫"۔‬o#E
q S 7 -
7 K 7 p#E
WS 7
67*7 
7 7 ^_

m„

`l[

h
9
/


C£

f
m„

“
z
y

C£

m„

`l[
h
9
/
 .|F¸
q7 7

BC
}F¸
f
m„

“
z
y

C
}F¸ ¤
K ;

^# r/ $s
 8) ' I' tXu
 4

Gv 
'" .

-3FS
ì

žu 

,

Zb(c
3

K
">w
>v' &x
>$' T# 
 D
"* 


¨

V


‰s
Š‹
j

R
(
m
6F¸
¥
u

¦\

m

Cð


§
o

-3FS
"@
È

B¦
j
f©
F¸ 
”~


Š‹

j


u 4


T
ª

f
g>

OÄ

u c
`

g>
«

o
^


¬'

g>
T>

?­
®


P¯
B
j
 

f
†

!
’b

 
; K ;

m

R
‚
V
9"#

š ; 

¼_ §
°±º
Äu 

†
,

²

³´
µ 

š
¶
º
=

5

67
 2
v!

; Ù

R
V
Î
T0FS
p
–Ö×Ø

o
U

š

¶º
=B—

¸; ¹
º

i
Š


V·


-Ü
Š


§
; ; ; Ù L

`l[
&
B

C
¼
j
žu 
R

Ä
½
V
–

¾
–Ö×Ø
f
V
žu 
 2
y
6w


C
j
\
»
K

u 
»
Á
¢£
m

I
–
 2
!
Û

o
u 3FS

š
³
´
µ

m

`
z
¿
!
ÀÜ

{ 24 }
 ;
Ù  ;

R
HI
–Ö×Ø
.
fÜ

š
³
´
µ


š
΂
¶º

m
B <C
—
Â
»
Ãáń Æ
V
ĝ
m
o
|8C
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

K ;

ŒÇ¶º
5

mÚR3FS
ŒÈ

}
l

žu 
!
TU

³
´
µ

š
h
´
_

m
HC
f


Bu !
É
(
¾
Ê
p

}
?
¦
I

Ë
 2
/0
f
š


!"
B
-D
Ì
TU
Í'
Ô
ÎÏ


Bú
j
¢þ

1
:¾

(
§
T> .
; ;
BúD
Ð
j
V
¢þ
Äu 
Ñ


Ò

ÓÀ

Ôß

Õ

Ö] .
B
?D
×
j
¢£
Ø


6\
Ù
Úå

Û
ÜÝ .

B
?D
u 
»
(
T
Þ

RÀ
$
ß

’£

¼
†
`
rÞ

RÀ
à
c .$

; K ; ;

oC
áâã
o
}±ä
å‘
4æ

*F¸!3FS
^5¥ç‘

4æ

*F¸


’…2y~w .%

K

V
r34™¡
=ƒB!
’bê~ƒëê ì:
­3
™!
ûšƒ
B
?D
}!
r
PFS–è
^
é
; ;
BÉ 
(™
!
ûš
*F¸

HI
}í„
Tî–Ü
; ;

f
V
Ãe
m
½?D

I
Cï
Ou
½

ð
Cï
Äu 


Æ
Cï
O
V
Ñ

Äu 

`

ñ
Äu .&


m

É

(

6w
zš

m
V³

È
5

´
ò
™¡
=ƒ
!
’b
V


6w
zš
B
–
I

O
Æ
Cï
O
Vñ



Äu 
o

C0
ó
7
ô

·
m
"@


}ú ƒ   ùD  ( 
`u 
õ
V
ö1
} 
H!
`u 
õ
V
ö1
Äu –!
}é
÷
ø
Rc.'

’b


V
·
mB?üý
h
RÙ
þ

u ?D
}ý!
\(

H!¥†–!
}é
ûé
K

ûš
r


V
ö1
ûé
}ú
o
}3FS

q
Äu 


=
¡
=5¥BC!


m
o
G
f
mÉ
}D

›^
BC
(
™!
ûš
f
V
B—
CD²

!


’b
f

­3
!
ûši
¤
fð=IB
6
f
„


4
4æ2y
6w.(
; K
5 –è † B C!
’b!


ûš
Þ
ou 3FS!
®
ûš
¡
=5¥BC!

BÉ
(
!
ûš
 ð!MN
^B
’b"u 
Ýu àì`[0
#
;K


”~

V
–

T


m„

T


C
T
¢£
 2
!
6w
x

y
z{
f


m„

È
{ 25 }
 AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

>CL7 ◌ۖ eK L /

L 7 MK L * GE

7 7 J
#]7 J
#]7
K *7 7-
K *

U 7 57 Z7k[ " (١) .

Í'

7 @
J 
í

V
”~
T

ªF¸
"B8k
K K
L L L 4#
L  - 
L L 7 L K gK >?L GE
{
LJ M?7 L y1 57 U.A
L J  -

W 7 ^_7 7 [ ◌ۚ )b
K 7 *7 qO)7 h a 7 7 J >N K n K 7 z K\7
25
K 7

c

ƒ

f

m
C


V
¼0


!
}W3FS



m

!

}W3FS

“
z
y a[

T`
–"
;

9n


[


y
¼0
c
!


’£



m

“
z
y

†
?D
’b
V
–
/

BC
f

f







C
e

^


¦
T`


4


KK 6 7 7 " * )
L L L K M5 L LL L L OP7 ;5LJ  QR
L L GE
L L 7 K 
;

‫ا"۔‬O
W 7 TUE
6 7 7 7 7 JV 6 7 J 7 77 - S7 K5B FN$

7 7 -B 7 6 K 6 "#E 6 6 7 7 7K6 K- 7 F5

7 J 777 56 7  7 K J HI

}



?w



\


b3FS
 2
!
6w
5

D0
I
!

žu ç

7 7 6



K
BC




}F¸




!

V


m

!ð
D

m

É
Ž

F¹» "#

óD
$
’£
¤
&
†

;

{

!
4



` 
þ





12
 <2 8
!
6w

[

y
V
~
žu 0
K K

¾

12
2
!
6w
¢£
¤
C
–D
«

ô


?  U
z
[


y



BC
Ry
z

6w |

6F¸

T
†B

«
`=
^
µ  
ƒ
½

j
S
}
 <
þ



8

K

A 
}


p
mwC


(

!
4
(

ƒ
½
4~
}


  
 2!
; L


z
´¡
=
É
Ò

f
(

T
m

z†

,
4


µ  
z
ƒ
É
ž 
4~
K K

"#



´
y 
F¸u ¹ F » º



´
¡
´
y 


3
´


}"#
º

¢
´
y 
;
"& 89
 ;$| ' * >‫ "إ‬.
C


žu 
Äu 

T!
´
;
28

B
j
®



V
6
f

9
}

"#
K ;
_7 cJ L 

7 7 
76L
}
7 L
&m]
K 7 

JK 6 77L G

K j 5 '7 " .

 u 3F S
 2
!
6w
o
C
R
TU
žu 

š
³
´
µ
"BH
=
K
67 6 5K 7#L7
; ; ; ;
B½
?D0
9n
|

y1

o
Ä
`Ÿ
½
C
Ä  $

`c
– 

Äu 

9
}
L ; K


BC
–
6
ÒF 


%


y"‫ "ﻳﺪﷲ ﻋﻠﯽ اﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬.
ª
T3FS
( 2
=
Û
¢£
¤

K L ;
"BJ
~ @A7 @A7  J
5K 75
. 3FSF
 2
¼0
V
žu 
} 
u
; ;  ;
L L J J J L J
6 7 K-BC7 7 7D/
6 7 1
7 7 ^

30

B
?D
$
V



-!
4
½t


&[

Š‹

!

 <

}F¸ 8

w
.|F¸

{ 26 }
 AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

$%&

; ; ;


ûš
–I

})
³´

}*
93

š
΂
¶º
+
&
,

A


Ñ

67
 2'(

(


ûš
–I

}
}-
R

ûš
í
u
Äu 
o
C
^

!
ûš
q
} 




C
ûš



^
B

; L ; K
u

‡
c
Š‹
B

F¸/
ž
Ô0


T
f

1
†

r
"F¸
R

ì

}-
m
ƒ

R3FS
.

·
m
u
L ; ;


š
z
´
¡
b 2

¢£

BC
34


}þ
(




BŒ

j5
\ߙ
!
ûš
†

’´

K ; ;


–6
!
Ê

š
78

=
¢£
m

—
.

ûš
A

m

R3FS
9

p

*F¸
4æ



š

)
ŒÈ=

—
4
.


ûš
A 



ý
:


–±
¤

;

÷0
$
<
zs
L L ; K ;

T‡
Ä
2


j
"u F¸

u

T

ø
f


—
v

>4
gF?
u !
®
V

q

=

Î
T0FS
; K

=


4
@\ß

ûš
—
®

"FS
Äu 

`l[

?3FS
AÑ

T'0
B
T

C

š
gD'

F
T‡
=
B
C
5\ß
ûš

—
G
HI
V
J
,

A


™}
K
5
E
4D

š

Cå

TP
´
TQ

}R


4
@\ß

A 

!
Ê
J
L
—
PM

ûš
Nc
u §


}O
J

š
K ;

T
c
-3FS
É
(
T
¬'

y
z{

†
¥
-D
Ì
Ê
3S
µ  
I

š
΂
¶
º

o
C

žu 
K ;K

†
T
r

R
f
`!
c
L
-3FS
u
U¹

x
 2
!
6w


†
T
j
u
õ
R
V
y
z{

ì

L K

zš
H
j
G
žu 
h
R
†
 26w

yV

T
d
o
-!
G

T

-3FS
®

`=>
L ; L

zš
$
W
X
†
–
r
zY
žu 
R
V
·
c


!
TU


†
–
G
žu 
R


c
V
6w
K K K K


Cå
=
¢£
m

B
-3FSu

U¹

m


†Z

3FSC
D
u




µ 

-3FS
6

T

-3FS
®

6w
K K;

(
™¶º
=
c

-3FS
A

Ë
™
¶
º
=
†
T
r

R
V
x
z{
j
µ  
Ÿ
(
[£
›
f
(
š
K K ;

¤


ð
V
4

4æ
o
Å
-3FS
É
o
!
G

?


T

-3FS
®

ûš
"@
†

r
zY
f
É
K ; K
u

]
-3FS
žç

¤
f

`l[
– 
š

Cå =

R3FS9

¢£
¤
–±
¤


zs
B
\
¢£
K K

T
*
s
_ 

Z
3
`

Ô
ab
6q
`ð
^
c

6q
V
m
Ÿ
3FS¸
F u d

Z*s
Ûò

¼0
^
u

u
o

y
z{
o
e
z
f

¡
=

g
~w
+
Â


š
Cå¡
=

*s

B

Ì
TU
V
WX
L

z{
y
u

c

!
É
¦\

žu 
 2
!
6w
†
?D
u „
r
V
z{

y


c
!
Ë
¦\

; ;K ;

R
f
h
7
c

C
—

`l[
i

!
É
U¹

m
†

D
u „

V
6w
x

r


D
u „
r
f
V
 


R
|
D
j»
k
Cð

!
l

?
'
|
mF¸
0
†
Cð
C
Û1
}n
†

—
r
É

±ä

` 

!
rÉ
{ 27 }
 ; K

B
Í

Þ

`
!
o
u 4
Öáà»p
k
p
–n
V

–
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

'$%()
K
[ =
!_ I" .
u 3FS
V
–

" gUg A g 

X


Öq r
¶º

^þ
; L ;
&x_ T X? &€   33

C
—
ž 


T

m

S



`s
¤

V
ã
T0FS

“
z
y "B-3 

O3 ;‚
 

B
K



[ -B?
.
C
^3FS
¢£
m

V
–

gUg A g 

X


}€_
^þ
  tXu
& ƒ  
 r  

B& ƒ  
y
E &x_ tXu
>!  ' ‫!>  „۔‬
L;K


¤
(


C
É
(


½
/
h

t
C
C…
12


o
C
F¹» 9

(

Öuàv
C…

[

y
BC
É
(
1

2



j
w
R
?w
*
B

^



?
!'
x



–.
 .
[ƒzy…
 .
€


¤

o?Ö {`

¢£
m
V
–

·

>
–I
34
f
|}~
C
^
ˆ
(
m .
y…
 .
;
B
CT


CD~

^
B

u
!
"‚
u 

!

!

6ƒ
Ž
!
ƒ
µ

…
ì

>
–I
!

„
^
ƒ

–!

Ê
?
'
>
R
c
V
–

·

o
C
^
ˆ
õ .
–.
 .
; ; u ; K ;

†
u
ž‡

m

ô
’7

r

–!
r
þê ……
f
RB
ó3FS
4
@\ß

m
f
A


?D

Ä
=
B
r
Š3
/
R
Vƒ

?


TU
C
^ˆ
s
V
m
‰


!

7 -./0
$123456
+ ,
; ; ;

D
?„M
ž
-  ‹
„

"@
V
Œ
m
C

’b
f
V
!
?@


9
V
ö1
n
Es

–.


BC
–D

Ê
"0

˜

;  L

FS
T

m

C
j

†
Ž

–.

U¹

T
C
(
T
´
|}u à

b
3
3
3EF
3 .
M

Ž
BC
ú
D
u 
j
BC
fT

^
C
¢£


*…

f–
.

U¹

?#
‘
– 

’ Z

3 .
M

 

K
 
?
R

>

o

-3FS

C
(
R“

º .
M

ú

V

m


@\ß

"@

ƒ
†
?D
„
µ
{ 28 }
 AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities


4
@\ß

·
m


!
"@
o

?D
U
^
V
–

·
m

5

D
”

T
B

?D
U
j


K ;

ä
3FS
n
?
'


µ…
&[

o
C
^
x  
&
(
m

½?D0
V
•


–.
?
^

T
z
i
m

û
K



–
~0
I

T
F.
«


B

-
ä
!
–
—¹
zŽ

˜e



™

šª
m
›œ`
;


—¹
–
f

o
C
ž
BC
j
A
Ÿ
 



.
h

T


-!
4
@\ß
&[

‰
; ;

A ¥

Ñ
m


ƒ

?
'


`
¡
u
`
¢
j



f

o
C
ú
^
`
C
£

¤1
BúD
u ­
j

–.

@\ß

T
p
m

`
-!
r
¦
;
  
´ .
M

Ÿé

j
FS

§

¨
h


U¹

}€0
^þ


¶
´
©!º‘
ª!
3
«3
µ

BC
úD
—
4

ô

J

‰

úD
u 
KK

†
`
¦
­

4
®¯

&[

c



Ç
(

*…


`°0
˜
Äu F¸

™F¸u F¹»
¶
´.
M

`¬„



’£

`l[
T

*…
c
L
úD—
j
z±
–.


’£

`[
!
4

.

m

V
•
?
m
B
?D
—
²
f
T

ô

J



?D
U



m
ƒ
†

r

4
³¥
®¯
; ; ;



¸F

´d
µF¸
¶~
’Ž

¢£
F¹» Ë

BóD
¸
!

l
¹

E·

9
o
C
f

^

m
H
j
u
C
ú
!½

±


?
–£z¼I

‚
(
g>
R
— .
º
¬'
"u "#

(
`»
E·

B

"0
l
V
–

`=
T




¾q


<9:;2 8 

m
Î!
É
E
‚

·
¤
!
64
É
Ó
g>

ƒ

Î!
 




g>
o
C
^
x  
Äu 
(
m
;
B

M
ž ‹

ì

; Kî K KK

!
4
q
Á
B
CÀ
s
T

C
 
 ¿



Äu 

Š‹
j
F¸D

 !
1
Äu F¸

!
?"@
È .

É
‚
R
g>

†
?0
Ê
‚


Â
HI

ÃÄ

34
o
C
6Å
(
"@
+

M
Æ
–  .
B

4Ç(
!
<9= >4?@A8
B



!

m


—
½±
V
34
m

>

Ë

E·

o
CÈ



m
;

^
–!
Tþ
(
?
É


Äu 


g>


ù


·

(
g>
o
C
^
q
B .<k8
; ;

Ë

¦
}t



^


j
ž


V
Ñ
Ä
u Š‹
C
j
6Ê
ñ ò
p

"@
È
q
{ 29 }
 K ; K
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

6


Ì
J
h
R
g>
!ÍF.\
o
~þ
5
bs
Äu 

"@
”
B

?„
FS
Î

 
"Ï

C


ô£

m
p
m
o
C
}‚
^
Ð
C
ž
f

‚
V
Ñ

m
†

,


0
V
`

g>!Í
B
C
É
u §p



?D
Ð
I

g>
$
0
5

m
Î!
CD

Ãe

g>
o
C

^
q
} 



½±

 .<z8
;


¼I
o
C


ž
¢£
¤
6Òq
^
†
?D
—
ÍÄ

Ë
¼I

!
ƒ
(
?
Ó

ì

·
m
;
B
?D
—

HI


Ó
Vm
n

; ; ;



.

Í'
×
Ø

V
ž  1

V
ž  1
ð




Ô

Õ

Ö
ƒ.
ž  1



K

^
B
C
(
¨


Ù

^
ê



m
ûš
«
o
!
CD
!
Ú
^
(
ûš
V
–

+


 .
K KK L ;


³´

Þ
y
Û
¶º
=

C
3
!


(



Äu F¸

Û
ÜÝ
Ç
C

žu 
Î
T0FS
Ô0
K
BD

(
ûš
; K

5\ß
– 

!
A

m
u
!
FS
(
ßÊ

m


T4
”
o!
CD
¢£
m
(
!
ûš


.
; ; ; L

Ä
&
HI

F¸†
^á
â
C
¢£

F¸/
žu 
^
BC <–.
8
à

^
!
r


A
u
6ƒ
m


K K

–

J

t


m
?­

ã
C
j
FS(
?
F
(



C

V




¨
,
^

¢
; L ; KK

CD

6ƒ


`[
!
.
o
?D
ž 

^

6
äFS
V
–.

c
Äu F¸

6q
"@
”C
K


³´

š
΂
¶º
=
o
C
^
6Ï

m

CFS(
~
!
þ
m
†
C

4
@\ß
?
-!
K

v
’´

T

š
΂
¶º
=

4
þ

T

u !
þ

Æ
>4

TÖåèé


Kæ
ç
V
34


—
4
.

`l[
˜

É
CD
(
A

V
5
L

12


š
¶º
=

`l[
V
ê

—

(
!
Bu 
HI
(š


)
΂
=

ûš
V
v
Š‹
¥

HI
7
0
L ; ;

m
|
C

„
žu 
Ô0

^
U
j
+

ë
V







(
ì
í
ì
5

ûš
.

K ; ;uK
F
(



B
r
’b
R
(
ûš
V
m
áâ

j
œ
ÕC
–
œ
’

r
C

’…
? î
’…

K
BFS(
o
K ;

m
C




A 
^
B
C
ï3


ð
u
(
m
ñ!
CD
(
g. F ò

6ƒ


V
6ƒ

ì
u
ûš .$
K ;


m
B
óD


6ƒ
Äu 


V
6ƒ
T
g. F ò


CD
V


V
34

ì
ûš
o
C
^
1

KK K :

6q

Bj
µ   
A

m
Äu F¸

’ó
”

[Q
3B
j
µ   
Õ
C
4~
Fô~öì

6ƒ
m

C
õ
T
{ 30 }
 K; L ; KK


`÷
`›øu
T

žu 

C


²
u
„

F¸/
²
Ô0
^
Š‹
C
S

mn

?

(
¨
F¹»
Äu F¸

AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

;


BC
ùF¸

?
BC
; K ; K K K

9
7
û=

!
ü


EFS

‰s
5

67
 2
/0

C
D
3
"#3
ú
(
úƒ


K K ;


CD

r
C
4~


(
g>
«
p



C
T
ñ ò

C


(
D

gý" þ ;Ø «

h
; L u ;


B
ñò

Í





V




r
,
V
ž

T0FS


?D
—

/
m

ú
j



u u
;

?„




†

-D

g>
–I

l
?
¸



>
c

C

è'

l

;K ;

o

¢£
m
¾q
+

C
T
x

T0FS
¢£

CT

ñ ò
¢£
¤

1


K
B
r
®

r
`
>
FS
«
$




·
ûK .
K

®

·


"@


Äu 
u
$

Äu 
’…
o
xð

j1

CC
D
(
g>
«
1

CD

g> .
BC
\(
V

 


f1
2

Äu 
Š‹
`
; ;
B:
¾
o
r

Œ
>
†


T>


Í
9
o
|

`
T>
g>
« .

  .$

«
o
C
j
ˆs
^
4
þ
B
?D0
V
A
É
D
o
C
}‚
ƒ
†
óD


>
«

·

µ



B


CD
m
f
\

g>
B

·





u Û

u 
o
o
r


CD
u


Es

o
C
}‚
p
 .%
B
5

67Ì 2
=
Û


6Ê
ñ ò



’… . &
K

j
®

~
D
—

Ž
'

`
?

A 

B
C
}‚
f

(
J
Es

p

 .'
B
DEF
C C C F I# K F F
2 TT$, 9O
PQRS&& LNLM L/012345678-.9:DEG"H HJ ;" <=;" <=>?@AB,-. 
&'LNV
 U  :
k F k k k
'%'LN l TT&9W# XYZ.[\B]^_`ab1=cdefg hij :
UV L
k "
T
L;p LT%mno L 5

{ 31 }
 AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

F k C

LNLM'
;" ~2 T
Y{|} * )rstuvwxyz,9W" q L 6
F
$€N LM'$L;" ~UVL
k
%;" p$‚ :
C
%$& LNT LM2', 9O
c .Šc  L‰ Lp„…†‡ˆzRƒ9
%$&%$' LNUV L
k
T
;" p‹
@cp L
k
%;" p$L‚ L
k k F  C C k
;" p$‚t 2 TT&LYZž Ÿ}˜™9š›z.œ L”• ‘y–@y—‚Ž’“AB‘y LŒ9W L
&
LN%
k
‹¢£¤L;" p t¡ L
k
T%;" p$@cp L15
k k

$
% LN LMp„…† LŒ9WT%;" p
@cp L16
$ $
LN L UV L17
F
'$&;" ~&T LNT& LM$
$¨}©ªxAB L”• ,¦§—yzwx,¥L18
F F

LNLM'
;" ~ * )rst«¬­® L 19
 C
F
-.·45¸´H“¹©}%
N M
&TTL¯;" ~°±²˜zy°³´# Hµ¶ L
k
'&TLN lb1=cde L
C
،$(LN(ÁÂc ‰-.Ã5ŽÄ" ŽÅ# ÆÇ} Lº»-.m¼…†½¾¿=.œÀxL22
F "
&'LNc È;< = L
152N1LMÉ,¥ L
k
‹%;" p$‚ L
 C C
&
LN˜™9š›.œ”• ‘y–‘y L 26
k
%;" pT$
 L‚L
F
$LNLM'
;" ~tu L
F k C
Ï;" ~ÐÑÔ" ÕÖ#×,9ÒÓ2 TT$LÎ%''N(MÌ>Í *'$%)·ÊËL”•É,¥L

F
$€N LM'$L;" ~tu L
C C

(

N=cd.œØÜ ÙÚÛ L

{ 32 }
AL-AʿJĀZ, Research Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities

$
% LNUVL32
k
';" pTLÝ? L
k
'%N lb1=cde L
k
2('ã¾ ä&$ LN$LMp„ß.àá,â.°yzwxÞ9O L
k
762761 LN lb1=cde :
'&
LN lUVL
'&
'&$LN å LMUV L
F "
&'LNc È;< =L



{ 33 }