DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Le c ture s
! Design philosophy
! Action Effects: Bending and axial load
! Action Effects: Shear and Torsion
! Serviceability: Cracking and deflections
! Strut-and-tie method for design
! Design and detailing of openings

! Slender column design

! Flat slab system
! Collapse load methods for slab design
! Design of structural systems
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Re c o mme nd e d
te xt

Reinforced Concrete:
Mechanics & Design.
3 ed.
MacGregor, J.G.
Prentice Hall, 1997

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Reinforced
Concrete
Structures.
Park, R. & Paulay,
T. John Wiley &
Sons, 199X

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INTRODUCTION
STRUCTRUAL
CONCRETE Plain Concrete

Matrix + Reinforcement Reinforced Concrete

Concrete +
Partially Prestressed
Steel bars
Concrete

Prestressed Concrete

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Brie f Histo ry o f Struc tura l Co nc re te

1824 Patent on Portland Cement (Aspdin)

1854 Reinforced Concrete (Wilkinson)
1886 First prestressing system using tie-rods
(PH Jackson, USA)
1910 Various concrete institutes established
1920s RC buildings, bridges & liquid containers
constructed; circular prestressing;
practical PC; external prestressing
1930s Partial prestressing (Abeles, England)
1938 Ultimate strength theories in USSR
1940s Bridge design & construction with PC
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1956 Ultimate strength theories in England/

USA
1960s Working stress design
1970s Limit state design
1980s Durability issues
1990s “Structural concrete” coined;
Unification of codes & theories;
Performance-based design;
New materials.
1998 Formation of International Federation
for Structural Concrete (fib)
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De sig n Ob je c tive s

! Functionability

! Safety

! Economy

! Restorability

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DESIGN APPROACHES

" Working stress design (WSD)

! Focus on working load level
! Check induced stress against allowable values
" Ultimate strength design (USD)
! Focus on ultimate load level
! Check factored actions against resistance
" Limit state design (LSD)
! Considers both serviceability and ultimate limit
states
" Performance-based design (PBD)
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PγfP

Working
Ultimate
"! stress
strength
design
design
(WSD)
(USD) fsMu
Limit state design (LSD)
"!
"f∆
sMs≤≤ ≤∆max
φMn;=for
ufs,allow ≤
wfys/1.5
wfor
e.g.
e.g. max
!Mu ≤ φMn
Performace-based design (PBD)
Bridge’s deformation should not affect rail alignment
Bridge is able to take a train load of xxx-xx
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Serviceability WSD
LSD

Restorability Damage Control

Safety USD
PBD

Hig he r
lo a d s  Tan K H, NUS
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De sig n c rite ria

PIS ≤ PIR
e.g.
S(γγfFk) ≤ φ R(fk/γγm)
Action effect Resistance

w(γγfFk, fk/γγm) ≤ w*
Crack width Allowable value

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Sp e c ific a tio ns / Co d e s o f Pra c tic e

! BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete. Parts

1,2,3.
British Standards Institution, 1985, 1997 (Part 1)

! CP65 Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for

Structural Use of Concrete, 1999

! ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for

Structural Concrete and Commentary.
American Concrete Institute, 1999, 2002

! Eurocode 2

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Struc tura l Co nc re te

Matrix Reinforcement
Concrete Steel bars

High-strength concrete Galvanised steel bars

Polymer concrete Epoxy-coated bars
Light-weight concrete Fibre-reinforced
Self-compacting concrete polymer bars
Fibrous concrete
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Ma te ria ls

High Ultra-high
strength strength
concrete concrete
1200
Steel strength

Ultra-high strength
fy (MPa)

New RC steel
800
High strength
steel
400
highrise RC
conventional
0 30 60 90 120
fc’ (MPa)
Concrete strength
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Cha ra c te ristic Stre ng th o f Ma te ria ls, fk

fk = fm - ks
frequency
depends on
reliability/quality
control

e.g. for concrete

5% fk = fm - 1.64s

strength
fk fm

k x s (std. dev.)
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Concrete
fc’ (MPa) W/C ratio
Normal structural 20 - 45 0.40 – 0.45
concrete
High strength 45 - 70 0.35 – 0.40
concrete
70 - 85 0.30 – 0.35
Ultra-high
strength concrete 85 - 140 0.22 – 0.30

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Normal structural concrete

" Compressive strength : fcu or fc’(≈ 0.8fcu)

(28-day characteristic)

" Tensile strength: ft’ = 0.1~0.2 fc’

" Modulus of rupture: fr = 0.623√fc’> ft’ (ACI)

" Modulus of elasticity: Ec= 4730 √fc’ (MPa)

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An ↑ in fc’ leads to:

↓ in εcu
↑ in linear portion
↓ in ductility
↑ in Ec
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Stress-strain relation of concrete

fc

f c’

0.4f c’
Ec
εc
εo’ εcu

fc/fc’ = 2εεc/εεc’ - (εεc/εεc’)2 (fc’≤

≤45 MPa)

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High strength concrete

" Tensile strength:

ft’ = 0.615√fc’ (fc’≤85 MPa)

" Modulus of rupture:

fr = (0.623~1)√fc’ (MPa)

" Modulus of elasticity:

Ec= (3323√fc’ + 6895)(wk/2323) (MPa)
where wk: weight in kg/m3
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Reinforcement

fy (MPa) Steel

Es=200,000 MPa

0.005 0.010
εs
strain

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FRP Re info rc e me nt

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Tensile strength (MPa)

CFRP FRP
AFRP
2000
PC Strand
GFRP
1000
Rebar

0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain %
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Design stress-strain relations

0.67fcu/γγm

stress (MPa)
Concrete

√(fcu/γγm) kN/mm2
5.5√

2.4x10-4√(fcu/γγm) 0.0035
strain

BS8110, EC2, JSCE, CEB-FIP …

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fy/γγm
Steel tension
200 kN/mm2

strain
compression
fy/γγm

BS8110, ACI, JSCE, AS, CEB-FIP …

similar

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Pa rtia l sa fe ty fa c to rs

Design strength = Characteristic strength / γm

γm
1.15 (BS 1985)
Steel
1.05 (BS 1997)
Concrete 1.5 (BS 1997)

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Loads (Actions)

frequency Characteristics
load Fk
5%

Fm Fk
load

• Dead loads • Earth loads

• Imposed loads • Wind loads
• Dynamic loads • Seismic loads
• Accidental loads • Snow loads
• Construction loads ⇒ BS6399, ASCE7-98, AS1170
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Load Combinations

LC = ΣγkFk

" Ultimate limit state:

e.g. 1.4Gk+1.6Qk (BS8110)
1.4Gk+1.7Qk (ACI318-99)

" Serviceability limit state:

! short term effects
! long term effects

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Load Combinations

Limit state Load Comb. BS8110 ACI318-99

Dead & Live 1.4DL+1.6LL or 1.4DL+1.7LL

DL+LL

Ultimate Dead & Wind 1.4(DL+WL) or 0.75(1.4DL+

limit state DL + 1.4WL 1.7WL)
Dead & wind & 1.2(DL+LL+WL) 0.75(1.4DL+1.7LL+
1.7WL) or
live 0.9DL+ 1.3WL
Serviceability Dead & Live short-term effects,

limit state Dead & Wind long-term effects, etc.

(Deflection, Dead & wind & to be considered

Cracking, etc) Iive

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Summa ry
Design
objectives

Action PIS≤PIR Resistance

effects
•numerical •analytical*
•analytical* •formulae*
•simplified* •tests

Material
Actions properties

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