JEE-Physics

UNIT # 12 (PART - I)
MODERN PHYSICS (Atomic and Nuclear physics)
EXERCISE –I hc
e  6 V0  
hc
–t – × 2/
e2  1     0  4 
1. P(D) = 1 – e = 1 – e = 14. e  2 V0  hc 4
e2 
2
1 1
1 1  1 1
1
2. TA = hr, TB = hr; TA+B = 2 4  hr 15.  I 
r 2 intensity becomes
4
th
2 4 1 1 6

2 4
v1 2h 0  h 0 1
16.    v 2  8  10 6 ms 1
1 v2 5h 0  h 0 2
so, first hr = 1 half lives (by A)
2
next 1 hr = 4 half lives (by B) M0  1 
17. M = M0e–t   M 0 e t  n  20  = –t
1 20
next hr = 3 half lives (by A+B)
2  n(20)   n(2)  n(10) 
   T1 / 2  t    T1 / 2  t
N0 n2  n2
thus N = ( Total eight half lives)
28  t = 16.42 days
dp (2P sin ) hc 1 4hc 1
3. F F  18.  0  mv 2 ;  0  mv 12
dt t  2 3 2
 F = 2npsin [n = number of photon] 4 4 1  1
0    0   mv 2   mv 12
h 3 0 3 2  2
 1N= 2(n) sin 30°  n = 1027

4. In photo electric effect the maximum velocity of e– 1 4 1   4
 mv 12   mv 2   0  v 1  v
will corresponding to KEmax & other are less than 2 3 2  3 3
it. 
N hc

0.1   
19. (a) P = (b) n  N (c) i  n e
5. KEmax = h   100

6. For threshold frequency, h 0=  0  hc  hc 
h   2  
K 2 2  2  K
KEmax = h–= h(–0) 20.   K1 < 2
K1 hc  hc  2
I saturation  n where I= nh    2 
1 
 2 
K max 4eV
7. Kmax = h –   Vs =   4 volts 21. Greater work function greater intercept
e e
K 1 h 1  1 1  0.5 1 22. De broglie waves are independent of shape & size
8.   
K 2 h 2  2 2.5  0.5 4 of the object.
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1  2 2.53  23. De broglie waves are probability waves and are

9.       2948 Å
2  1 5.06 5896 applicable for all the objects. Wave nature is
observed for the small particles like electrons.
10. eVS = h 
24. K.E.  qV
11. Ek = h 
h h h h
1   ; 2  
12. K.E.max = h   p1 2m 1 K 1 p2 2m 2 K 2
frequency depends on
of light properties
of cathode 1 m2
 q  q 1  q 2 & V is same  
2 m1
1  2
13. 
2  1
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h 1 1 1 
25.  = (so same) 38.  R (Z  1) 2
 n2  n2 
p   1 2 

h 3 For K line, n1 =1, n2 = 2

26.  ; K kT
2mK 2 1 1 1  2  3
 R(43  1) 2  2  2   R  42    ...(i)
 1 2   4
h h 25.15
    Å and
3 3mkT T
2m kT 1 1 1  2  3
2  R(29  1) 2  2  2   R 28    ...(ii)
 1 2   4
27. Maximum photon energy = 13.6 eV (emitted)
So Kmax = 13.6 – 4 = 9.6 eV  9 9
Hence stopping potential is – 9.6 V Dividing eq. (i) by (ii), we get     
 4 4
So – 10V can stop

28. No. of electron that can accommodate in nth shell = 2n2 1 1 1

39. = R(Z–1) 2  n 2  n 2 
Total number of elements   1 2 
= 2(1) 2 + 2(2) 2 + 2(3) 2 + 2(4) 2= 60 For wavelength of K, n1 = 1 to n2 = 2
1875 R  1
13.6eV = R (ZA–1)2 1   ...(i)
29. E = = 3.4 eV 4  4
22
675 R  1
and = R[ZB–1]2 1   ...(ii)
1  4
1 1  7 2
30. E4 – E3 = Z2     Z By solving eq. (i) & (ii) we get
 9 16  144
ZA = 26 and ZB = 31
 1 3 2 [Four elements lie between these two]
E2 – E1 = Z2 1    Z
 4 4 1  1
40. min  so   min = 0.622 Å
V 6.22 10
2 1 1  3 2
E4–E 2 = Z    Z
 4 16  16 41. Characteristic X–rays corresponds to the transition
of electrons from one shell to another.

1 1  43. N x (200 × 10 6 × 1.6 × 10 –19) = 1000
31. E = h    2  2 
n
 1 n 2 
44. Q = –7(5.6) + [4(7.06)]2  Q = 17.3 MeV
 max for n2=2 to n1=1
4
45. 2He  2n  2p
1 7 1 1 
32. Wave number  1.097  10 12  n 2  BE = [2(1.0073 + 1.0087) – 4.0015] 931.5 MeV
  
Now in series limit corresponds to n =  to n = 1 4
46. 2 Deuteron  He 2
1 Q = BE of product – BE of reactant
 Wave number for series limit = =1.097× 107
 = [28 MeV – 2(2.2 MeV)]
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= [28 – 4.4] = 23.6 MeV

13.6(2)2
33. E = 24.6 + = 79.0 eV
12
A 4 A 4
47. K = Q  48 = 50 A = 100
34. N =nC 2 = 5C2 = 10 A A

35. 2r = n() 48. n 1 1 p1  1 e 0  

0

hc 1242eV  nm
36. E =  = 59 keV 49. N = N1 – N2  N 0 [e t1  e t2 ]
 0.021nm
1
50. 90 days  3 half lives, left i.e. 12.5%
37. High atomic no. and high melting point. 8
Disintegrated  100 – 12.5 = 87.5%

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6. Kmax = 10.4eV ;  = 1.7 eV

N0
51. N = N0 e–t  = N0e–t n(1) – n(10) = –t E = 10.4 + 1.7 = 12.1 eV  n=3 to n=1
10
1242.eVÅ
 t   n10  T1/2  t =33 days
12.1 =

 n2 
52. 63% or nearly 2/3 1
7. Stopping potential  frequency 
wave length
m 
53. R = N =   M N A  Saturation current  rate of photoelectron
 w 
emission. Also, K.E.max = h– , P= 2mKE

h h
EXERCISE –II 8. (1)  A  2mT (2)  B 
A 2mTB
nh 13.6Z 2 (3) TB = TA – 1.5 eV (4) B = 2A
1. (A) L = (B) E =
2 n2
1242
9. Kmax = eV  4.5eV
c Z U 200
(C) v  (D) K = 
137 n 2 Kmax = 1.7eV at cathode
Kmax = (1.7 + 2) eV at anode
1 1 1  If polarity is revered, no e– reach at collector.
2.  R  2  2  , n =4
0  1 n 
N0 T
10. N = N0e–t   N 0 e 1/2
hc hc hc 1 1 1 2
(a)           
0 1 2 0 1 2 log e 2 1
 T1 / 2  Tmean =
hc hc hc hc 1 1 1 1  
or                11. Assuming  to be+1 0
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
 
69 E 172   69 D 172  71 C
176

1 1  1 1  1 
0
 72 B  176 
74 A
180
3. 13.6     13.6Z 2   2 
1 9   9 n 
12. At t = 0 : N1 = N0
1 1 
4. |K|= 13.6  2  2  = 10.2 eV At time t : N2= N0e–t
1 2 
Decayed in time t (N1 – N2) = N0(1–e–t)
Probability that a radioactive nuclei does not decay
1 
|U|= 27.2  2  2  = 20.4eV
1 2  N N 0 e t
in t=0 to t : N   e  t
0 N 0
2h h h
L =  
2 2 2 13. Add equation 3 12 H 24 He + p + n

(A) Q=[– [m ( 24 He )+m(p)+m(n)]+3m( 12 H )]× 931 MeV

ke 2 U ke 2 mv 2
5. U 3 ; F   4  Q
3r r r r (B) 1016W =
t
n2h2
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mv 2 r 3 = ke 2; m 2v2r2=
42 14. A is balanced both in mass number & atomic no.
6
m 2 n
r (constant), Also V  4
n2 m (h   h 0 )
15. h = h0 + eVs ; Vs = ; eVs=h–
e
ke 2 Here =frequency of incident light and
U
 m3  1 2 n6 = properties of emitter
3  6  , K.E. = 2 mv  3
n  m
hc  1 1 
16. E1 =   2  2 
n6 n6  n1 n 2 
U 3 ,
T.E.  U  K.E.  3
m m For second excited state to first excited state

n6 hc  1 1  hc  5 
then total energy  E1 =    
m3   4 9    36 
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For first excited state to ground excited state

1
26. min  if V  then (min) 
hc  1  hc  3  V
E2  1   
  4   4  No. of collision per electron increase then intensity
increases
E1 5 E 1  hc    2   2 27
(A) E  27 (B) E      hc     5 27.
2 2  1 1

P1 5 N BE/A
1
(C) P   P  27
 2

Z A
17. P.E. = –2(K.E.)
T.E. = (P.E.) + (K.E.) 28.  = 0.173 , N = N0e–t
T.E. = –2(K.E.) + (K.E.) N = (N 0 – N 0e–t) = Decayed amount
T.E. =–(K.E.)–T.E. = K.E. K.E. = 3.4 eV
 = 6.6 × 10–10 m  1
N = N 0  1  
e
13.6Z 2  1
18. 122.4 = 2  Z=3; 91.8 = 122.4 1   N  N 0 (1  0.37)  N 0 (0.63)
1  4
So an electron of KE 91.8eV can transfer its N  N 0 (0.63) 
energy to this atom. 
N 0  N 0   100  63%

19. Room temperature  n=1 log e 2
Upon absorption excitations take place to many T1/2 =  4 year

higher states which upon de-excitation emit all U.V.,
infrared and visible light. n r hc n b hc
29. Pr = r , P b
= b
20. Room temperature  n=1 so lyman series if Pr = Pb Since r > b  nr > nb


27.2eV 13.6eV N hc  n
21. U C k 30. (a) P = (b) i = n e  100%
(c) % 
n2 n2 

N
13.6eV 1 1  31. We have work is done by only electric field. Thus if
E 2
C E = 13.6eV  2  2   
n n m  E v, v decreases, & thus momentum of electron
decreases & vice–versa, while in magnetic field v
here in these questions C = + 27.2 eV

remains constant.
1
22. We have r ,  = reduced mass 150
 32. For electron db = =1Å
100  50
Kq 2 mv 2e mv 2N nh
  ; mvere =
r re rN 2 33. In photo electric effect only one to one Interaction.
23. K > 20.4 eV for inelastic collision 1
34. N  N 0 e 0 t , N '  N 0 e 10 0 t   e 9  0 t
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e
24.  decay : 2He4, so both Z & A decreases.
  decay : +1e0 , 1
t = 9
so A will not change but Z will change (decreases) 0
 decay : –1e0 ,
so A will not change but Z will change (increases) hc hc h0
35. eV1 =    , eV2     , eV3 =   
 decay : no change in A & Z. 1 2 3

12400 2 1 1
25. V =  10 10 volt
 min if 2V2 = V1 + V3      
2 1 2

12400  10 10 12.4 harmonic progression

V = volt   10 4  18.75 kV
66.3  10 12 66.3

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36.  = 5eV – 2eV = 3eV

1 1  hc 1
6eV  3eV 44. (a) E = 13.6  2  2    mv 2
 –VS =  VS = –3V 1 5  2
e
h
nh (b) 0 = mv –
37. Jn   nn = 2(r0n2) 
2 45. Excitation upto n=3 is required so that visible length
So Jn  n  n = (2r0)n is emitted upon de-excitation.
 1
13.6 2 So required energy = 13.6  1   = 12.1eV
38. En =  (Z ) 9
n2
r1 n 12 1 n 1 T n3 1
13.6 2 13.6  Z 2  46.  2   1   1  13 
E2n  Z     r2 n 2 4 n2 2 T2 n 2 8
(2n )2 4  n2 
47. nth excited state = n 1 n(n  1) = n
 13.6  Z 2    Z2   C2 
E2n– En =    2    13.6  2   2
 4 n   n 
 nh   n2   Z2 
13.6 Z 2
Z 2 48. L    ; r   0.53  ; f   3 
 13.6 2  2   Z n 
E2n – E n=  2
4 n n (f r L)  Z Constant for all orbits.
Z2  13.6   Z2  49.  K    K  &  K  ,  K  are type of atom.
E2n – E n=  13.6    (10.2)  2 
n2 4 n 50. Energy released = (BE) product – (BE) reactant
(13.6) 2  Z 4  51. A 1  Ne t1 , A 2  2 Ne t2
(E2n)(En) =  
4  n4 
A
2A 1 2A 1 T n 2
2A
 n A  t  t 
2  ( t1  t 2 )
Z 
(10.2)  2   A e 1

(E 2 n  E n ) n  (E 2 n  E n )  n 2  2 2 n2
   2
(E 2 n )(E n ) (13.6)2  Z 4  (E 2 n )(E n ) Z 
 4  52. Radioactivity law is valid for large samples
4 n
39. 10 = nC2  n = 5; then 5 orbits are involved upon
coming to second excited state 53. N 1  N 0 e  T1 ; N 2  N 0 e  T2
so nth excited state is 6th [2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th] R1 = N1 ; R2 = N2
 (R  R )
40. On coming from 4  1 energy is greater than, (N1 – N2) = N1  N 2   1 2
 
less than or equal to energy corresponding to
24 log e 2 log e 2
T = ; 
 T
V2 V2 V2 a n 4 2 4 16 (R 1  R 2 )T
41.  2 0 2  0 4  1  24  4  (N1 – N2) =
r n r0 n r0 n a 2 n1 3 81 (log e 2)
(N1 – N2)  (R1 – R2)T
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42. T  n3
3 54. Final product state
Ti 1 n n 1
   
Tf 27  m  m 3
dN
55.  1 N 1   2 N 2  1 N 10 e 1 t  2 N 20 e 2 t
dt
43. No of spectral lines
n(n  1)
 10  n 2  n  20  0  n=5; n=–4
2
 1  hc
E = 13.6 1   =13.056;  = =95nm
 25  E

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Comprehension–1
EXERCISE –III
1. For Balmer series, n1 =2 (lower) ; n2=3,4 (higher)
Match the column
 In transition (VI), Photon of Balmer series is
1 1 v absorbed.
1. v  , KE  2 , J  n,  
n n r
2. In transition II : E2 = –3.4 eV, E4 = –0.85 eV
1 1
2
but r n and v    3 hc hc
n n E = 2.55 eV; E =   = = 487 nm.
 E
2. For given atomic number, energy and hence
frequency of K–series is more than L–series. In 3. Wavelength of radiation = 103 nm = 1030Å
one series also –line has more energy or frequency 12400
compared to that of –line.  E =  12.0eV
1030Å
So difference of energy should be 12.0 eV (approx)
3. Consider two equations
Hence n 1 =1 and n 2= 3
1 (–13.6)eV (–1.51)eV
eVs = mv2max = hv – 0 ...(i)
2  Transition is V.
Intensity 4. For longest wavelength, energy difference should
no. of photoelectrons ejected/sec  ...(ii)
h be minimum.So in visible portion of hydrogen atom,
(A) As frequency is increased keeping intensity minimum energy is in transition VI & IV.
constant.
1 Comprehension–2
|V s| will increases,m(v 2max) will increase.
2  2e   v  ev
1. i= qf =     
(B) As frequency is increased and intensity is 3 2 r  3 r
decreased.
evr
1 2. M u=
|V s| will increase, m(v2max) will increase and 3
2
saturation current will decrease. evr evr evr 2evr
3. M net  M u  M d  M d   
(C) Its work function is increased photo emission 3 6 6 3
may stop. 4. Net magnetic moment in that case will be zero.
(D) If intensity is increased and frequency is
decreased. Saturation current will increase.
Comprehension–3
R0 0 A
4. (A) In half life active sample reduce = 1. Q = CV  ne  V
2 d
R0 2.85  10 12  10
    Decay number of nuclei is = n  16
2 0.5  10 3  1.6  10 19
(B) N = N0e–t n = 8.85 × 10 9
n(2)
Node-6\E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Phy\Solution\Unit-9 & 12\05.Modern Physics.p65

where  = decay constant,  = 2. Equivalent resistance

t1 / 2
V 16 V
n 2 t1/ 2 R  = 8 × 10 6

t1/ 2 n 2 N I 2  10 6 A
N  N0e N  0
e nhc
3. P where n = number of photons incident
e 1  N  N0 1  e 
N0  N  N0    
 e  N0 e Ihc
per unit time. Also I = ne  P 
N0 N0 e
N0
(C) N  N = 3 / 2 
(2)
t / T1 / 2 2 2 2 (2  10 6 )(6.6  10 34 )(3  10 8 )

(4  10 6 )(1.6  10 19 )

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3.(i) For metal 1 threshold wavelength is  1

9.9 9900
=  10 7 m  Å = 6187 Å
1.6 1.6 1
–1
Which came in the range of orange light. 1 = 0.002 nm or  1 = 500 nm = 5000Å
For metal 2 threshold wavelength is  2
4.  Stopping potential VS = 8V and KE = eVS
 KE = 8eV 1
–1
 2 = 0.005 nm or  2 = 200 nm = 2000Å
Comprehension–4
hc 1
(ii)  =  or    1 : 2 = 2 : 5
1. Rate of production of B depends on the decaying 0 0
dNA (iii) Metal 1 because 1 lies in visible wavelength range.
rate (A) :   N A  N 1
dt hc h 
4. We have eV 0 ,    h     V0  
B is decaying simultaneously with two rates  e e
d NB 
  2 N B   2 N 2 From graph,  2V    2eV
dt e
d NB 2 h
  3 N B   3 N 2 Also slopes of the graph = 
dt 0.49  1015 e
Number of nuclei of 'B' is = 1N1 – 2N2 – 3N2
2  1.6  10 19
h   6.536  10 34 J / sec
2. B will increase when N1 > (2 + 3)N2 0.49  1015
as initially N1 = N2 = N0 1> 2 + 3
5. Maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons
3. N2 = 0, N1=0 as both will decay completely :
1 hc
2N 0  2 mv 2max=
K max = – 0
2 
N3 =   N therefore B is incorrect
2 3 Now let 3000Å =  then 6000Å = 2

hc
 0  v 2
EXERCISE –IV(A)   
max 1

9
2
hc 1
 0  v max 2
1. Number of photons falling/s 2
1 7hc 7  6.62  10 34  3  10 8
n [for point source]  0    1.81 eV
r2 16  16  3000  10 10  1.6  10 19
n 
So for new distance n' = N hc
9 6. KE max = h   , Also E photo/time =

I s 18mA (i) When intensity of light is decreased numbr of
I s    2mA
9 9 photons decreases but KE max remains same
Also saturated current  n (ii) When emitting surface is charged,  changes. So
V d is independent of n. KEmax changes . If emitter is changed then +ve no.
Node-6\E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Phy\Solution\Unit-9 & 12\05.Modern Physics.p65

2 of photoelectrons becomes zero.

18  0.2 
(i) V S = 0.6V (ii) I s=  2mA  hc 
 0.6 2 (iii) Increasing  ,      
12400
2. E 330 =  3.7575eV 10
3300 7. Energy incident / area of sphere / sec = 2
4   0.1 
12400
E 220 =  5.636eV Energy incident on atom
2200
Let work function be  10 2
= 2
    0.05  10 9   6.25  10 19 J
eV 0 = (3.7575 – ) e, 2eV 0 (5.6363–)e 4   0.1 
V 0 = 1.87 V
hc
Energy of one photon =  12.525eV


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No. of photon striking atom/sec

1 hc 3hc hc 
12. E  when E' = E, '= 
6.25  10 19 3  E E 3
=  0.3125
12.525  1.6  10 19

No. of photons/ area So new wavelength =
3
10 1 10 20  10  10
 2
 
4   0.1  12.525  1.6  10 19 80  13. From the given conditions :
E n –E 2 =(10.2+17)eV=27.2eV
10 20
Since n = 1% n  and E n – E 3 = (4.25 +5.95) eV = 10.2 eV
80 
Equation (1) – (2) gives
h h
8.  de–broglie =  1 1 
2mK mv E 3 – E 2 = 17.0 eV or Z 2 (13.6)    = 17.0
4 9 
 eE  h d h
v= u + at = 0    t       Z2(13.6) (5/36) = 17.0  Z2 = 9  Z = 3
m eEt dt eEt 2
9. From the figure it is clear that 1 1 
From equation (1) Z 2(13.6)   2   27.2
(P+1). /2 = 2.5 Å 4 n 
 /2 = (2.5 – 2.0)Å = 0.5 Å
or  = 1 Å = 10 –10 m. 1 1  1 1
de–Broglie wavelength is given by  (3) 2 (13.6)   2   27.2   2 = 0.222
 4 n  4 n
h h  1/n 2 = 0.0278  n 2 = 36  n = 6
 
p 2Km
K = kinetic energy of electron
1  1 1 1 R
h2 (6.63  10 34 )2 14. R 2   
K  2
  2.415  10 17 J B  2   B 4
2m  2(9.1  10 31 )(10 10 )2
1  1 1  7R 7
 2.415  10 17  R   B : p 
 19  eV = 150.8 eV p  9 16  144 ; 36
 1.6  10 

10.(i) Kinetic energy of electron in the orbits of hydrogen 15. Assuming Bohr's model to be applicable to the He
and hydrogen like atoms = |Total energy| atom too;
 Kinetic energy = 3.4 eV Energy of electron = –13.6 × 4 eV= – 54.4 eV
(ii) The de–Broglie wavelength is given by initial energy of electron = 0
h h Energy of photon emitted = 544 eV
 
P 2Km hc
  22.8mm
K = kinetic energy of electron E
Substituting the values, we have

(6.6  10 34 J  s)
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16. (i)Operating voltage = 40 kV, 0.5% energy for x ray


19 31
2(3.4  1.6  10 J)(9.1  10 kg) 99.5
–10   n  e  V  720
 = 6.63 × 10 m or  = 6.63 Å 100
ehn 720
11. (i) Magnetic moment  IA  n = 1.1 × 10 17
4 m 1.6  10 14
 0.995  40  10 3
Produced is nth orbit
1
eh (ii) Velocity of incident e –  mv e2 = eV
for hydrogen n =1  Magnetic moment  2
4 m
   eh ehB 2eV 2  1.6  10 19  40  10 3
(ii)   M  B  × B × sin30° = ve = 
4 m 8 m m 9.1  10 31
= 1.2 × 10 8 m/s
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17. Given  K = 71 pm = 0·71 Å Now at t/2 time, active fraction

= (e–t)1/2 = (0.64)½ = 0.8
hc 12400 eV – Å So decayed fraction in t/2 time is 0·2 or 20%
EK – EL = =  17.46 keV
 K 0  71 Å
Thus E L = E K – 17·46 keV 24. 238
U 234 4
92 90 Th  2 He
= 23·32 keV – 17·46 keV = 5·86 keV
m= (238.05079 – 4.00260 –234.0 4363) u
1 E = mc 2 = 4.24764 MeV
18. Total mass annihilated 2m e  MeV
c2 If it emits proton spontaneously, the equation is not
balanced in terms of atoms & mass number.
1
Total energy produced=mc 2 = MeV  c 2 =1MeV 238
U 237 4
c2 92 91 Pa 1 H

Energy of 1 photon = 0.5 MeV m =(238.05079–237.065121–1.007834)u

= –0.022165 u
hc 1.2  10 12  m is negative, so reaction is not spontaneous.
   2.4pm
E 0.5
2 25. Let at t = 0, capacitor starts discharging then at time
19. 1H 12 H 24 He  Q t, activity of radioactive sample = R = R0e –t
Q = [ 4 × 7 – 2 × 2 × 1.1] MeV = 23.6 MeV charge on capacitor = Q = Q 0 e –t/RC

R 0 – t e – 1 Rc j
hc 12400 R 0 e – t
20.   min = = Å R e
eV V Now = =
Q Q 0 e – t RC Q0
12400
At 40 kV :   min = = 0.31 Å 1
40000 It is independent of time if  =
Wavelength of K  is independent of applied RC
potential.
1 t avg 20  10 –3
3 R = = = = 200 
For K X–ray : 13.6   Z  1 2  E  hc C C 100  10 –6
4 K

1216
 K = Å and given that EXERCISE –IV(B)
bZ  1g 2
1. =hf/2 =hf/3
1216 1 2
 K  =3  min 
b g
Z 1
2 = 3 × 0.31

Potential at which electron stop coming out

2 1216
 Z  1   1308  Z  1  36  Z  37
0.93  hf 
 hf  2  hf
21. N 1 = N 01 e –t and N 2 = N 02 e –3t from sphere–1, V 1 = 
e 2e
N1 N e  t N
 01 3 t = e2t    N =N , for 1 = e ]  hf 
N2 N 02 e 01 02 N2 1 hf 

from sphere–2, V 2 =  3   2hf
1  e  3e
Node-6\E:\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Phy\Solution\Unit-9 & 12\05.Modern Physics.p65

 1 = 2t  t=
2 After connection
(i) V + V = V 1 + V 2 (V= final common potential)
22. Activity of x = Activity of y or nx  x = n y  y

LM 0.693 OP LM 0.693 OP  2V =
hf 2hf

2e 3e
V 
7hf
12e
 nx
N (T ) Q
1/ 2 x
= ny
MN (T ) PQ
1/ 2 y
k Q  2 hf 7hf  hf
(ii) For sphere–2 :   
nx (T1 2 ) x 3 1 R  3 e 12e  12e
 n = = =
y (T1 2 ) y 27 9
Q hfR
23. After t time active fraction No. of electrons flows n = 
e 12ke 2
N
= 1 – 0·36 = 0·64 = N = e –t
0

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2. Power of source = 2J/sec Power of source = 5 × 10 –3 W

hc 12400 
5  10 3
Energy of 1 photon =   2.067eV N2   4.15  1015
 6000 19
7.53  10  1.6
No. of photons emitted /sec
 1
2  1019 N 1 for 1W =  1.5  10 18
=  6.0474  1018 4.14  1.6  10 -19
2.067  16 Current = 4.8 × 10 –3 A
No. of photons striking on sphere of 0.6 m 
4.8  10 3
6.0474  10 18   3  1016
/ m2 1.6  10 19
= 2
4   0.6 
3  1016
No. of photons passing through aperture   2  10 2  2%
1.5  1018
2
6.0474  10 18  0.1  4.2  10 6 
  
=
4   0.6 
2  2  4
photons 2  4.15  1015  0.02  8.3  1013

No. of photons incident / area on screen (assuming
Current  n e  13.3 A
aperture to act as a secondary point source)
Also v max 1650
= 2V max 5000
4.2  10 16
 2 = photon flux
 KE max 1650  4KE max 3000
4  4   5.4  4( 4.14 – ) = (7.53–) 16.56 – 7.53 = 3
= 1.1462 × 10 14 photons / m 2 sec
No. of photons incident on detector /sec 9.03 hc
  =  3.01eV   th   4126 Å
3 E
0.50
= 1.1462 × 10 14 × hc 12400
10000  eV  3.1eV

4. 1 4000
10
Photo current =  N e  2.063  10 A
When the lens of f = –0.6 m is used, hc 12400
 eV  2.48eV
1 1 1 1 1 2 5000
     v  0.3m
v u f v 0.3 hc 12400
Thus image will be at 0.3 m from the lens in the  eV  2.06eV
3 6000
direction opposite to the screen.
Distance between screen & image = 5.7 m  Light having wavelength 6000 Å will not be able
No. of photons striking lens to eject electrons.
= No. of photons striking the aperture  

= 1.05 × 10 16 photons.  Photo–current = (n 1  n 2 )e


Photons transmitted through the lens where n 1 = no. of photons of light incident having
= 0.8 × 1.05 × 10 16 =0.84 × 10 16 photon/s wavelength 4000Å
This new situation, A point source emitting n 2 = no. of photons of light incident having


0.84 × 10 16 photons/ sec of  = 6000Å wavelength 5000Å. Here

is kept at 5.7 m away from the screen.
Thus photons striking / area of screen   hc    hc    hc  I 3  10 3
n1    n 2    n 3    0   10 3
0.84  10 16  1   2   3  3 3
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= 2 = photon/sec =2.0574 × 10 13 Area intercepted = 2cm 2 = 2 × 10 –4 m 2

4   5.7 
 
 Photo–current = (n 1  n 2 )e
0.5
Electrons emitted=0.9 × 2.0574 × 10 13 ×
10000 (10 3  2  10 4 )(5000  4000)  10 10  1.6  10 19

Current = 1.4813 × 10 –10 A 6.63  10 34  3  10 8
E p = 2.067 eV ;  =1eV = 0.144 A
K.E. max = 1.067 eV; V S = 1.067 V h h
5. Momentum of particles =  & 
1 2
hc
3. Energy of photo with 1  3000Å   4.14eV Since particles are identical, mass of both particles
1
are same.
hc
Energy of photo with 1  1650Å   7.53eV
2
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h h  v v  1
mv 1 =  & mv 2 =  ; v COM  1 ˆi  2 ˆj = k  1   = k = 14.4eV= 23.04 × 10 –19 J
1 2 2 2 
(iii) E max = 4  1 = 13.5 eV
 v v  v 12  v 22  E min = 4  3 = 0.7 eV
v 1COM  1 ˆi  2 ˆj  v 1COM   v 2 COM
2 2 2
mv 2 1 e2 h e2
8.(i)  2  mvr=  E = –
h 2h 2h r 4  0 r 2 total
8  0 r
  
mv m v 2  v 2  mv 1  2
  mv 2 
2
1 2
dE
(ii)  P (loss of energy per sec)
dt
2h 2 1  2
 
2 2
12   22 d e2  P0  e 2  dr P
 h  h         40
       dt  8  0 r  r4  8  0 r 2  dt r
1 2

r t

1 1  e 2  r 2 dr  8  0 P0  dt
6. (i) E = 47.2 = 13.6 Z 2     Z = 5 r0 0
4 9
1/3
1 1  6P (4   )t  3cre2 t 
(ii) E = 13.6 × 25     r = r 0  0 2 0  r =r 0 1  3 
3 3
9 16 e  r0 

13.6  25  7 (iii) For r=0, (to collapse and fall into nucleus)
 eV = 16.5 eV
9  16 3cre2 t
 1 – 0
hc r03
(iii) E 1 = 13.6 Z 2eV=
 0 r3 10 30 10 10  100
     t= 3cr 2  3  3  10 8  9  10 30  sec
12400eV  A e 81
 13.6  25eV   = 36.4Å
 nh mv 2 4e 2
9.(i) mvrn  and 
1 2 rn 4  0 rn2
(iv) (KE) 1st orbit = mv 2
2
0 h 2  n 2  n 2 h 2 0
9.1  10 31  (2.2  10 6  5) 2  rn  2   
 = 344 eV 4 e  m  400 me 2
2  1.6  10 19
(PE) 1st orbit = –2KE = –688eV  Z2 m 
(iii) E n th   13.6   2 
 n 
nh h
L =  (n=1)
2 2 1 1 
E  13.6  4 2  100  2  2   408eV
n 2
0.53  1 2 2 4 
(v) Radius = (R 0 )  = 1.06×10 –11 m
z 5
10. Let the age of Earth be tyear and initially both were
7. Let n = no. of level of excited state present as N 0 ;
 nC 2 = 6 (spectral lines) N 0 N0
 n = 3 (3rd excited states) Nu 238 = 
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t / t1 / 2 t / 4.5 10 3
2 2
 No. of excited state level = n+1 = 4
2.7eV
N0
n=4 (Level B) Nu 235  t / 4.3 10 8
2
n=3
n=2 (Level A) Nu 238 140  9 
  2 t 1.18 10
n=1 Nu 235 1
(i) Principal quantum no. of initially excited level B =4 t= 6.0418 × 10 9 years

1 1  16
(ii) 2.7 = k    k  2.7  14.4eV 11. X
 
 A  B
4 16  3
x
 Ionisation energy No. of neucleus disintegrated = xt  1  e t 


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1 14. Let the amount of R 222

x
be N0
For t 
 N0 N0
N7.6 = 
x
1  1  e 1   x 22 4
Disintegration =
 e N0
Nuclei left after 7.6 day =
E0x 4
Energy released = Decay constant
e
E0x n2 0.693
= t 
Energy utilized for melting = 0.5 
e 1/2 3.8  24  3600 /sec
= 2.11 × 10 –6 sec
E0x
Mass of ice melted = 2e L N0
F Activity    No. of  particles
4
No. of neutrons produced
12.  
2
2 1 D  13 T + 11 P N 0  2.11  10 6
=  1.2  10 6
Mass defect M =M Product –M Reactant 4  4000
 3.016049   1.00785   2 2.014102  N 0= 9.095 × 10 15 nuclei= 3.354 × 10 –6 g
= 4.023899–4.028204 15. N 1 = M 0 e –t
 m = 4.3 × 10–3 amu and 1 amu  931.5 Thus momentum of this mass
E = mc 2 = 4.01 MeV = Mv, v= velcity of mass at time t = M0e–tv
3
T1 12 D  24 He 10 n Let at time dt, defect mass is ejected with relative
velocity v0
m(mass defect) = Mproduct – MReactant veject/gram= – v0 + v
= [4.002603+1.008665] – [3.016049+2.014102] Linear momentum of M at time (t+dt)
= [5.011268 – 5.030151] = (M–dm) (v+dv) + dm(v–v0)
m = 0.018883 Since f ext=0
E = m(931.5)  17.58 MeV (M–dm) (v+dv) + dm (v–v 0)= Mv  (M–dm) dv = dmv 0
E total v 0 dm dv dm  v 0  r  v0
E deutron =  7.2MeV  dv      
3  M  dm  dt 
dt M  dm  M  rdt
T o ta l E n e rg y m 1  m 2 M0
n  v  v 0 n
T o ta l M a ss 312 D M 0  rt

 0.004305  0.018883  M0
n 
   100 But M0–rt = M0e–t; v  v 0 n M e t  v 0 t
3(2.014102) 0

= n = 0.384% 16. Production of radioactive nuclei = /sec

Disintegration= N A
13. (Take a sample of 1020 Cm atoms) dN A
At any time t =    N A
–decay 96Cm 248  96Pu 244 + 2He 4 dt
Here m= (248. 072220 –244.064100 – NA t
dN A 
4.002603) u = 0.005517 u     N   dt  N A  1  e t 
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 E =mc 2 = 0.005517 × 931 = 5.136 MeV 0 A 0


Energy released in the decay of one atom  1 t 
E = Efission + E = 0.08 × 200 + 0.92 × 5.136 Nuclei disintegrated = t  N A    t  1  e  
  
= 20.725 MeV
  t 
Total energy released from the decay of all 1020 atoms Total energy produced = E 0 t  1  e  
  
= 20.725 × 10 20 MeV = 3.316 × 10 8J Energy used in water heating
Total energy released   
Power output =  0.2E 0 t  1  e t    msT
mean life   

3.316  10 8 0.2E 0 t   /  1  e t  

= = 3.3 × 10–5 watts T 
10 13 mS

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 JEE-Physics

EXERCISE –V(A) 1 1 
10. Rquired energy = 13.6 (Z) 2  n 2  n 2  eV
 1 2 
ATOMIC STRUCTURE & X-RAY
1. Energy required to ionize a atom from n th orbit is
1 1 
13.6 = 13.6 (3) 2  2  2  = 108.8 eV
=+ eV 1 3 
n2
(4)(3)
11. Number of lines = n C 2 = 4C 2 = = 6
13.6 (2)
E2  eV  3.4eV
22
L2 (n  )2
2. Energy required to remove an electron from an orbit 12. Energy = 2I 
2( r 2 )
2
13.6  Z  m1m 2
is + 2
eV . So, to remove the electron from where µ = reduced mass = m  m
n 1 2
the first excited state of Li 2+ is
n 2 2 (m 1  m 2 )
so energy =
13.6  3 2 2m 1 m 2 r 2
E =3.4 × 9 = + 30.6 eV
22 13. Energy of radiation emitted
3. Ionization potential will be lowest for the atom in 1 1   2n  1 
2 
which the electrons are the farthest from the E = h  E 0 Z  2
 2   E 0 Z2  2 2 
nucleus. So, the atom with the largest size will have  (n  1) n   n (n  1) 
the electron the farthest from the nuclei, hence to
 2n  1
remove the electron from this atom will be easiest. h  E 0 Z2  4     3
133
n  n
So, the atom with least ionization potential is 55 Cs .

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
4. The wavelengths involved in the spectrum of
deuterium  D  are slightly different from that of
2
1
W0  hf0 
hc W 
 Na  Cu
14. Work function 0 WCu  Na
hydrogen spectrum; because masses of two nuclei
are different.
 Na WCu 4.5
  2
 Cu WNa 2.3
6. The energy of emitted photon is directly proportional
to the difference of the two energy levels.This
differences is maximum between level (2) and level 15. Covalent bonding electron cloud overlapping
(1) hence photon for maximum energy will be region electron  
probability density 
liberated for this transition only. 
wave nature of electron 

1 1 2h
7. Whenever an atom gets de-excited from higher to 16. hf1  0  mv 12 , hf2  0  mv 22  v12  v 22  m  f1  f2 
2 2
the lower orbit, it emits radiation of a given frequency
E  hf  f  E 17. Total change i n momentum from a reflecti ng
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The photons of highest frequency will be emitted, surface = 2P

for the transition in which E is maximum, i.e., from
2 to 1.
P

k mv 2
8.   mv 2  k (independent or r) P
r r

 h  1 2E
n    mvr  r  n and T  mv 2 is The momentum of incident radiation P 
 2 2 c
independent of n. 2E
Hence, momentum transferred =
c

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JEE-Physics

18. According to Einstein's equation of photoelectric

h
effect hf=W 0 +K max 27. 2d cos i = n  2d cos i  V = 50 volt
K max = (h)f–W 0 meV
Kmax
28. 2d cos i = ndB

hc 12400
29. Ek   0  1.68   0
 4000
q By solving it  0 = 1.42 eV
t
W0
The slope of K vs f graph is h which is a fundamental 31. No. of photons emitting per second from a source
constant and same for all metals at all intensifies. of power P is n = (5 × 10 24) P
hc n  nhc 
19. W0=4eV,  max = ? ; W0   wavelength emitting    or   P 
 max 5  10 
24
P 
1240 10 20
4eV  nm  eV  hc= 1240 nm-eV    0.5  10 9 m  50Å
 max
5  10 24  4  10 3
 max = 310 nm. And this wavlength comes in X ray region.

20. Photocurrent  Intensity Radioactivity Nuclear Physics

1 n
Intensity due to point source at r m is I  N 1
r2 35.   where n are is number of half-lives.
N0  2 
As distance is reduced to half, the photocurrent due
to point source will increase by a factor of 4. If T 1/2 = 5 years then in 15 years, n=3
3
N  1 1 N
21. The de-Broglie wavelengths and kinetic energy of     N  0
a free electron are related as N0  2 8 8

h 2 K1 1 
     2  1 36. Though the compound can emit all the four particles
2mK 1 K2 2 2 namely electrons, protons, He2+ and neutrons. But
22. According to Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect the particle neutron can't be deflected in the
Energy of incident photon = W 0 + eV 0 magnetic field, since it is a neutral particle. Hence,
W 0 = 6.2 eV; eV 0 = 5 eV the deflectable particles are protons, electrons and
Energy of incident photon = 11.2 eV He 2 + .
The wavelength corresponding to this energy is 110
nm which falls in the ultraviolet region. 38. U 238  U 234 2 He 4
Let recoil speed be V then by COLM
23. The photoelectric phenomenon is an instantaneous
phenomenon, hence the time taken by an electron 4u
234 V  4u  V 
to come out of metal is approximately 10 –10 sec 234
(found experimentally).
39. Rate of disintegration at any instant is directly
24. With the increase in wavelength energy of the
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proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei at

photon decreases. Therefore the KE of the electron
coming out from the cathode also decreases. Due that instant, i.e.,dN
 N

to which there will be a small decrease in plate dt
current and once  becomes more than threshold Where  = decay constant
wavelength electron will not come out from the We are given that at t=0
cathode and hence current will become zero. dN disintegration
  N 0  5000
dt minute
25. The relation between energy (E) of a photon and
momentum (P) associated with the photon is at t =5 minute
E = pc dN disintegration
-  N  1250
E hv dt minute
The corresponding momentum p  
c c N  N 0 e t

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 JEE-Physics

On multiplying both sides by  we get 46. Intensity of gamma radiation when it passes through
1 x is I  I 0 e x
(N) = (N 0)e –t 1250 = 5000 e –t  e t
4
I0 I
 I 0 e   ...(i) and 0  I 0 e   ...(ii)
 36  x
Taking logarithm on both sides we get 
8 2
1
ln1–ln4=e –(5)  0–ln4=–5    ln 2 2 1 1
5  e 36  and  e x  e 3 x  e 36   x  12 mm
  = 0.4 ln2. 8 2
n
N 1
40. 8 have been emitted 47. We know that,  where, N are the
4 – have been emitted N 0  2 
2 + have been emitted radioactive nuclei left after n-half lives
 reduces atomic number by 2 N0 are the initial number of nuclei and n is number
 – increases atomic number by 1 3 n
 + decreases atomic number by 1 N0 / 8 1  1  1
of half-lives,      n 3
So, Z eff = 92 – (8×2) + (4×1)–(2×1)= 96–18= 78 N0 8  2  2

41. A nucleus during decay emits (He2+),  (electrons), 15

Therefore T 1/2 = =5 min.
 or neutrino; it does not emit protons during decay. 3

42. In order to fuse two nuclei against repulsion, the 48. Radius of a nuclei  (Mass Number) 1/3
repulsive potential energy has to be supplied by 1/3
kinetic energy i.e., PE=KE R Te  125  5 5
   R Te  R Al   6 fermi
R Al  27  3 3
3
 7.7 × 10 –14 = kT
2 49. X  n,   73 Li
3 1
 7.7 × 10 –14 = × 1.38 × 10 –23 T 0n  ZA X 73 Li 24 He
2
On conservating atomic number and mass numbers
 T = 3.7 × 10 9 k
on both sides, we get
A = (7+4) –1 = 10
43. Applying conservation of momentum, we get
Z = (3+2) – 0 = 5
m1 v2 1 A
m1 v1  m 2 v 2    Hence, Z X 10
5 B
m 2 v1 2

Also, R  m 1 / 3  m  R 3 50. Charge on -particle = 2e

Charge on target nucleus = Ze
3 1/ 3
m1 1  R1  R 1 When the -particle is projected towards the target
   1    1 : 21 / 3 nucleus, then at r=r 0 , the -particle comes to
m 2 2  R 2  R2  2
momentary rest. This position r0 from target nucleus
44. Given that 2
H 1 2 H 1 4 He 2  energy is known as distance of closest approach.
Applying law of conservation of energy, we get
Total B.E. of deuterium nucleus = 2.2 MeV
Total B.E. of He nucleus = 28 MeV 1 K  ze  2e  1 1
On conservating energy on both sides we get mv 2   r0  2 , r0  Ze, r0 
2 r0 v m
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(Energy) Deutron × 2 = (Energy) He + Energy released

 4.4 = 28 + E 51. 7
Li 3 11 P 84 Be  
 E = 28 – 4.4 = 23.6 MeV The particle that will be emitted with Beryllium will
be Gamma radiations.
45. At the closest point of approach
Initial KE = Final PE 52. The energy spectrum of -particles emitted from a
kq 1 q 2 radioactive source is
5 × 10 6 × 1.6 × 10 –19 = r
0 N(E)
9 19 19
9  10  92  1.6  10  2  1.6  10
r0 
5  10 6  1.6  10 19
= 5.3 × 10 –14 m = 5.3 × 10 –12 cm.
E
E0
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JEE-Physics

53. In a nuclear reaction the energy remains conserved 61. XA ( ) A–12 0

( ) A–12
Z 3(2 4) Z–6 2(+1 ) Z–8
7
p  Li  2
3  4
2 He 
No. of neutrons  A  12    Z  8  A  Z  4
energy of protons + 7(5.60) =2(4×7.06)   
No. of protons Z 8 Z 8
 energy of proton = 17.28 MeV
t/T t2 t1
N 1  1 1  T 2 1  T
54. Nuclear binding energy = 62.       & 
N 0 2  3 2  3  2 
[Expected mass of nucleus-Actual mass of nucleus]c 2
Expected mass of nucleus = 8M p + 9M n 1
( t2  t 1 )
Actual mass of nucleus = M0 1 1  T (t 2  t 1 )
   1  T = t 2 – t 1
2 2  T
Nuclear binding energy = [8M p +9M n –M 0 ]c 2
 t 2 – t 1 = 20 min.
55. Gamma ray is an electromagnetic radiation, due to
the emission of gamma ray, neither the mass number 63. 5m M+ mN m
not the atomic number changes. Though the ' 
daughter nucleus is same as parent nucleus but still p' p
there is a difference in the two, i.e., the daughter
nucleus so obtained is present in one of the excited According to Conservation of linear momentum
states and not in the ground state. P' = P. Therefore ' = 
65. Released energy
56. Given that = [1.6747 × 10 –27 – 1.6725 × 10 –27 – 9 × 10 –31 ]
× (3 × 108)2 J = 0.73 MeV
0.693 1 1
T 
1/2 x   Tav  Y 
X

Y
 Y 
0.693 X
EXERCISE –V-B
  Y  1.44  X  R Y  1.44 R X
1. The continuous X–ray
As decay rate of Y is more than the element X;
spectrum is shown in figure.
hence Y will decay faster than X. All wavelengths >  min
are found, where
59. Total kinetic energy of products E
2 2
p p
= Total energy released 
2m 2m

M
= (mass defect) c 2 (where m = given) 
2  min

 p2    M M 2 12375
 2    (M  m )       c  min  Å
2m  2 2  V (in volt)
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Here, V is the applied voltage.

 p2 
   m  c
2
2  
M
 2    12375 12375
  2   2. (in Å) = = Å  3093 Å
W (eV ) 4.0
2
  309.3 nm   = 310 nm
M 
2  v
2  2 m 3. Number of nuclei decreases experientially
   m  c 2  v  c
M M
 dN 
N = N 0 e –t and Rate of decay   =N
60. Because energy is releasing Binding energy per  dt 
nucleon of product > that of parent  E 2 > E 1 . Therefore, decay process lasts upto t=. Therefore
a given nucleus may decay at any time after t=0.

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4. Since, the wavelength () is increasing we can say 9. Radius of a nucleus is given by
that the galaxy is receding. Doppler effect can be R = R 0 A 1/3 (where R 0 = 1.25 × 10 –15 m)
given by– = 1.25 A 1/3 × 10 –15 m
Here, A is the mass number and mass of the
cv cv uranium nucleus will be m  Am p
'    706 = 656 ...(i)
cv cv m p = mass of proton = A(1.67 × 10 –27 kg)

2 mass m A (1.67  10 27 kg)

cv 706  Density  =  
  
 656 
 1.16 volume 4 A (1.25  10 15 m ) 3
cv R 3
3
 c + v = 1.16 c – 1.16 v
   2.0 × 10 kg/m 3
17

8
0.16c 0.16  3.0  10
 v   m/s 10. Energy is released in a process when total binding
2.16 2.16
7 energy of the nucleus (= binding energy per nucleon
v  2.2 × 10 m/s
× number of nucleons) is increased or we can say,
If we take the approximation then equation (i) can be
when total binding energy of products is more than
 v the reactants. By calculation we can see that only in
written as  =    ...(ii) case of option (c), this happens. Given : W  2Y
c
Binding energy of reactants = 120 × 7.5 = 900
    706  656 
8
MeV
From here v    .c    (3  10 ) m/s and binding energy of products
 656
= 2(60 × 8.5) = 1020 MeV > 900 MeV.
 v = 0.23 × 10 8 m/s
Which is almost equal to the previous answer. Rhc
11. In hydrogen atom E n =  . Also E n  m
So, we may use equation (ii) also. n2
where m is the mass of the electron.
5. Atomic number of neon is 10. Here, the electron has been replaced by a particle
By the emission of two – particles, atomic number whose mass is double of an electron. Therefore, for
will be reduced by 4. Therefore, atomic number of this hypothetical atom energy in n th orbit will be
the unknown element will be Z = 10 – 4 = 6
2Rhc
Similarly mass number of the unknown element will given by E n = 
be A = 22 – 2 × 4 = 14 n2
 Unknown nucleus is carbon (A = 14, Z=6). The longest wavelength  max (or minimum energy)
photon will correspond to the transition of particle
6. From law of conservation of momentum, from n=3 to n=2.
P 1 = P 2 (in opposite directions) hc  1 1 18
  E 3  E 2  Rhc  2  2   max =
h  max 2 3  5R
Now de–Broglie wavelength is given by  
p 1 1
[h = Plank's constant] 12. n   KE  (with positive sign)
n n2
Since, momentum (p) of both the particles is equal, Potential energy U is negative and
therefore  1 =  2   1/ 2 = 1
1  1 Ze 2  1
7. Both the beta rays and the cathode rays are made up Un   U n  .   2
4  0 rn 
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rn  n
of electrons. So, only option (a) is correct. 2
(b) Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. [because r n  n ] (with negative sign)
(c) Alpha particles are doubly ionized helium atoms and 1
(d) Protons and neutrons have approximately the Similarly total energy E n  (with negative sign)
n2
same mass. Therefore, when an electron jumps from some
0.693 1 excited state to the ground state, value of n will
8. (t 1/2) x = (t mean) y   decrease. Therefore, kinetic energy will increase
x  y   x = 0.693  y
(with positive sign), potential energy and total energy
 x <  y  Rate of decay = N will also increase but with negative sign. Thus, finally
Initially number of atoms (N) of both are equal but kinetic energy will increase, while potential and total
since  y >  x, therefore, y will decay at a faster rate energies will decrease.
than x.

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13. Minimum wavelength of continuous X–ray spectrum q ne it

20. i   n 
12375 t t e
is given by min (in Å) =
E(in eV ) Substituting i = 3.2 × 10 –3 A
Here, E = energy of incident electrons (in eV) e = 1.6 × 10 –19 C and t =1s
= energy corresponding to minimum wavelength we get, n =2 × 10 16
 min of X–rays  E = 80 keV = 80 × 10 3 eV
n
12375  
 min (in Å) =  0.155 21. R  R 0   ...(i)
80  10 3  2

Also the energy of the incident electrons (80 keV) is Here R = activity of radioactive substance after n
more than the ionization energy of the K–shell R0
electrons (i.e. 72.5 keV). Therefore, characteristic half–lives  (given)
6
X–ray spectrum will also be obtained because
Substituting in equation (i), we get n =4
energy of incident electron is high enough to knock
 t = (n)t 1/2 = (4) (100 s) = 400 s
out the electron from K or L–shells.
22. During–decay atomic number (Z) and mass number
N x 1 (t) 1 N 0e 10 t
1 (A) does not change. So, the correct option is (c)
14.    because in all other options either Z,A or both is/are
N x 2 (t) e N 0 e t e
changing.
(Initially both have same number of nuclei say N 0)
 e = –t/e –10t  e = e 9t,  x1 = 10 and  x2 = 
 r dU eV0
1 23. U = eV = eV 0 n    | F |  
 r0  dr r
 9 t=1  t =
9
this force will provide the necessary centripetal
15. Energy of infrared radiation is less than the energy of force.
ultraviolet radiation. In options (a), (b) and (c), energy
released will be more, while in option (d) only, energy mv 2 eV0 eV0
Hence,   v  ...(i)
released will be less. r r m

16. Wavelength  k is independent of the accelerating nh

Moreover, mvr  ....(ii)
voltage (V), while the minimum wavelength  c is 2
i nversely propor t ional to V. T herefore, as V is Dividing equation (ii) by (i).
increased,  k remains unchanged where as  c
decreases or  k – c will increase.  nh  m
We have : mr =    rn  n
2 eV0
17. During –decay, a neutron is transformed into a
proton and an electron. This is why atomic number  m2  m2
(Z = number of protons) increases by one and mass 24. (r m) =   (0.53 Å) = (n × 0.53)Å  =n
 z  z
number (A = number of protons + neutrons) remains
m =5 for 100
Fm 257 (the outermost shell) and z=100
unchanged during beta decay.
(5)2
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1
n  
18. The total number of atoms can neither remain 100 4
constant (as in option a) nor can ever increase (as in
options b and c). They will continuously decrease 25. Nuclear density is constant hence, mass  volume
with time. Therefore, (d) is the appropriate option. m  V.

19. In second excited state n=3, 26. Given that K 1 + K 2 = 5.5 MeV ...(i)
From conservation of linear momentum, p 1 = p 2
 3h 
So,  H =  Li =  
2  2K 1 (216m )  2K 2 (4m ) as P  2Km
while 2
E  Z and Z H = 1, Z Li = 3  K 2 = 54 K 1 ...(ii)
So, |E Li | = 9 |E H | or |E H | < |E Li | Solving equation (i) and (ii).
We get K 2 = KE of –particle = 5.4 MeV

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27. Saturation current is proportional to intensity while h

stopping potential increases with increase in 35. Momentum of striking electrons p 
frequency. Hence, f a = f b while I a < I b 
 Kinetic energy of striking electrons
h
1 2mE 1 p h2
28.  or  E1 / 2 K= 
2 hc 2 2m 2m 2
E This also, maximum energy of X–ray photons.
29. Activity reduces from 6000 dps to 3000 dps in
hc h2 2m  2 c
140 days. It implies that half–life of the Therefore,   0 
radioactive sample is 140 days. In 280 days (or 0 2m  2 h
1
two half–lives) activity will remain th of the 36. Rest mass of parent nucleus should be greater than
4
initial activity. Hence, the initial activity of the the rest mass of daughter nuclei.
sample is hc
4 × 6000 dps = 24000dps 37. As for continuous X–rays  min = so cut off
eV
30. The first photon will excite the hydrogen atom (in
wavelength depends on the accelerating potential
ground state) in first excited state
and is independent of nature of target.
(as E 2–E 1 = 10.2eV). Hence during de–excitation a
photon of 10.2eV will be released. The second
photon of energy 15eV can ionise the atom. Hence n2
the balance energy i.e.,(15 – 13.6)eV = 1.4 eV is 38. Activity = N & T 1/2 =

retained by the electron. Therefore, by the second
photon an electron of energy 1.4 eV will be released. n2 n2
So 5 = (2N 0 ) & 10 = (N 0 ) T = 4T
2 2 T1 T2 1 2
1 2
1  Z2  1  1  Z2  1 
31.  (Z  1)      
 2  Z1  1  4  11  1 
39. 550 nm light cannot emit electron for metal of work
Solving this, we get Z 2 = 6
32. 4( 2 He 4 ) = 8 O 16 function   3eV , so saturate current decreases for
Mass defect P to Q to R. Also|V sp|>|V sq |>|V sr |
m = {4(4.0026) – 15.9994} = 0.011 amu
 Energy released per oxygen nuclei 40. Energy incident = Power(time)
= (0.011) (931. 48) MeV = 10.24 MeV
= (30 mW) (100 ns)
33. After two half lives 1/4th fraction of nuclei will remain
undecayed. 3/4 th fraction will decay. Hence, the = 3 × 10 –9
probability that a nucleus decays in two half lives is 3/4.
E 3  10 9
34. The series in U–V region is Lymen series. Longest So momentum =   10 17 kg m / sec .
wavelength corresponds to minimum energy which c 3  10 8
occurs in transition from n=2 to n=1.
MCQ
1
1. Due to mass defect (which is finally responsible for
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122  R the binding energy of the nucleus), mass of a nucleus

 1 1  ...(i)
is always less than the sum of masses of its
 2  2 
1 2 20
constituent particles. 1.0 Ne
is made up of 10
The smallest wavelength in the infrared region protons plus 10 neutrons.
corresponds to maximum energy of Paschen series.
Therefore, mass of 20 nucleus,
10 Ne
1
M 1 < 10 (m p + m n)
  R
  1 1  ...(ii) Also, heavier the nucleus, more is the mass defect.
 2   Thus, 20 (m n + m p) – M2 > 10 (m p + m n ) –M 1
3 
 10 (m p + m n )>M 2 –M 1 M 2 < M 1 + 10(m p + m n )
Solving equation (i) and (ii), we get  = 823.5 nm
Now since M1 < 10 (m p + m n )  M 2 < 2M 1

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2. Time period,
nh 3h
5 Angular momentum =   n = 3
2 rn rn 2  2
Tn = (in nth state) i.e. Tn 
vn n
n2 9a 32
Also r = a 0  0  a 0  Z  2
1 2 2 Z
But rn  n2 and  n 
n For de-exci tati on
Therefore, T n  n3 Given T n1 = 8T n2 1 1 1  1 1 
 Rz 2
 2  2   4R  2  2 
Hence, n 1 = 2n 2   n1 n 2   n1 n 2 
For n = 3 to n = 1:
3. From the relation,
1 1 1  9
 4R      
hc  hc   1     1 9  32R
eV =    V     
  e    e For n = 3 to n = 2:
This is equation of straight line. 1 1 1  9
 4R      
hc   4 9  5R
Slope is tan  = For n = 2 to n = 1:
e
1 1 1  3
hc hc hc  4R      
 1:  2:3 = : : =1:2:4   1 4  R
 01  02  03

1 Match the column

 0.001nm 1   = 10000 Å 2. (i) Energy of capacitor is less 1/2 cv 2 therefore p.
 01 01
(ii) work is done on the gas hence energy increases
therefore q.
1
 0.002nm 1   = 5000Å (iii) When mass decreases its energy increases.
 02 02
(iv) when current flows energy of magnetic field is
generated therefore t.
1 (B) work is done on the gas
 0.004nm 1   = 2500 Å
 03 03 (C) mass is reduced and mass defect is converted
into energy.
Violet colour has wavelength 4000 Å.
(D) mass decreases due to mass defect.
So violet colour can eject photoelectrons from
metal–1 and metal–2. Matching List Type
1. Completing reaction in list II
4. ( A ) For 1 < A < 50, on fusion mass number for (1) 15
15  + decay)
8 O 7 N
compound nucleus is less than 100
238
 Binding energy per nucleon remains same (2) 92 U 234
90 Th 
(Alpha decay)
 No energy is released 185
(3) 83 Bi 184
82 Pb 
(Proton emission)
( B ) For 51 < A < 100, on fusion mass number
239
for compound nucleus is between 100 & 200 (4) 94 Pu 140
57 La 
(Fission)
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 Binding energy per nucleon increases

 Energy is released. Comprehension Based Question
( C ) For 100 < A < 200, on fission, the mass
number of product nuclei will be between Comprehension#1
50 & 100 –3.4eV
 Binding energy per nucleon decreases –3.4eV
1. 10.2eV 10.2eV –6.0eV
 No energy is released –13.6eV
H –13.6eV
( D ) For 200 < A < 260, on fission, the mass
number of product nuclei will be between +
–54.4eV
He
100 & 130
For H atom E = 10.2 eV, This goes to excite
  Binding energy per nucleon increases
He + ion from n = 2 to n = 4
  Energy is released.

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2. For visible region E < 10.2 eV and in this case Comprehension 4

E = –3.4 – (–6) = 2.6 eV
2 2
1 2  I   nh / 2   n 2 h 2
hc 12400eV  Å 1. En  I   
 = =  4800Å  4.8× 10 –7 m 2 2I 2I 8 2 I
E 2.6eV
h2
2 2. h  E 2  E1  h  4  1
K 1  Z1 n 1  8 2 I
3. Ratio of kinetic energy 
K 2  Z 2 n 2
2 h2
 h  4  1
Since n 1 = n 2 = 2 & Z 1 = 1 8 2 I

K1 1 3h 3  2   10 34
for H, Z 2 = 2 for He +   I 2
  1.87  10 46 kgm 2
K2 4 8  2 4 11
8    10

Comprehension#2
3. Moment of inertia of CO molecule about centre of
1. Due to the high temperature developed as a result m1m 2
mass : I  r 2 where =
of collision & fusion causes the core of fusion reactor m1  m 2
to plasma.

3  Kq 1 q 2 Kq 1 q 2 I I 1.87  10 46
2.  KT  2 = 3KT = r   
2 r r  m 1m 2 12  16  5 / 3  10 27
m1  m 2 12  16
1.44  10 9
T =
4  10  3  8.6  10 5
15  1.3  10 10 m
Paragraph 5
T = 1.39 × 109 K 1  10 9  T  2  10 9 K
210 206
1. 84 Po 82 Pb 24 He  Q

3. nt0 = 8 × 1014 × 9 × 10–1 = 7.2 × 1014 > 5 × 1014 Total energy released =  M Po  M Pb  M He  C2
nt0 = 4 × 10 23 × 1 × 1011 = 4 × 10 34 > 5 × 1014 = [(209.982876) – (205.974455 + 4.002603)] ×
nt0 = 1 × 10 24 × 4 × 1012 = 4 × 10 36 > 5 × 1014 932 MeV
= [0.005818] × 932 MeV = 5.422376 MeV
Comprehension#3 Kinetic energy of  particle =

p2 h A4  206 
1. E = .... (i) p= ... (ii)  A  Q   210  5.422376 MeV = 5.319
2m     
By equation (i) and (ii) MeV = 5319 KeV
2. Only in option (C); sum of masses of product is less
h2 h 2 (n 2 )
E=  then sum of mases of reactant
2m  2 2m (4a 2 )
2 4
He 36 Li . As MLi < MDeutron +
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for reaction 1 H 2
n M alpha
[ = a for stationary wave
2
Subjective
on string fixed at both end] E  a–2 1. (i) Let at time t, number of radioactive nuclei are N.
h2 (6.6  10 –34 ) 2 1 Net rate of formation of nuclei of A
2. E 2
 30 9 2
2m 4a 2(1.0  10 )  4  (6.6  10 ) e N t
dN dN dN
E = 8 meV =–N  =dt    N   dt
dt   N N0 0

h h hn
3. mv = v =  v n Solving this equation, we get
 m m(2a)
1
N= [–(–N 0)e –t]...(i)

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JEE-Physics

E 53 = E 5 – E 3 = 3.84 eV
n(2)
(ii) (i) Substituting  = 2N 0 and t =t 1/2 = in E 52 = E 5 – E 2 = 11.5 eV > 4 eV

E 43 = E 4 – E 3 = 2.64 eV
3
equation (i) we get, N = N0 E 42 = E 4 – E 2 = 10.2 eV > 4 eV
2
Hence, the energy of emitted photons in the range
(ii) Substituting  = 2N 0 of 2eV and 4eV are
and t   in equation (i), we get
3.3 eV during combination and
 3.84 eV and 2.64 after combination.
N= = 2N 0  N = 2N 0

2. Given work function W = 1.9 eV 3. Let ground state energy (in eV) be E 1
Wavelength of incident light,  = 400 nm Then, from the given condition E 2n – E 1 = 204 eV
hc E1
 Energy of incident light, E   3.1eV   E 1  204eV
 4n 2
(Substituting the values of h, c and )
 1 
Therefore, maximum kinetic energy of  E 1  2  '1 = 204 eV...(i)
 4n 
photoelectron K max = E – W = (3.1 – 1.9) = 1.2 eV
Now the situation is as shown below : E1 E1
and E 2n – E n = 40.8 eV  2
 = 40.8 eV
4n n2

e
–
 3 
Kmax=1.2eV  n=5  E 1  2  = 40.8 eV...(ii)
E5= –2.1eV  4n 

-particles He+ in fourth 1

excited state or 1
n=5
+ From equation (i) and (ii), 4n 2  5
(Z=2) He
3
Energy of electron in 4 th excited state of He + (n=5) 4n 2

Z2 1 15 4
will be E 5  13.6 eV
n2 1  2
 2   1  n=2
4n 4n n2
(2)2 From equation number (ii),
E 5 = –(13.6) =2.2 eV
(5)2 4 4
E1   n 2(40.8) eV = – (2) 2 (40.8) eV
Therefore, energy released during the combination 3 3
= 1.2 – (–2.2) = 3.4 eV  E 1 = –217.6 eV  E 1 = – (13.6)Z 2
Similarly energies in other energy states of He + will
E1 217.6
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2  Z2 =   16  Z=4
(2) 13.6 13.6
be E 4 = –13.6 = –3.4 eV
(4)2 E min = E 2n – E 2n–1

(2)2 E1 E1 E1 E1 7
E 3 = –13.6 =–6.04 eV  2
 2    E1
(3) 2 4n (2n  1)2 16 9 144

(2)2  7 
 
E 2 =–13.6  13.6eV  144  (–217.6) eV
22
The possible transitions are  E min = 10.58 eV

E 54 = E 5 – E 4 = 1.3 eV < 2 eV

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4. Energy of incident photon, (iii) The population of X at this moment,

E i =10.6 eV=10.6× 1.6× 10 –19 J = 16.96 × 10 –19 J N X = N 0 e –Xt = (10 20 )e –(0.1) (16.48)  N X = 1.92 × 10 19
Energy incident per unit area per unit (intensity) = 2J
N X X
 No. of photons incident on unit area in unit time NY = [From equation (iv)]
Y
2
  1.18 × 10 18 (0.1)
16.96  10 19 = (1.92 × 10 19 ) = 5.76 × 10 19
(1 / 30)
Therefore, number of photons incident per unit time
on given area (1.0 × 10 –4 m 2 ) N Z = N 0 – N X – N Y = 10 20 – 1.92 × 10 19 – 5.76 ×
= (1.18 × 10 18 ) (1.0 × 10 –4 ) = 1.18 × 10 14 10 1 9
But only 0.83% of incident photons emit  N Z = 2.32 × 10 19
photoelectrons 6.(i) Given mass of – particle, m=4.002 amu and mass
 No. of photoelectrons emitted per second (n) of daughter nucleus M=223.610 amu,
de–Broglie wavelength of –particle,
 0.53  =5.76 × 10 –15 m
n   (1.18  1014 ) n = 6.25 × 10 11
 100 
So, momentum of –particle would be
K min = 0 and K max = E i – work function
h 6.63  10 34
= (10.6 – 5.6) eV = 5.0 eV p   kg–m/s
 5.76  10 15
 K max = 5.0 eV
5.(i) Let at time t=t, number of nuclei of Y and Z are N Y  p= 1.151 × 10 –19 kg–m/s
and N Z . Then Rate equations of the population of From law of conservation of linear momentum, this
X,Y and Z are should also be equal to the linear momentum the
daughter nucleus (in opposite direction).
 dN X  Let K 1 and K 2 be the kinetic energies of –particle
  =– X N X ...(i)
dt  and daughter nucleus. Then total kinetic energy in

 dN Y  p2 p2
  =  X N X –  YN Y...(ii) the final state is: K = K 1 + K 2 = 
dt  2m 2M

 dN Z  p2  1 1  p2  M  m 
   = YN Y...(iii)    =  
dt  2 m M  2  Mm 
1 amu = 1.67 × 10 –27 kg
N 0X
(ii) Given N Y(t) = e  Y t
e  X t  Substituting the values, we get
X  Y
(1.151  10 19 )2 M  m
K  
For N Y to be maximum
dN Y (t)
 0 2  M  m 
dt
i.e. X N X =  Y N Y... (iv) (from equation (ii)) p2 (4.002  223.610)(1.67  10 27 )
 
2 (4.002  1.67  10 27 )(223.61  1.67  10 27 )
 t
N 0X
  X (N 0 e X )   Y [e  Y t  e  X t ]
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X  Y 10 12
K  10 12 J  MeV = 6.25 MeV
 Y t
1.6  10 13
X  Y e X
   X t
 1   e (  X  Y ) t  K=6.25 MeV
Y e Y
6.25
 X  1  X  (ii) Mass defect, m= amu = 0.0067 amu
n   931.470
 ( X – Y)t n (e) = n   t 
 Y  X  Y  Y  Therefore, mass of parent nucleus
Substituting the values of  X and  Y, we have = mass of –particle + mass of daughter
nucleus+mass defect (m)
1  0.1 
t  n    15 n(3)  t=16.48 s. = (4.002 + 223.610 + 0.0067)amu = 227.62 amu
(0.1  1 / 30)  1 / 30 

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7. The reactor produces 1000 MW power or 10 9 W (i) Number of photoelectrons emitted upto t=10 s are
power of 109 J/s of power. The reactor is to function
for 10yr. Therefore, total energy which the reactor (No. of photons falling
will supply in 10yr is E = (power) (time) in unit area in unit time)
n   (area  time)
= (10 9 J/s) (10 × 365 × 24 × 3600 s) = 3.1536 × 10 17 J 10 6
But since the efficiency of the reactor is only 10%,
therefore actual energy needed is 10 times of it 1
= [(10) 16 × (5 × 10 –4 ) × (10)] = 5.0 × 10 7
or 3.1536 × 10 18 J. One uranium atom 10 6
liberates 200MeV of energy or 200 × 1.6 × 10 –13 or
(ii) At time t=10s charge on plate A,
3.2 × 10 –11 J of energy. So, number of uranium
q A =+ne=(5.0 × 10 7 ) (1.6 × 10 –19 ) = 8.0 × 10 –12 C
atoms needed are
and charge on plate B,
18 q B = (33.7 × 10 –12 – 8.0 × 10 –12) = 25.7 × 10 –12 C
3.1536  10
n= = 0.9855 × 10 29
3.2  10 11
(q B  q A )
 Electric field between the plates E =
or number of kg–moles of uranium needed are 2 A 0

0.9855  10 29 (25.7  8.0)  10 12 N

n   163.7
6.02  10 26 E= 4 12
 2  10 3
2  (5  10 )(8.85  10 ) C
Hence, total mass of uranium required is
(iii) Energy of photoelectrons at plate A
m = (n)M = (163.7) (235) kg = E – W = (5–2) eV = 3eV
 m  38470 kg  m = 3.847 × 10 4 kg Increase in energy of photoelectrons
8.(i) Total 6 lines are emitted. = (eEd) joule = (Ed) eV
= (2 × 10 3) (10 –2 ) eV = 20eV
n(n  1)
Therefore  6  n=4 Energy of photoelectrons at plate B
2
= (20 + 3)eV = 23 eV
So, transition is taking place between m th energy
state and (m + 3) th energy state. E m =–0.85eV  1 1
10. E = h = Rhc (Z–b)2  2  2 
 n1 n2 
 Z2  Z
 –13.6  2  =–0.85  = 0.25...(i)
m m
 1 1
Similarly E m+3 = –0.544 eV For K– series, b=1   = Rc(Z–1)2  2  2 
 n1 n2 

z2 z Substituting the values,

 13.6  0.544   0.2 ..(ii)
(m  3)2 (m  3)
1 1 
4.2 × 1018 = (1.1 × 10 7) (3 × 10 8)(Z–1) 2   
1 4
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Solving equation (i) and (ii) for z and m.

We get m = 12 and z=3  (Z–1)2 = 1697  Z –1  41  Z = 42
(ii) Smallest wavelength corresponds to maximum
difference of energies which is obviously E m+3 – E m. 11. Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons
 E max = – 0.544 – (–0.85) = 0.306 eV would be K max = E – W = (5 – 3) eV = 2eV
Therefore, the stopping potential is 2V. Saturation
hc 1240
  min =  = 4052.3 nm. current depends on the intensity of light incident.
 E max 0.306
When the intensity is doubled the saturation current
9. Area of plates A = 5 × 10 –4 m 2 will also become two fold. The corresponding graphs
distance between the plates d = 1cm = 10 –2 m are shown in figure.

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13. Wavelengths corresponding to minimum wavelength

( min) or maximum energy will emit photoelectrons
having maximum kinetic energy.
( min) belonging to Balmer series and lying in the
given range (450 nm to 750 nm) corresponds to
transition from (n=4 to n=2). Here,

13.6 13.6
E4 = – 2
 0.85eV  E =  3.4eV
(4) 2 (2)2
12. Let n 0 be the number of radioactive nuclei at time
t=0. Number of nuclei decayed in time t are given  E = E4 – E2 = 2.55 eV
by n 0 (1–e –t ), which is also equal to the number of
Kmax = Energy of photon – work function
beta particles emitted during the same interval of
time. For the given condition, = 2.55 – 2.0 = 0.55 eV

n = n0(1–e–2) ...(i) (n + 0.75n) = n0(1–e–4) ...(ii)

238
14. Let N0 be the initial number of nuclei of U.
Dividing equation (ii) by (i), we get
n
1  e 4  1
After time t, NU = N0  
1.75=  1.75 – 1.75 e–2 = 1 – e–4 2
1  e 2 
Here n = number of half–lives
3
 1.75 e–2 – e–4 = ...(iii) 1
4
t 1.5  10 9 1 1 3
=    NU = N0  
Let us take e–2 = x t1 / 2 4.5  10 9 3 2
Then the above equation is x2 – 1.75 x + 0.75 = 0
 1/3 
1
1.75  (1.75)2  (4)(0.75) 3 and NPb = N0 – NU = N0 1    
 x   x=1 and   2 
2 4

3 1/ 3
 From equation (iii) either e–2 = 1, e–2 = 1
4 NU  
 2  3.861
 3
but e–2 = 1 is not accepted because which means N Pb 1
1 
 2
3
=0. Hence, e–2 =
4
15. (i) From the relation r  A1/3
 – 2 n(e) = n (3) – n(4) = n(3) – 2 n(2)
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1/3 1/3
r1
 A1   A2 
1 We have      (14)1 / 3
  = n (2) – n(3) r2  A 2   4 
2

Substituting the given values,  A2 = 56

(ii) Z2 = A2 – no. of neutrons = 56 – 30 = 26
1
 = 0.6931 – × (1.0986) = 0.14395 s–1
2 1 1  3Rc
 fka = Rc (Z–1)2  2  2   (Z–1)2
1 2 4
1
 Mean–life tmean = = 6.947 s Substituting the given values of R, c and Z.

We get fka = 1.55 × 1018 Hz

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16. For 0 < x < 1, PE = E0

 h 
 Kinetic energy K1 = Total energy – PE 19. eV s = h –   VS     
e e
h
= 2E0 – E0 = E0  1  ...(i)
2m(2E 0 )
vs
For x > 1, PE = 0
 Kinetic energy K2 = Total energy =2E0
 
h
 2  2m (2E 0 ) ...(ii)

1
From equation (i) and (ii), we have  2
2

h
17. h  slope = = constant  ratio = 1
 p  2mqV e

P m q 20. Given T ½ = 1386 sec.
   4 2  8  3
 mPqP
dN
 10 3
dt
dN dN Fraction
18.  N 0 e t  n  n  N 0    t
dt dt
N 0  N N 0  N 0 e t
=   1  e t
dN 1 N0 N0
 n  n  N 0    t    slope   year 1
dt 2
 ln 2
= 1  e 1386 80
1 1
   yr
2 4
 4  4
= 1  e 100  1  1  =  4%
0.693  100  100
 t1 / 2   1.386 given time is 3 times of t1/2


 value of p is 8.

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