Lab Report #2

Small disturbance stability analysis using states pace method

Sarah Aimen ( RP18-EE-418)
Course: Power system stability and control
Instructor: Umar Farooq
Email: aimensarah34@gmail.com
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of the Punjab Lahore-54590 Pakistan

time, the power system is stable. On

Abstract
This lab dealt with small disturbance
applied on rotor angle. The change in
rotor angle and frequency was
observed. Then the value of
mechanical power was increased.The
state space method approach was
adopted. The graph of rotor angle
and frequency was displayed on
MATLAB.
Keywords
Rotor angle,Frequency,State space
model
1.Introduction
Small-signal stability analysis is about
power system stability when subject
to small disturbances. If power system
oscillations caused by small
disturbances can be suppressed, such
that the deviations of system state
variables remain small for a long
the contrary, if the magnitude of
oscillations continues to increase or
sustain indefinitely, the power system
is unstable[1].
Rotor angle oscillations may appear
in the power system any time also
because of the weak electrical
connection between generators or
between generators and loads due to
long distances (large reactance), due
to uncoordinated fast voltage
regulators or other types of controls.
In large interconnected systems, local
generators are swinging together but,
in some conditions, they can oscillate
against other groups of generators. If
not damped very fast, the rotor angle
oscillations may cause damages to
the power plants and other
equipment in the power system.
Small-disturbance rotor stability is
concerned with the ability of the
power system to maintain
synchronism under small
 2
disturbances, like small variations in d ∆δ
+2 ς ωn
d ∆δ 2
+ω n ∆ δ =0
2
loads and generation[2]. dt dt

Let
x 1=∆ δ
d ∆δ
x 2=
dt

Part(a) x 1 =x 2
.

. 2 d ∆δ
x 2 =−ω n ∆ δ−2 ς ω n
2(a).Mathematical Solution dt
. 2
Background: x 2 =−ω n x 1−2 ς ω n x 2

x =¿0 1; −ω n 2−2 ς ω n ¿ x
.
Swing Equation
.
2 H d2 δ x =Ax
=P m−Pmax Sinδ
ω0 d t 2
Take Laplace transform
ω 0=2 π f 0
sX ( s )−X ( 0 ) =AX ( s )
Linearizing sX ( s )− AX ( s )= X ( 0 )

H d ∆ δ P max cos δ 0
2
+ ∆δ ( sI− A ¿ X (s)= X (0)
π f 0 dt2 Ps
−1
2
X ( s )= ( sI − A ) X (0)
H d ∆δ
+ Ps ∆ δ=0
π f 0 dt2 X ( 0 ) is initial condition of machine

By considering damping i-e Angle

d ∆δ π f 0 Dd ∆δ π f0
2
+ + P ∆ δ =0
dt
2
H dt H s

d2 ∆ δ d ∆δ 2
+2 ς ωn +ω n ∆ δ =0
dt 2
dt
π f0 2 πf 0
2 ς ω n= , ω n= P
H H s

State space representation

2nd order differential equation
 two_zeta_wn = pi*fo*D/H;
3(a).MATLAB
Xo = [pi/18;0];
implementation A = [0 1;
-Wn*Wn -two_zeta_wn];

B = [0;0];
%%MATLABCode C = [1 0; 0 1];
D = [0;0];
t = 0:0.01:5;
clc
[y,x] =
initial(A,B,C,D,Xo, t);
Clear
x1 = (x(:,1) +
delta_o)*180/pi
Vs = 1.35; Vr = 1; H = x2 = (x(:,2)/(2*pi) +
fo);
9.94; subplot(2,1,1)

plot(t,x1);
Pm = 0.6; X = 0.65; ylabel('delta(deg');
D = 0.138; fo = 60; subplot(2,1,2)
Pmax = (Vs*Vr)/X; plot(t,x2);
delta_o = asin(Pm/Pmax); ylabel('freq(Hz)')
Ps = Pmax*cos(delta_o);
Wn = sqrt(pi * fo *
Ps/H);
4(a). Simulation Result

5.Conclusion
The rotor angle was disturbed by
angle pi/18 after some time it reached
to its original angle .Same case did
hold for value of frequency. The
initial value was 60Hz.During
disturbance it decreased to 59Hz.After
some time it attained original value.
 (a).MATLAB
%%Code Implementation
clc
Vs = 1.35; Vr = 1; H =
Partb 9.94;
Pm = 0.6; X = 0.65;
2(b).Mathematical Solution D = 0.138; fo = 60;
Pmax = (Vs*Vr)/X;
Sudden changes in mechanical
delta_o = asin(Pm/Pmax);
power Ps = Pmax*cos(delta_o);
d2 ∆ δ π f 0 D d ∆ δ π f 0 πf0 Wn = sqrt(pi * fo *
+ + P s ∆ δ =∆ P Ps/H);
dt2 H dt H H
two_zeta_wn = pi*fo*D/H;
State space representation
Xo = [pi/18;0];
nd
2 order differential equation
A = [0 1;
2
d ∆δ d∆δ 2 πf0 -Wn*Wn -two_zeta_wn];
+2 ς ωn +ω n ∆ δ=∆ P
dt
2
dt H
B = [0;
Let pi*fo*0.1/H];
x 1=∆ δ C = [1 0;
0 1];
d ∆δ D1 = [0;
x 2=
dt 0];
.
x 1 =x 2 t = 0:0.01:5;
d ∆δ π f0 [y,x] = step(A,B,C,D1,1,
. 2
x 2 =−ω n ∆ δ 2 ς ω n
dt
+∆P
H t);
. 2
x 2 =−ω n x 1−2 ς ω n x 2
x1 = (x(:,1) +
x . =¿0 1; −ω n 2−2 ς ω n ¿ x delta_o)*180/pi
x2 = (x(:,2)/(2*pi) +
πf0 fo);
B=[0; ∆ P ]
H subplot(2,1,1)
.
x =Ax +Bu plot(t,x1, 'o');
ylabel('delta(deg');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,x2, 'o');
ylabel('freq(Hz)')

%%
% sudden change in
mechanical power
%
%plot(x1 + delta_o)
B = [0;
pi*fo*0.1/H];

[y,x] = step(A,B,C,D1,1,
t);

x1 = (x(:,1) +
delta_o)*180/pi
x2 = (x(:,2)/(2*pi) +
fo);
subplot(2,1,1)

plot(t,x1, 'o');
ylabel('delta(deg');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,x2, 'o');
ylabel('freq(Hz)')
Simulation Results

Results
The value of mechanical power
was increased to check the
stability of system whether the
system attain the original
position. A sudden increase in
rotor angle and frequency was
observed but after sometime it
attained the previous position.

Acknowledgment:
The support provided by instructor Umar
Farooq which helped us in achieving the
desired task is gratefully acknowledged.
References
[1] Available [online]
https://link.springer.com/chapter/
10.1007/978-0-387-72853-7_8
Registered on August 22,2022.
[2]Available online
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
topics/engineering/small-disturbance
Registered on August 22,2022.