CHERISH ENTREPRISES INSTITUTES, BATSARI

BATSARI, KATSINA STATE

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO ICT

Babangida Kabir Ruma BSc, MSc, C|EH, MNIM

Mail address: - Info@ruma.ng

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INTRODUCTION

An amazing machine! We are living in the computer age today and most of our day to day
activities cannot be accomplished without using computers. Sometimes knowingly and
sometimes unknowingly we use computers. Computer has become an indispensable and
multipurpose tool. We are breathing in the computer age and gradually computer has become
such a desire necessity of life that it is difficult to imagine life without it.

DEFINATION

Computer: Is an electronic device for performing arithmetic and logical operation.

Computer: Is a device or a flexible machine to process data and converts it into information.

Computer: Can be define as an automatic electronic devices, that can be operate under the set
of instruction, which accept data from it inputs unit and processed the data by central processing
unit and display the results through the output unit.

To know about the complete process that how computer works, we will have to come across the
various terms such as Data, Processing and Information. First of all we will have to understand
these terms in true sense.

DATA
Data: Is nothing but a mare collection of basic facts and figure without any sequence. When the
data is collected as facts and figure, it has no meaning at that time, for example, name of student,
names of employees etc.

PROCESSING
Processing is the set of instruction given by the user or the related data to output the meaningful
information. Which can be used by the user? The work of processing may be the calculation,
comparisons or the decision taken by the computer.

INFORMATION
Information: Is the end point or the final output of any processed work. When the output data is
meaning it is called information

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HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Actually speaking electronic data processing does not go back more than just half a century i.e.
they are in existence merely from early 1940’s. In early days when our ancestor used to reside in
cave the counting was a problem. Still it is stated becoming difficult.

When they started using stone to count their animals or the possession they never knew that this
day will lead to a computer of today. People today started following a set of procedure to
perform calculation with these stones, which later led to creation of a digital counting device,
which was the predecessor the first calculating device invented, was known as ABACUS.

THE ABACUS:

Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to be performed
addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the Egyptians
in the 10th century B.C, but it was given it final shape in the 12th century A.D. by the Chinese
educationists.

Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted across with rounds beads sliding
on the rod. It is dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part
and Earth was the lower one. Thus any no. can be represented by placing the beads at proper
place.

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Classification of Computers By Size

Supercomputers: Has thousands of processors. Supercomputers cost very high and are
therefore only used by large corporations, government agencies and universities that can afford
them. Because of their extraordinary speed, accuracy and processing power, supercomputers are
well suited for solving highly complex problems and performing tasks that demand huge
amounts of calculations. The following functions are some of those performed by
supercomputers: space exploration and sending of astronauts into space; controlling missile
guidance systems and satellites for national defense; oil exploration; hosting extremely complex
web sites and decision support systems for organizations; etc.

Mainframe computers: Are very large often filling an entire room and can process thousands of
millions of instructions per second. They are used in large private and government organizations
like insurance companies and banks where many people need frequent access to information.

Minicomputers: Are much smaller than mainframes and are also less expensive. Sometimes
referred to as Midrange Server or Midrange Computer, they are typically larger, more powerful
and more expensive than desktop computers. Midrange computers are usually used by small and
medium-sized businesses as their servers.

Microcomputers: Are the most frequently used type of computer. Also, known as Personal
Computer (PC), a microcomputer is a small computer system designed to be used by one person
at a time. The size of microcomputers ranges from those that can fit on a desktop, inside a
briefcase, or even into a shirt pocket. The various sizes of microcomputers can be grouped
into desktop computers and portable computers.
They are about the size of a pocket calculator and have built-in keyboard or thumb pad. Some
also accept input through digital pen or touch. Examples are the Personal Digital Assistant
(PDA) and the Smart phone or Mobile phone.

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Classification of Computers By Purpose

Computers can also be classified based on their purposes; General purpose

computers and Special purpose computers.

General Purpose Computers

There are computers which are designed to be used to perform the most common kinds of tasks.
These computers are referred to as general purpose computers. Among the numerous tasks or
functions general purpose computers can be used to perform are word processing, spreadsheets,
database management, presentation graphics, graphic design, browsing and internet
communications, recording and playing music, watching movies, playing games, performing
educational tasks, etc.

Special Purpose Computers

Special purpose or dedicated computers are those designed to perform specific tasks. Such a
computer can be used to carry out only a specific type of function or task.

The following are special purpose computers.

Embedded computers: these are tiny computers embedded or fixed into products to enable the
product perform specific functions or tasks. Because they are designed for specific tasks, special
purpose computers cannot be used as general purpose computers.
Robots: robots are computing devices controlled by a person or another computer and can move
and react to sensory inputs. Robots are currently being used to carry out highly difficult but
monotonous jobs like welding, riveting, painting, and many more.

Dedicated word processor: this is a computer designed to be used for only word processing
functions or tasks. What makes them specific purpose computers is that only a specific word
processing application can be installed on that computer.

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Classification of Computer According To Type Are

Analogue computers: Work with a range of values continuously. This results in the data
produced only be approximates. Analogue computers are best used for measuring things such as
speed, temperature, voltage and time.
Digital Computers. It deals with digital data. This makes them a lot more accurate than
analogue computers. They utilize a binary number system, a system with only two numbers, 0
and 1. The standard computers we use today are classed as digital computers.

Hybrid computers: Are a mixture of both analogue and digital. They are very rare as they can
be expensive and complicated to produce. Although the majority of tasks are performed by a
digital computer, there is certainly still a lot of value in both analogue
and hybrid computers when it comes to more specialized tasks.

COMPUTER HARDWARE

Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. There
are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to the outside, of
a computer.

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Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −

Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer.

S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys
1
These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give
the same layout as that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad

It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a

2
set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.

Function Keys

The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row
3
at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for
some specific purpose.

Control keys

These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow
4
keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down,
Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

5 Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps
Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

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Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are

the function pressed.

Joystick
of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing
(CAD) and playing computer games.

Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or
draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a
small tube.

Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.

Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball
comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.

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Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation.

Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia
presentation or for mixing music.

PROCESSING DEVICES

When a computer receives data from an input device (such as a keyboard, mouse, microphone,
etc.), the data must go through an intermediate stage before it can be sent to an output
device (like a monitor, printer, speakers, etc.). A processing device is any device in a computer
that handles this intermediate stage.

MEMORY UNIT

Primary storage (also known as main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply
as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads
instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also
stored there in uniform manner. It is volatile

Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary
storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. Secondary storage does not lose the data
when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile.

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Output Device

An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user.
Most computer data output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most
output devices used by humans are in these categories. Examples include monitors, projectors,
speakers, headphones and printers.

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts the
electronically generated information into human-readable form

MONITOR
Referred to as a video display terminal (VDT) and video display unit (VDU), a monitor is
an output device that displays video images and text. A monitor is made up of circuitry, a screen,
a power supply, and buttons to adjust screen settings, and casing that holds all of these
components.
HEADPHONE
Sometimes referred to as earphones, headphones are a hardware output device that either plug
into your computer line out or your speakers to privately listen to audio without disturbing
others.
PRINTER
A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data stored on a
computer or other device and generates a hard copy of it.
PROJECTOR
A projector is an output device that can take images generated by a computer or Blu-ray player
and reproduce them onto a screen, wall, or other surface

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SPEAKER

A computer speaker is a hardware device that connects to a computer to generate sound. The
signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the
computer's sound card.

SOFTWARE COMPONENT

Software: Is a set of instructions or programs instructing a computer to do specific tasks.

Software is often divided into three categories:

System software serves as a base for application software. System software includes device
drivers, operating systems (OSs), compilers, disk formatters, text editors and utilities helping the
computer to operate more efficiently. It is also responsible for managing hardware components
and providing basic non-task-specific functions. The system software is usually written in C
programming language.

Programming software is a set of tools to aid developers in writing programs. The various tools
available are compilers, linkers, debuggers, interpreters and text editors.

Application software is intended to perform certain tasks. Examples of application software

include office suites, gaming applications, database systems and educational software.
Application software can be a single program or a collection of small programs. This type of
software is what consumers most typically think of as software.

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Characteristics of Computer

SPEED: In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster
than computer.

ACCURACY: Since Computer is programmed, so whatever input we give it gives result with
accurately.

STORAGE: Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate format.

DILIGENCE: Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.

VERSATILITY: We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the
same time.

POWER OF REMEMBERING: It can remember data for us.

NO IQ: Computer does not work without instruction.

NO FEELING: Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.

Computer Languages

Machine Level Language: This is low level programming language. Computer or any electronic
device only understand this language. i.e. Binary number i.e 0 and 1.

Assembly Level Language: This is a low level programming language which is converted into
executable machine code by a utility programmer referred to as an assembler.

High Level Language: High level language is a programming language which is easily
understandable/readable by human. E.g. Java, Cobol, C++, C#, Fortran’s, Basic.

Interpreter: This is a convertor which converts high level language programme to low level
language programme line by line.

Compiler: This is also a convertor which converts whole high level language programme to low
level language programme at a time.

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Number System

• Binary Number System : It has only base 2 i.e. 0 and 1

• Octal Number System : Base of octal is 8 i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

• Decimal Number System : Base of Decimal is 10 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• Hexadecimal Number System : Base of this number system is 16 i.e. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B

CDEF

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

A data processing system is a combination of machines, people, and processes that for a set of
inputs produces a defined set of outputs. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as data, facts,
information, depending on the interpreter's relation to the system. A common synonymous term
is "information system".

A data processing system may involve some combination of:

• Conversion converting data to another form or Language.

• Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is clean, correct and useful.
• Sorting – arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets.
• Summarization – reducing detail data to its main points.
• Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data.
• Analysis – the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
• Reporting – list detail or summary data or computed information.

Data collection involves getting the data/facts needed for processing from the point of its origin
to the computer

Data Input- the collected data is converted into machine-readable form by an input device, and
send into the machine.

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Processing is the transformation of the input data to a more meaningful form (information) in
the CPU

Output is the production of the required information, which may be input in future.

The difference between data collection and data capture:

Data capture is the process of obtaining data in a computer-sensible form for at the point of
origin (the source document itself is prepared in a machine-sensible form for input)

Data collection involves getting the original data to the ‘processing center’, transcribing it,
converting it from one medium to another, and finally getting it into the computer.

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Data processing methods

Manual Data Processing

In manual data processing, data is processed manually without using any machine or tool to get
required results. In manual data processing, all the calculations and logical operations are
performed manually on the data. Similarly, data is transferred manually from one place to
another. This method of data processing is very slow and errors may occur in the output.

Mechanical Data Processing

In mechanical data processing method, data is processed by using different devices like
typewriters, mechanical printers or other mechanical devices. This method of data processing is
faster and more accurate than manual data processing. This is faster than the manual mode but
still forms the early stages of data processing.

Electronic Data Processing

Electronic data processing or EDP is the modern technique to process data. The data is processed
through computer; Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as input and the
computer automatically processes the data according to the given set of instructions. This method
of processing data is very fast and accurate. For example, in a computerized education
environment results of students are prepared through computer; in banks, accounts of customers
are maintained (or processed) through computers etc.

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a. Batch Processing

Batch Processing is a method where the information to be organized is sorted into groups to
allow for efficient and sequential processing. . It is used mainly for information recording and
research. ATMs are good examples of this data processing method.

b. Online Processing

This is a method that utilizes Internet connections and equipment directly attached to a computer.
This allows for the data stored in one place and being used at altogether different place. Cloud
computing can be considered as a example which uses this type of processing. It is used mainly
for information recording and research.

c. Real-Time Processing

This technique has the ability to respond almost immediately to various signals in order to
acquire and process information. These involve high maintenance and upfront cost attributed to
very advanced technology and computing power. Time saved is maximum in this case as the
output is seen in real time. For example in banking transactions.

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COMPUTER NETWORK

A computer network is a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing
resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server. A computer network is a set of connected
computers. Computers on a network are called nodes. The connection between computers can
be done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves.
Connected computers can share resources, like access to the Internet, printers, file servers, and
others. A network is a multipurpose connection, which allows a single computer to do more.

Types of Network Connections

Computer networks can be broken down historically into topologies, which is a technique of
connecting computers. The most common topology today is a collapsed ring. This is due to the
success of a network protocol called the Ethernet. This protocol, or network Types of Networks

There are several different types of computer networks. Computer networks can be characterized
by their size as well as their purpose.

The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area they occupy and the number of
computers that are part of the network. Networks can cover anything from a handful of devices
within a single room to millions of devices spread across the entire globe.

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Some of the different networks based on size are:

• Local area network, or LAN

• Metropolitan area network, or MAN
• Wide area network, or WAN

In terms of purpose, many networks can be considered general purpose, which means they are
used for everything from sending files to a printer to accessing the Internet. Some types of
networks, however, serve a very particular purpose

Local Area Network:

A local area network, or LAN, consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an
individual office building. A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and
printers. LANs can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network adapters
and Ethernet cables.

The smallest LAN may only use two computers, while larger LANs can accommodate thousands
of computers.

Metropolitan Area Network:

A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network across an entire city,
college campus or small region. A MAN is larger than a LAN, which is typically limited to a
single building or site. Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area
from several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to connect several LANs together to
form a bigger network. When this type of network is specifically designed for a college campus,
it is sometimes referred to as a campus area network, or CAN.

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Wide Area Network

A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire
world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is
the best-known example of a public WAN.

Language, supports the Internet, Local Area Networks, and Wide Area Networks.

Network Topology
A network topology is the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines.
There are ways of defining network physical topology

Star Topology

A star topology is a design of a network where a central node extends a cable to each computer
on the network. On a star network, computers are connected independently to the center of the
network. If a cable is broken, the other computers can operate without problems. A star topology
requires a lot of cabling.

Bus Topology

A bus topology is another type of design where a single cable connects all computers and the
information intended for the last node on the network must run through each connected
computer. If a cable is broken, all computers connected down the line cannot reach the network.
The benefit of a bus topology is a minimal use of cabling.

Ring Topology

A similar topology is called a ring. In this design, computers are connected via a single cable,
but the end nodes also are connected to each other. In this design, the signal circulates through
the network until it finds the intended recipient.

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 If a network node is not configured properly, or it is down temporarily for another reason, the
signal will make a number of attempts to find its destination.

A collapsed ring is a topology where the central node is a network device called a hub, a router,
or a switch. This device runs a ring topology internally and features plugging for cables.

Characteristics of a Computer Network

• Share resources from one computer to another.

• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from the other
computer(s) connected over the network.

• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within the network and let
other computers of the network use the machines available over the network.

Following is the list of hardware's required to set up a computer network.

• Network Cables

• Distributors

• Routers

• Internal Network Cards

• External Network Cards

Network Cables
Network cables are used to connect computers. The most commonly used cable is Category 5
cable RJ-45.

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Type of Network Cables
Fiber optic

An optical fiber cable consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective
material. Optical fiber deployment is more expensive than copper but offers higher bandwidth
and can cover longer distances.

Coaxial

Coaxial cables form a transmission line and confine the electromagnetic wave inside the cable
between the center conductor and the shield

Patch

A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic device to another
towards building infrastructure for signal routing.

Distributors
A computer can be connected to another one via a serial port but if we need to connect many
computers to produce a network, this serial connection will not work.

The solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers, scanners, etc. can be
connected and then this body will manage or distribute network traffic.

Router
A router is a type of device which acts as the central point among computers and other devices
that are a part of the network. It is equipped with holes called ports. Computers and other
devices are connected to a router using network cables. Now-a-days router comes in wireless
modes using which computers can be connected without any physical cable.

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Network Card
Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a computer cannot be
connected over a network. It is also known as the network adapter or Network Interface Card
(NIC). Most branded computers have network card pre-installed. Network cards are of two
types: Internal and External Network Cards.

Internal Network Cards

Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to be inserted. Internal network
cards are of two types in which the first type uses Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
connection, while the second type uses Industry Standard Architecture (ISA). Network cables
are required to provide network access.

External Network Cards

External network cards are of two types: Wireless and USB based. Wireless network card needs
to be inserted into the motherboard; however no network cable is required to connect to the
network.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB card is easy to use and connects via USB port. Computers automatically detect USB card
and can install the drivers required to support the USB network card automatically.

COMPUTER INTERNET
Alternatively referred to as the net or web, the Internet was initially developed to aid in the
progress of computing technology by linking all the best academic computer centers. The
Internet as we know it today first started being developed in the late 1960's with the start
of ARPANET and transmitted its first message on Friday, October 29, 1969. In 1993, the
Internet experienced one of its largest growths to date and today is accessible by people all over
the world.
The Internet contains billions of web pages created by people and companies from around the
world, making it a limitless place to locate information and entertainment. The Internet also has
thousands of services that help make life more convenient. For example, many financial
institutions offer online banking that enables a user to manage and view their account online.

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The Internet basics

• The Internet and the WWW are not the same things.
• The Internet utilizes the TCP/IP protocol and is accessed using a
computer modem, broadband, 3G, 4G, or network that is connected through an ISP.
• In the case of broadband, many computers and devices use Wi-Fi to connect to
a router that is connected to the ISP.
• The Internet is explored, which is more commonly referred to as surfing, using a browser.
• Finding information on the Internet is achieved by using a search engine.
• Users browse websites and web pages by following hyperlinks that point to an address
more commonly referred to as a URL.
• Files, pictures, songs, and video can be shared by downloading (receiving)
and uploading (sending).
• The Internet is also used for communicating with others through social networks, online
games, forums, chat, e-mails, IM, and VoIP.

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Types of Internet service

The type of Internet service you choose will largely depend on which Internet service
providers (ISPs) serve your area, along with the types of service they offer. Here are some
common types of Internet service.

Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you should
probably avoid it unless it is the only service available in your area. Dial-up Internet uses
your phone line, so unless you have multiple phone lines you will not be able to use your
landline and the Internet at the same time.

DSL: DSL service uses a broadband connection, which makes it much faster than dial-
up. DSL connects to the Internet via a phone line but does not require you to have a
landline at home. And unlike dial-up, you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone
line at the same time.

Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you do not
necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a broadband connection and
can be faster than both dial-up and DSL service; however, it is only available where
cable TV is available.

Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or phone
lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the Earth. As a result, it can be
used almost anywhere in the world, but the connection may be affected by weather
patterns. Satellite connections are also usually slower than DSL or cable.

3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile phones, and it
connects wirelessly through your ISP's network. However, these types of connections
aren't always as fast as DSL or cable. They will also limit the amount of data you can use
each month, which isn't the case with most broadband plans.

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Choosing an Internet service provider

Now that you know about the different types of Internet service, you can do some research to
find out what ISPs are available in your area. If you're having trouble getting started, we
recommend talking to friends, family members, and neighbors about the ISPs they use. PS or
higher).

ICT IN HEALTH CARE

Electron Devices: An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used
to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a manner consistent with the intended function
of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by
being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular
function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged
singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components
are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as
active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors and capacitors).

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. A particular device
may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types.

Analog circuits: are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog
circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The
number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be
defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.

Digital circuits: are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits
are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra, and are the basis of all digital
computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are
interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.

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DIGITAL DEVICES

Digital devices are pieces of hardware for computers and include any technology which can
understand binary code - in other words, digital devices speak the same language as computers.
There are many different digital devices: monitors, microphones, speakers, cameras, scanners
etc.

Diagnostic: devices are devices used to identify the nature or cause of a certain phenomenon,
usually related to a medical condition. Examples of diagnostic devices are magnetic resonance
imaging apparatuses, temperature sensors or pacemakers.

Ultrasound: An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to
capture live images from the inside of your body. It's also known as sonography. ...
An ultrasound allows your doctor to see problems with organs, vessels, and tissues without
needing to make an incision.

CT Scan: A CT scan or computed tomography scan makes use of computer-processed

combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-
sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object
without cutting.

MICR: (magnetic ink character recognition) is a technology used to verify the legitimacy or
originality of paper documents, especially checks. Special ink, which is sensitive to magnetic
fields, is used in the printing of certain characters on the original documents.

Fluoroscopic: Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving
images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of medical imaging a fluoroscope
allows a physician to see the internal structure and function of a patient, so that the pumping
action of the heart or the motion of swallowing, for example, can be watched. This is useful for
both diagnosis and therapy and occurs in general radiology, interventional radiology, and image-
guided surgery.

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Monitoring Devices: monitoring device - display produced by a device that takes signals and
displays them on a television screen or a computer monitor. Monitor. Computer, computing
device, computing machine, data processor, electronic computer, information processing system
- a machine for performing calculations automatically

Oximeter: A pulse oximeter is a medical device that indirectly monitors the oxygen saturation
of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample)
and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a photoplethysmogram that may be further
processed into other measurements.

Cardiac Monitor: The cardiac monitor is a device that shows the electrical and pressure
waveforms of the cardiovascular system for measurement and treatment. Parameters specific to
respiratory function can also be measured.

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