Accty 215 Modules

Module in IT Application in Business
Chapter 1
COMPUTER: The Business Tools
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter the students should be able to:

1. Apply the use of Computers in Business
2. Analyze the different component of a Computer System
3. Demonstrate the functions of each Parts of a Computer System
4. Classify and categorize the different categories of Computer System
5. Identify and determine what are Input Devices
6. Identify and determine what are Output Devices
7. Identify and determine what are Digital Data Storage
8. Determine the generations of Computers
9. Identify and describe the types of Computers According to Size
10. Identify and describe the types Computer According to Data Handled
Learning Contents
● The use of Computers in Business

● The Computer System and its Parts and Categories
● What is a Computer System?
● Input Devices
● Output Devices
● Digital Data Storage
● Generations of Computers
● Types of Computers According to Size
ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 1

● Types of Computer According to Data Handled

● Types of Computer According to Purpose Handled
The use of Computers in Business

Computers speed up the business processes and systems with top quality. Today’s
world computer is important to use to start an online and offline business. A computer is
important to use in business to automate the manufacturing, marketing, and, distribution
process.
Computers help in the following field of specializations:

● Research
● Production
● Distribution
● Marketing
● Banking
● Team management
● Business automation
● Data storage
● Employee management, and
● Very helpful to increase productivity at a lower cost
● Less time with high quality
That is why the use of the computer is important in business. Computer is the first
and main tool in business that generates and manages profits in the following ways:
● Computers help businesses to: collect, manage, calculate, arrange, and visualize
customer data and information by the use of computer applications such as
Microsoft word, excel, and PowerPoint.
● A computer helps to communicate faster with the customer by using the internet,
online communication tools, and internet phone system. It’s really important for the
administration of the big or small organization and each field that manages
resources and Opportunities.
● Computer help creates marketing and advertising materials by using adobe

Photoshop, Corel draw, online designing tools.
● The computer is used in business to create websites for business.
● The computer is important in business to automate business transactions by using

online banking, payment Gateway.

● A computer is used around the world in almost all the private, government, and
home-based businesses and organizations. Without a computer, it’s impossible to
conduct, run, and grow the business.
The Computer System and its Parts and Categories
Components of Computer System
What is a Computer System?
A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic

or logical operations automatically via computer programming. Modern computers have the
ability to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs enable
computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A "complete" computer including
the hardware, the operating system (main software), and peripheral equipment required

and used for "full" operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term may as
well be used for a group of computers that are connected and work together, in particular
a computer network or computer cluster.
Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of industrial and consumer
devices. This includes simple special purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote
controls, factory devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design, and also
general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices such as smartphones.
The Internet is run on computers and it connects hundreds of millions of other computers
and their users.
Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since ancient times,
simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations. Early in the
Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks,
such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized
analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines
were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s
were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated
circuit (IC) chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the
microcomputer revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power and versatility of computers have
been increasing dramatically ever since then, with MOS transistor counts increasing at a
rapid pace (as predicted by Moore's law), leading to the Digital Revolution during the late
20th to early 21st centuries.
Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element,

typically a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS)
microprocessor, along with some type of computer memory, typically MOS semiconductor

memory chips. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a
sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored
information. Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.),
output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.), and input/output devices that perform
both functions (e.g., the 2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information to
be retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of operations to be saved
and retrieved.
Input Devices
An input device is essentially a piece of hardware that sends data to a computer.

Most input devices either interact with or control the computer in some way. The most
common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard, but there are many others. The key
distinction between an input device and an output device is that the former sends data to
the computer, whereas the latter receives data from the computer. Input and output
devices that provide computers with additional functionality are also called peripheral or
auxiliary devices.
1. Keyboard
Keyboards are the most common type of input device. Before keyboards, interaction with
computers was generally carried out using punch cards and paper tape. Most English
language keyboards use the QWERTY layout for the alphabetic keys, which are surrounded
by number, symbol, function, and other key types. By pressing the relevant keys, a user can
feed data and instructions to the computer.
2. Mouse
A mouse interacts with a computer through a process known as "point and click."
Essentially, when a user moves the mouse on the mouse pad, the pointer moves in a

corresponding direction on the computer's monitor screen. The concept of a computer

mouse has its roots in the trackball, a related pointing device invented in 1946 that used a
"roller ball" to control a pointer. Most modern computer mice have two buttons for clicking
and a wheel in the middle for scrolling up and down documents and web pages.
3. Touchpad
Also known as a trackpad, a touchpad is a common substitute for a computer mouse. It is
essentially a specialized surface that can detect the movement of a user's finger and use
that information to direct a pointer and control a computer. Touchpads were first
introduced for laptops in the 1990s, and it's now rare to find a laptop without one.
4. Scanner
The word "scanner" can be used in a number of different ways in the computer world, but
here I am using it to refer to a desktop image scanner. Essentially, a scanner is an input
device that uses optical technology to transfer images (or sometimes text) into a computer,
where the signal is converted into a digital image. The digital image can then be viewed on a
monitor screen, saved, edited, emailed, or printed.
5. Digital Camera
Digital cameras are used to capture photographs and videos independently. Later, these
photo and video files can be transferred to a computer by connecting the camera directly
with a cable, removing the memory card and slotting it into the computer, or through
wireless data transfer methods such as Bluetooth. Once the photos are on the computer,
they can be saved, edited, emailed, or printed.
6. Microphone
A microphone captures audio and sends it to a computer where it is converted to a digital
format. Once the audio has been digitized, it can be played back, copied, edited, uploaded,
or emailed. Microphones can also be used to record audio or to relay sounds live as part of a
video chat or audio stream.
7. Joystick
Joysticks are commonly used to control characters and vehicles in computer video games.
Essentially, a joystick is a handle that pivots on a base and sends its angle or direction to the
computer as data. Many video gaming joysticks feature triggers and buttons that can be
pressed to use weapons or projectiles in games.
8. Graphic Tablet
Also known as digitizers, graphic tablets are input devices used for converting hand-drawn
artwork into digital images. The user draws with a stylus on a special flat surface as if they
were drawing on a piece of paper. The drawing appears on the computer screen and can be
saved, edited, or printed. While scanners can only create digital images from drawings,
graphic tablets offer greater control and versatility for artists by allowing them to see their
drawing appear live on their monitor as they create it.

9. Touch Screen
Many devices nowadays use a touch screen rather than a mouse as a way for users to point,
drag, or select options on a screen. As the name suggests, a touch screen is a touch-sensitive
monitor screen that reacts to fingers moving across it. Touch screens are particularly
common in portable devices, such as tablets, palmtops, laptops, and smartphones.
10. Webcam
Webcams are different from digital cameras in two ways. Firstly, they cannot operate
independently from a computer, and second, they have no inbuilt memory. Although
webcams can capture photographs and videos, they are more often used to live-stream
videos or facilitate video chats.
Output Devices
What Is an Output Device?

An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a computer and
then translates that data into another form. That form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard
copy such as a printed document.
The key distinction between an input device and an output device is that an input device
sends data to the computer, whereas an output device receives data from the computer.
For example, using a microphone to record a podcast is an example of using an input device.
Listening to the recorded podcast through a connected speaker is an example of using an
output device. Both output and input devices are examples of auxiliary or peripheral
devices.

Analyzing the Functionality of a Device

There are four different categories of output device: visual, data, print, and sound. Each
output device example has a specific history, so here I cover specifically how each device
works, when it became a part of technology history, popular brands on the market selling
the device, and a fun fact.
1. Monitor
Mode: Visual
Function: A monitor consists of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons to adjust screen
settings, and a casing that contains all of these components. A monitor displays data from a
computer onto a screen so the user can interact with the data via a digital interface.
Popular Brands: Acer, Alienware, Apple, Asus, Dell, HP, LG, Lenovo, Samsung
Origin Story: The first monitors used the same technology as early televisions, relying
on a cathode ray tube and a fluorescent screen. This technology was first utilized for
computer monitors in 1965 in the Uniscope 300 machine, which had a built-in CRT display.
CRT display lights up a series of dots with a beam on an active part of the screen. This
resulted in a maximum resolution of 1600 by 1200 pixels. LCD (liquid crystal display) entered
the market in 2000 and outsold CRT monitors in 2007. Nowadays, monitors incorporate flat
display technology. Plasma monitors are brighter than both CRT and LCD and function by
illuminating tiny charged gas bubbles, or plasma, in the screen.
2. Printer
Mode: Print
Function: The function of a printer is to create a copy of whatever is sent from the computer
to the printer. Printers take electronic data sent from a computer and generate a hard copy.
Popular Brands: Brother, Canon, Epson
3. Headphones
Mode: Sound
Function: Headphones output audio from a computer through two individual headphones
for a single listener. Also known as earphones, headphones allow you to listen to audio
without disrupting other people in the vicinity.
Popular Brands: Sennheiser, JBL, Bose, Sony, Skullcandy
4. Computer Speakers
Mode: Sound

Function: Computer speakers are hardware devices that transform the signal from the
computer's sound card into audio. Speakers create sound using internal amplifiers that
vibrate at different frequencies according to data from the computer. This produces sound.
5. Projector
Mode: Visual
Function: As its name suggests, this output device "projects" computer images or video onto
a wall or screen.
6. GPS (Global Positioning System)
Mode: Data
Function: GPS is a radio-based navigation system that’s composed of a sender computer and
a receiver. The sender broadcasts signals to 24 satellites that ping to the sender the exact
location of the sender computer in the form of latitude and longitude coordinates. The
satellites use microwave signals to “talk” to the GPS, giving information on location, vehicle
speed, and a number of other pieces of data.
7. Sound Card
Mode: Sound
Function: The sound card controls the output of sound signals, enabling devices like
speakers and headphones to work. The sound card is known as an expansion card, which
means it can be added to the motherboard. Although a sound card is not essential to a
computer's basic functionality, you need one if you wish to play games, watch movies, listen
to music, and use audio and video conferencing.
Popular Brands: Audigy, ASUS, Creative, EVGA
8. Video Card
Mode: Visual
Function: As with the sound card, the video card is an expansion card that slots into the
motherboard. The video card processes images and video, enabling visuals to be seen on a
display. Most computers have basic video and graphics capabilities built into the computer's
motherboard, but for faster, more detailed graphics, a video card is required.
Popular Brands: NIVIDIA, ASUS, MSI, EVGA
9. Braille Reader
Mode: Print
Function: A braille reader is a peripheral device that enables a blind person to read text
displayed on a computer monitor. The text is sent by the computer to the device, where it is
translated into a braille format and made readable by pushing rounded pins up through a
flat surface. Braille readers are also called braille displays and come in various sizes. Braille

readers come in the form of separate devices from a keyboard or as part of a keyboard.
Most use piezoelectric technology, or electricity generated by mechanical stress, to create a
single line of text at a time in the form of raised bumps.
10. Speech-Generating Device (SGD)

Mode: Sound
Function: SGDs, also known as voice output communication aids, generate text to speech. A
user types something and when the command is sent, the SGD reads the sentence out loud.
Storage Devices
Digital data storage is essentially the recording of digital information in a storage
medium, typically by electronic means. The storage device usually enables a user to store
large amounts of data in a relatively small physical space, and makes sharing that
information with others easy. The device may be capable of holding the data either
temporarily or permanently.
Digital data storage devices have many uses. For example, computers usually depend upon
information storage to function. Storage media can also be used to back up important
information (storing digital data can involve durability and reliability issues, so making
independent copies of the information is normally a wise precaution). Some storage devices
are also portable, meaning that they can be used to transfer information from one
computer to another.

Digital data storage media generally fall into one of five categories: magnetic storage
devices, optical storage devices, flash memory devices, online/cloud storage, and paper
storage. I will give one or more examples of each category below.
1. Hard Disk Drive

A hard disk drive (also known as a hard drive, HD, or HDD) can be found installed in almost
every desktop computer and laptop. It stores files for the operating system and software
programs, as well as user documents, such as photographs, text files, and audio. The hard
drive uses magnetic storage to record and retrieve digital information to and from one or
more fast-spinning disks.
2. Floppy Disk
Also know as a diskette, floppy, or FD, the floppy disk is another type of storage medium
that uses magnetic storage technology to store information. Floppy disks were once a
common storage device for computers and lasted from the mid-1970's through to the start
of the 21st century. The earliest floppies were 8-inch (203 mm) in size, but these were
replaced by 5 1⁄4-inch (133 mm) disk drives, and finally a 3 1⁄2 inch (90 mm) version.
3. Tape
In the past, magnetic tape was often used for digital data storage, because of its low cost
and ability to store large amounts of data. The technology essentially consisted of a
magnetically thin coated piece of plastic wrapped around wheels. Its relative slowness and
unreliability compared to other data storage solutions has resulted in it now being largely
abandoned as a media.
4. Compact Disc (CD)

The compact disc, known for short as a CD, is a form of optical storage, a technology which
employs lasers and lights to read and write data. Initially compact discs were used purely for
music audio, but in the late 1980's they began to be also used for computer data storage.
Initially, the compact discs that were introduced were CD-ROM's (read only), but this was
followed by CD-R's (writable compact discs) and CD-RW's (re-writable compact discs).
5. DVD and Blu-ray Discs

The DVD (digital versatile disc) and Blu-ray disc (BD) are formats of digital optical disc data
storage which have superseded compact discs, mainly because of their much greater
storage capacity. A Blu-ray disc, for example, can store 25 GB (gigabytes) of data on a single-
layer disc and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. In comparison, a standard CD is the same physical
size, but only holds 700 MB (megabytes) of digital data.
6. USB Flash Drive

Also known as a thumb drive, pen drive, flash-drive, memory stick, jump drive, and USB
stick, the USB flash drive is a flash memory data storage device that incorporates an
integrated USB interface. Flash memory is generally more efficient and reliable than optical
media, being smaller, faster, and possessing much greater storage capacity, as well as being
more durable due to a lack of moving parts.

7. Secure Digital Card (SD Card)

A common type of memory card, SD cards are used in multiple electronic devices, including
digital cameras and mobile phones. Although there are different sizes, classes, and
capacities available, they all use a rectangular design with one side "chipped off" to prevent
the card from being inserted into the camera or other device the wrong way.
8. Solid State Drive (SSD)

A solid state drive uses flash memory to store data and is sometimes used in devices such as
netbooks, laptop, and desktop computers instead of a traditional hard disk drive. The
advantages of an SSD over a HDD include a faster read/write speed, noiseless operation,
greater reliability, and lower power consumption. The biggest downside is cost, with an SSD
offering lower capacity than an equivalently priced HDD.
9. Cloud Storage
With users increasingly operating multiple devices in multiple places, many are turning to
online and cloud computing solutions. Cloud computing basically involves accessing services
over a network via a collection of remote servers. Although the idea of a "cloud of
computers" may sound abstract to those unfamiliar with this metaphorical concept, in
practice it can provide tremendous storage solutions for devices that are connected to the
internet.
10. Punch Card

Punch cards (or punched cards) were a common method of data storage used in the early
computers. Basically, they consisted of a paper card with punched or perforated holes that
have been created by hand or machine. The cards were entered into the computer to
enable the storage and accessing of information. This form of data storage media pretty
much disappeared as new and better technologies were developed.

Chapter 2
SOFTWARE AND ITS CATEGORIES
Learning Outcomes

Software and Its Categories
1. Recall and Summarize History of Software
2. Define and Explain the definition of Software
3. Classify and Apply the Purpose, or domain use of Software Application
4. Identify the Software Application based on Purpose and Nature or domain of
execution
5. Determine the Different Categories of Software
6. Determine and Name the Categories of Application Software
7. Define the General-purpose software
8. Define the System software
9. Identify the different Rogue Software

Learning Contents
Software and Its Categories

1. History
2. What is a Software?
3. Purpose, or domain of use
4. Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into:
5. Purpose
6. Nature or domain of execution
7. Different Categories of Software
o Application Software
o General-purpose software
o System software
o Rogue Software
History
An outline (algorithm) for what would have been the first piece of software was written by
Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. She created proofs
to show how the engine would calculate Bernoulli Numbers. Because of the proofs and
the algorithm, she is considered the first computer programmer.
The first theory about software—prior to the creation of computers as we know them today
—was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay On Computable Numbers, with an
Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem).
This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software
engineering; Both fields study software and its creation. Computer science is the
theoretical study of computer and software (Turing's essay is an example of computer
science), whereas software engineering is the application of engineering and
development of software.
However, prior to 1946, software was not yet the programs stored in the memory of stored-
program digital computers, as we now understand it. The first electronic computing
devices were instead rewired in order to "reprogram" them.

In 2000, Fred Shapiro, a librarian at the Yale Law School, published a letter revealing that
John Wilder Tukey's 1958 paper "The Teaching of Concrete Mathematics"[5][6]
contained the earliest known usage of the term "software" found in a search of JSTOR's
electronic archives, predating the OED's citation by two years. This led many to credit
Tukey with coining the term, particularly in obituaries published that same year,[8]
although Tukey never claimed credit for any such coinage. In 1995, Paul Niquette
claimed he had originally coined the term in October 1953, although he could not find
any documents supporting his claim. The earliest known publication of the term
"software" in an engineering context was in August 1953 by Richard R. Carhart, in a
Rand Corporation Research Memorandum.
What is a Software?
Software, instructions that tell a computer what to do. Software comprises the entire
set of programs, procedures, and routines associated with the operation of a computer
system. The term was coined to differentiate these instructions from hardware—i.e., the
physical components of a computer system. A set of instructions that directs a computer’s
hardware to perform a task is called a program, or software program.
Software is typically stored on an external long-term memory device, such as a hard drive
or magnetic diskette. When the program is in use, the computer reads it from the storage
device and temporarily places the instructions in random access memory (RAM). The
process of storing and then performing the instructions is called “running,” or “executing,”
a program. By contrast, software programs and procedures that are permanently stored
in a computer’s memory using a read-only (ROM) technology are called firmware, or
“hard software.”
Purpose, or domain of use

Based on the goal, computer software can be divided into:
Application software
which is software that uses the computer system to perform special functions or provide
entertainment functions beyond the basic operation of the computer itself. There are many
different types of application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed
with a modern computer is so large—see list of software.
System software
Which is software for managing computer hardware behavior, as to provide
basic functionalities that are required by users, or for other software to run properly,

if at all. System software is also designed for providing a platform for running
application software,[11] and it includes the following:
Operating systems
Which are essential collections of software that manage resources and
provide common services for other software that runs "on top" of them. Supervisory
programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are core parts of operating
systems. In practice, an operating system comes bundled with additional software
(including application software) so that a user can potentially do some work with a
computer that only has one operating system.
Device drivers
Which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a
computer. Each device needs at least one corresponding device driver; because a
computer typically has at minimum at least one input device and at least one output
device, a computer typically needs more than one device driver.
Utilities
Which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance
and care of their computers.
Malicious software or malware

Which is software that is developed to harm and disrupt computers. As such,
malware is undesirable. Malware is closely associated with computer-related crimes,
though some malicious programs may have been designed as practical jokes.
Nature or domain of execution

● Desktop applications such as web browsers and Microsoft Office, as well as
smartphone and tablet applications (called "apps"). (There is a push in some parts
of the software industry to merge desktop applications with mobile apps, to some
extent. Windows 8, and later Ubuntu Touch, tried to allow the same style of
application user interface to be used on desktops, laptops and mobiles.)
● JavaScript scripts are pieces of software traditionally embedded in web pages that
are run directly inside the web browser when a web page is loaded without the need
for a web browser plugin. Software written in other programming languages can also
be run within the web browser if the software is either translated into JavaScript, or
if a web browser plugin that supports that language is installed; the most common
example of the latter is ActionScript scripts, which are supported by the Adobe Flash
plugin.
● Server software, including:

● Web applications, which usually run on the web server and output dynamically
generated web pages to web browsers, using e.g. PHP, Java, ASP.NET, or even
JavaScript that runs on the server. In modern times these commonly include

some JavaScript to be run in the web browser as well, in which case they typically
run partly on the server, partly in the web browser.
● Plugins and extensions are software that extends or modifies the functionality of
another piece of software, and require that software be used in order to function;
● Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices

dedicated to a single use or a few uses such as cars and televisions (although some
embedded devices such as wireless chipsets can themselves be part of an ordinary,
non-embedded computer system such as a PC or smartphone).[12] In the embedded
system context there is sometimes no clear distinction between the system software
and the application software. However, some embedded systems run embedded
operating systems, and these systems do retain the distinction between system
software and application software (although typically there will only be one, fixed
application which is always run).
● Microcode is a special, relatively obscure type of embedded software which tells the
processor itself how to execute machine code, so it is actually a lower level than
machine code. It is typically proprietary to the processor manufacturer, and any
necessary correctional microcode software updates are supplied by them to users
(which is much cheaper than shipping replacement processor hardware). Thus an
ordinary programmer would not expect to ever have to deal with it.
Different Categories of Software:
1. Application Software. Application software (app for short) is a program or group of

programs designed for end users. Examples of an application include a word
processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, an email client,
a media player, a file viewer, simulators, a console game or a photo editor.– is
designed and written to perform a specific task for computer users.
2. General-purpose software. General purpose application software is a type of

application that can be used for a variety of tasks. It is not limited to one particular
function. For example, a word processor could be classed as general-purpose

software as it would allow a user to write a novel, create a restaurant menu or even
make a poster.
1. Word Processor. Sometimes abbreviated as WP, a word processor is a software

program capable of creating, storing, and printing typed documents. Today, the
word processor is one of the most frequently used software programs on a
computer, with Microsoft Word being the most popular
word processor.
• Microsoft Word
• WordStar
• Word Perfect
• Note Pad
• Word Pad
2. Spreadsheets Software. A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization,

analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets were
developed as computerized analogs of paper accounting
worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a
table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the
results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value
based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet may also refer
to one such electronic document. – permits user to work with rows, and columns of
a matrix (or spreadsheet) of data.
• Excel
• SPSS
• Lotus 123
• Accounting 102
• Solaris
3. Graphics Software. Graphic art software is a subclass of application software used

for graphic design, multimedia development, stylized image development, technical
illustration, general image editing, or simply to access graphic files. Art software uses
either raster or vector graphic reading and editing methods to create, edit, and view
art.
• Adobe
• Flash Macro Media
• Photo Editor
• Dream weaver
• 3D Software
4. Desktop Publishing (DTP). Desktop Publishing is the creation of documents using

page layout software on a personal ("desktop") computer. It was first used almost

exclusively for print publications, but now it also assists in the creation of various
forms of online content. Desktop publishing software can
generate layouts and produce typographic-quality text and
images comparable to traditional typography and printing.
Desktop publishing is also the main reference for digital
typography. This technology allows individuals, businesses,
and other organizations to self-publish a wide variety of
content, from menus to magazines to books, without the expense of commercial
printing.
• Publisher
• Desktop Editors
• EnFocus
• Adobe InDesign
• Dream Weaver
5. Utility Software. Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure,

optimize or maintain a computer. It is used to support the computer infrastructure -
in contrast to application software, which is aimed at directly performing tasks that
benefit ordinary users. However, utilities often form part of the application systems.
For example, a batch job may run user-written code to update a database and may
then include a step that runs a utility to back up the database, or a job may run a
utility to compress a disk before copying files.
6. Database Software. Database software is designed to create databases and to store,

manage, change, search, and extract the information contained within them. A
comprehensive database software program is sometimes called a database
management system.

3. System software. System software is software designed to provide a platform for

other software. Examples of system software include operating systems like macOS,
GNU/Linux , Android and Microsoft Windows, computational science software, game
engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications.
1. Operating System. An Operating system (OS) is a software which acts as an interface

between the end user and computer hardware. Every computer must have at least
one OS to run other programs. An application like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc
needs some environment in which it will run and perform its task. The OS helps you
to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's
language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device
without having an operating system.

• LINUX
• Android
• WINDOWS
• DOS
• Oracle
2. Software Development Programs. A programming tool or software development

tool is a computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain,
or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to
relatively simple programs, that can be combined together to accomplish a task,
much as one might use multiple hand tools to fix a physical object.
1. Programming Languages
2. Web Development Programs

4. Rogue Software - Software is any program that runs on the computer without the user’s
knowledge and consent. More often than not, it does damage to the user’s file.
Examples:
• Back Doors
• Chameleon
• Logic Bombs
• Trojan Horses
• ANSI Bombs
• Worm
• Virus
Chapter 3:
Application Tools in Business
Learning Outcomes

Application Tools in Business
1. Categorize and define Categories of Application Software
2. Determine the Variety and Forms of Application Software
3. Define and apply what is Business Software?
4. Compare and Contrast Categories of Users of Business Software
5. Identify Small Business Market
6. Identify Medium-Sized Enterprise

7. Determine Enterprise Level Software Application

8. Classify and analyze Type of Business Tools
Learning Contents
1. Application Tools in Business

2. Application Software
3. Variety and Forms of Application Software
4. What is Business Software?
5. Categories of Users of Business Software
6. Small Business Market
7. Medium-Sized Enterprise
8. Enterprise Level Software Application
9. Type of Business Tools
Application Software
Application software consists of programs designed to make users more productive

and/or assist with personal tasks.

● Packaged Software. n application program developed for sale to the general public.
Packaged software is designed to appeal to a large audience of users, and although
the programs may be tailored to a user's taste by setting various preferences, it can
never be as individualized as custom-programmed software.
● Custom Software. Custom software (also known as bespoke software or tailor-made

software) is software that is specially developed for some specific organization or
other user.

● Web Application. A web application (or web app) is an application software that
runs on a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are stored
locally on the Operating System (OS) of the device. Web applications are accessed by
the user through a web browser with an active internet connection.
● Open Source Software. Open-source software (OSS) is a type of computer software
in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants
users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for
any purpose.[1] Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public
manner. Open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration.
● Shareware. Shareware is a type of proprietary software which is initially provided

free of charge to users, who are allowed and encouraged to make and share copies
of the program. Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or on a
compact disc included with a magazine. Shareware differs from freeware, which is
software distributed at no cost to the user but without source code being made
available; and open-source software, in which the source code is freely available for
anyone to inspect and alter.
● Freeware. Freeware is software, most often proprietary, that is distributed at no

monetary cost to the end user. There is no agreed-upon set of rights, license, or
EULA that defines freeware unambiguously; every publisher defines its own rules for
the freeware it offers. For instance, modification, redistribution by third parties, and
reverse engineering without the author's permission are permitted by some
publishers but prohibited by others. Unlike with free and open-source software,
which are also often distributed free of charge, the source code for freeware is
typically not made available. Freeware may be intended to benefit its producer by,
for example, encouraging sales of a more capable version, as in the freemium and
shareware business models.
● Public-domain Software. Public-domain software is software that has been placed in

the public domain: in other words, there is absolutely no ownership such as
copyright, trademark, or patent. Software in the public domain can be modified,
distributed, or sold even without any attribution by anyone; this is unlike the
common case of software under exclusive copyright, where software licenses grant
limited usage rights.
What is Business Software?

Business software (or a business application) is any software or set of computer programs
used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications
are used to increase productivity, to measure productivity and to perform other business
functions accurately.

By and large, business software is likely to be developed to meet the needs of a

specific business, and therefore is not easily transferable to a different business
environment, unless its nature and operation is identical. Due to the unique requirements of
each business, off-the-shelf software is unlikely to completely address a company's needs.
However, where an on-the-shelf solution is necessary, due to time or monetary
considerations, some level of customization is likely to be required. Exceptions do exist,
depending on the business in question, and thorough research is always required before
committing to bespoke or off-the-shelf solutions.
Some business applications are interactive, i.e., they have a graphical user interface
or user interface and users can query/modify/input data and view results instantaneously.
They can also run reports instantaneously. Some business applications run in batch mode:
they are set up to run based on a predetermined event/time and a business user does not
need to initiate them or monitor them.
Many kinds of users are found within the business environment,

and can be categorized by using a small, medium and large matrix:
The small business market generally consists of home accounting software, and
office suites such as LibreOffice, Microsoft Office or GSuite.
The medium size, or small and medium-sized enterprise (SME), has a broader range
of software applications, ranging from accounting, groupware, customer relationship
management, human resource management systems, outsourcing relationship
management, loan origination software, shopping cart software, field service software, and
other productivity enhancing applications.

The last segment covers enterprise level software applications, such as those in the
fields of enterprise resource planning, enterprise content management (ECM), business
process management (BPM) and product lifecycle management. These applications are
extensive in scope, and often come with modules that either add native functions, or
incorporate the functionality of third-party computer programs.
Types of business tools

● Enterprise software application (ESA). Enterprise software, also known as enterprise
application software (EAS), is computer software used to satisfy the needs of an
organization rather than individual users. Such organizations include businesses,
schools, interest-based user groups, clubs, charities, and governments. Enterprise
software is an integral part of a (computer-based) information system; a collection of
such software is called an enterprise system.
Services provided by enterprise software are typically business-oriented tools:

o online shopping, and online payment processing
o interactive product catalogue
o automated billing systems, security
o Business Process Management
o enterprise content management
o IT Service Management
o customer relationship management
o enterprise resource planning
o business intelligence
o project management
o collaboration
o human resource management
o manufacturing
o occupational health and safety
o enterprise application integration, and
o enterprise forms automation
● Resource Management. In organizational studies, resource management is the

efficient and effective development of an organization's resources when they are
needed. Such resources may include the financial resources, inventory, human skills,
production resources, or information technology (IT) and natural resources.
● Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). ERP is usually referred to as a category of

business management software—typically a suite of integrated applications—that an
organization can use to collect, store, manage, and interpret data from many
business activities.
● Digital dashboards, also known as business intelligence dashboards, enterprise

dashboards, or executive dashboards. These are visually based summaries of
business data that show at-a-glance understanding of conditions through metrics

and key performance indicators (KPIs). Dashboards are a very popular tools that
have arisen in the last few years.
● Online analytical processing (OLAP), (which include HOLAP, ROLAP and MOLAP) -
are a capability of some management, decision support, and executive information
systems that support interactive examination of large amounts of data from many
perspectives.
● Reporting software generates aggregated views of data to keep the management

informed about the state of their business.
● Procurement software is business software that helps to automate the purchasing

function of organizations.
● Data mining is the extraction of consumer information from a database by utilizing

software that can isolate and identify previously unknown patterns or trends in large
amounts of data. There is a variety of data mining techniques that reveal different
types of patterns. Some of the techniques that belong here are statistical methods
(particularly business statistics) and neural networks, as very advanced means of
analyzing data.
● Business performance management (BPM). Business performance management

(also known as "corporate performance management" (CPM) and "enterprise
performance management" is a set of performance management and analytic
processes that enables the management of an organization's performance to achieve
one or more pre-selected goals. Gartner retired the concept of "CPM" and
reclassified it as "financial planning and analysis (FP&A)," and "financial close" to
reflect two concepts: increased focus on planning and the emergence of a new
category of solutions supporting the management of the financial close.
● Document management software is made for organizing and managing multiple

documents of various types. Some of them have storage functions for security and
back-up of valuable business information.
● Employee scheduling software - used for creating and distributing employee

schedules, as well as for tracking employee hours.
Laboratory Workbook
Introduction to Spreadsheet Application

CHAPTER 4
Introduction to Spreadsheet Application
Overview
This chapter covers the basic concepts of Microsoft Excel application including its
environment and elements. It discusses the different data manipulation and basic worksheet and
workbook operations and ways to move around worksheet to efficient use the application.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
● Define spreadsheet application;

● Familiarize with the MS Excel Environment and discuss its elements;
● Demonstrate how to start MS Excel;
● Demonstrate data manipulation, basic workbook and worksheet operations, and
basic task such as moving around worksheets and selecting cells, rows, and
column; and
● Perform data manipulation and basic workbook and worksheet operations.
Learning Contents
● What is Spreadsheet?
● What is Microsoft Excel?
● Starting Excel
● Microsoft Excel Environment
● Creating Workbooks
● Saving Workbooks
● Closing Workbooks
● Opening Workbooks
● Moving Around and Making Selection
- Moving around worksheets
- Selecting Cells, Rows, and Columns
CHAPTER 5
Formatting Worksheets

Overview
This chapter covers basic formatting commands like font, font size, font style, and font color
and advanced formatting commands like font tab, alignment tab, fill tab, border tab number tab, and
protection tab; applying them to preparation of worksheets/workbooks.
Learning Objectives
● Familiarize with the different basic and advanced formatting commands;

● Apply changing of font, font size, font style, and font color, as well as adding cell
borders and changing the background color of cells and others;
● Apply position cell contents like alignment, indenting data, rotating data, wrapping,
and merging cells;
● Apply numbers formatting and advanced formatting like the font tab, alignment tab,
fill tab, border tab number tab, and protection tab;
● Demonstrate how to format columns and rows like Hide and Unhide, Insert, delete
Columns, Rows and Sheets; and
● Create worksheets applying the different basic formatting and advanced formatting
commands.
Learning Contents
● Formatting Worksheets
● Formatting Cells and Cell Contents
● Positioning Cell Contents
● Formatting Numbers
● Copying Cell Formats
● Advance Formatting
● Formatting Columns and Rows
CHAPTER 6
Using Formulas and Functions
Overview
This chapter covers the use of formulas and functions. It demonstrates the use of operators
in formula, cell referencing and the use of formulas in functions.
Learning Objectives
● explain the concepts and parts of Excel Formula;

● apply operators and cell referencing in constructing formulas;
● apply the use of functions in creating formulas;
● demonstrate the use of formulas and functions; and
● create spreadsheets using formulas and functions.
Learning Contents
● Using Formulas and Functions

● Using Operators in Formulas
● Using Cell References in Formulas
● Entering Formulas
● Using Functions in Formulas
- Using the AutoSum Button
- Inserting Functions
- Using Formula AutoComplete
CHAPTER 7
Conditional Formatting
Overview
This chapter covers the use of conditional formatting applying several conditional formatting
options. Also, demonstrating how to insert and clear conditional formatting.
Learning Objectives
● explain the role of conditional formatting;

● list the conditional formatting options;
● demonstrate on how to insert and clear conditional formatting; and
● perform activities involving conditional formatting.
Learning Contents
● Conditional Formatting
● Conditional Formatting menu
Highlight Cells Rules
Top/Bottom Rules
Data Bars
Color Scale
Icon Sets
Managing Rules
CHAPTER 8
Working with Tables and Pivot Table
Overview
This chapter covers the use of tables and pivot tables in preparing worksheets. Also, applying
filtering and sorting to tables.
Learning Objectives
● discuss the importance of using tables;

● perform steps in creating table;
● apply filtering and sorting to tables;
● demonstrate how to apply the use of pivot tables; and
● create spreadsheets applying sorting, filtering and the use of pivot tables.
Learning Contents
● Tables
● Creating Tables
● Pivot Table
CHAPTER 9
Working with Charts
Overview
This chapter covers the use of different chart, chart elements and functionalities. Also
applying charts to present data.
Learning Objectives
● define charts;
● identify and discuss the different chart elements;
● discuss the different chart types;
● demonstrate the use of chart; and
● Create worksheets applying charting.
Learning Contents
● Chart
● Types of Chart
● Creating Chart
● Adding Labels
CHAPTER 10
Working with Worksheet, Workbook,
Page Set-up and Printing
Overview
This chapter covers working with worksheets like navigating between worksheets, renaming,
inserting, deleting, moving, and copying worksheets. Also, working with views, freezing panes,
changing page layout, and printing data are presented and demonstrated.
Learning Objectives
● explain how sheet tabs works;

● identify the sheet tabs manipulation and proper setting of page set up for printing;
● perform the following: navigating between worksheets, renaming, inserting,
deleting, moving and copying worksheet;
● demonstrate the use of the different views;
● perform freezing panes, splitting workbook window, and viewing multiple windows;
● perform changing page layout
● perform printing of data; and
● create worksheets/workbooks applying the different concepts learned.
Learning Contents
● Working with worksheet

● Navigating Between Worksheets
● Renaming Worksheets
● Inserting Worksheets
● Deleting Worksheets
● Moving Worksheets
● Copying Worksheets
● Working with Views
● Freezing Panes
● Changing page layout
● Print the Data

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Module in IT Application in Business

At the end of this chapter the students should be able to:

● The use of Computers in Business

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 1

● Types of Computer According to Data Handled

The use of Computers in Business

Computers help in the following field of specializations:

● Computer help creates marketing and advertising materials by using adobe

● The computer is used in business to create websites for business.

● The computer is important in business to automate business transactions by using

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 2

The Computer System and its Parts and Categories

Components of Computer System

What is a Computer System?

A computer is a machine that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 3

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element,

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 4

An input device is essentially a piece of hardware that sends data to a computer.

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 5

corresponding direction on the computer's monitor screen. The concept of a computer

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What Is an Output Device?

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 7

Analyzing the Functionality of a Device

Popular Brands: Brother, Canon, Epson

Popular Brands: Sennheiser, JBL, Bose, Sony, Skullcandy

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 8

Popular Brands: Audigy, ASUS, Creative, EVGA

Popular Brands: NIVIDIA, ASUS, MSI, EVGA

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 9

10. Speech-Generating Device (SGD)

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 10

1. Hard Disk Drive

4. Compact Disc (CD)

5. DVD and Blu-ray Discs

6. USB Flash Drive

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7. Secure Digital Card (SD Card)

8. Solid State Drive (SSD)

10. Punch Card

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At the end of this chapter the students should be able to:

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 13

Software and Its Categories

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 14

Purpose, or domain of use

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 15

Malicious software or malware

Nature or domain of execution

● Server software, including:

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● Embedded software resides as firmware within embedded systems, devices

Different Categories of Software:

1. Application Software. Application software (app for short) is a program or group of

2. General-purpose software. General purpose application software is a type of

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 17

1. Word Processor. Sometimes abbreviated as WP, a word processor is a software

2. Spreadsheets Software. A spreadsheet is a computer application for organization,

3. Graphics Software. Graphic art software is a subclass of application software used

4. Desktop Publishing (DTP). Desktop Publishing is the creation of documents using

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY 18

5. Utility Software. Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure,

6. Database Software. Database software is designed to create databases and to store,