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M. H. Hamdan
ABSTRACT
The leading models of single-phase fluid flow through porous media are reviewed
and the boundary conditions associated with these models are discussed. Entry
conditions to a porous channel that are compatible with the different flow models
when the flow is fully developed are derived. Comparison of these entry profiles is
made for different flow parameters with the corresponding entry condition when the
flow is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations.
1. INTRODUCTION
equations are given by the Navier-Stokes equations, which, when the fluid is
incompressible and the body forces are neglected, are expressed as
v-v = 0. (2)
In (I) and (21, t is the time variable, p is the fluid density, p is the
pressure, p is the viscosity coefficient, V is the gradient operator, V2 is the
laplacian, 2 is the velocity vector, and D/Dt is the substantial derivative
given by
v = -kVp/F, (4)
where p is the interstitial pressure, p is the fluid density, c is the mean filter
velocity vector, k is the permeability, and /.Lis the coefficient of viscosity.
The mean filter velocity c in (4), is the Darcy velocity I;?~,which is related
to the average pore velocity vP by the relation [51],
pd = ~-&IT (5)
where 77 is the medium effective porosity, defined as the ratio of the volume
of the interconnected pores in the medium to the total volume of the
medium.
Darcy’s law is postulated to have some limitations on its validity 11, 5, 8,
22, 26, 29, 42, 48, 54, 56, 57, 64, 72, 741, the most important of which is its
possible validity only when the flow is of the seepage type and the fluid is
homogeneous. Thus, Darcy’s law can be considered valid in situations where
the flow is of the creeping type [I91 or when the orous medium is densely
packed with small enough permeability [50, 511 P k -e 1, such that the pore
Reynolds number Re, , based on the local volume averaged speed, is less than
unity. Discussions on the pore Reynolds number and its relation to the
medium Reynolds number Re and their ranges of validity are given by
Greenkom [19] and by Rudraiah [50, 511.
It is clear that Darcy’s law neglects the boundary and inertial effects of the
fluid flow due to the small porosity associated with the medium. In certain
types of porous media, where the porosity is close to unity and the flow is of
high enough speed such that the pore Reynolds number is of order unity or
greater, the inertial effects, which arise due to the curvilinearity of the flow
path, have to be taken into account. Furthermore, Darcy’s law does not
account for the high velocity gradients that arise when the viscous effects are
important, especially in the presence of a solid wall, due to the low order of
this law. At this point, one must reject Darcy’s law and employ a non-Darcy
equation that incorporates inertial and/or viscous shear effects.
Yih [73] indicated that the temporal acceleration should be taken into
account when dealing with unsteady problems, while the convective accelera-
A Review of Flow through Porous Channels 207
tion is too small. It should be noted that (6) was obtained by Lapwood [3I] by
replacing the viscous term /.LV’~ in the Navier-Stokes equations (1) by the
viscous damping term in Darcy’s law, viz., -p/k. Equation (6), which is
referred to in this discussion as the Darcy-Lapwood model, is postulated to
describe the flow through a sparse distribution of particles fued in space [48].
Arguing from a convection analysis point of view, some authors have
stressed the errata in the inclusion of the inertia term in (6) the way Lapwood
[3I] has done. It is argued that the inclusion of this term raises the order of
Darcy’s equation, when the base flow is not quiescent, which in turn renders
a given boundary value problem indeterminate due to the unavailability of
additional boundary conditions to accompany this increase in the order of the
governing equations [2, 26, 41, 48, 491. Beck 121, Nield and Joseph [41], and
Rudraiah [49] argue that an underdetermined system results when using
Lapwood’s equation if the normal component of velocity is the only condition
imposed on the boundary, and an overdetermined system results if the
velocity distribution is given on the boundary. The Darcy-Lapwood equation
has, nevertheless, attained some popularity in the study of nonlinear convec-
tion [50, 52, 531.
(8)
where /I = 1 - 77 = 4r(dJ3, and d, is the average pore diameter.
208 M. H. HAMDAN
On the other hand, some authors argue that the fluid in the porous
medium should retain its bulk properties and thus the two viscosities are
equal [26].
It has been reported that (7) is also associated with the name of Debye,
(cf. [lo, 69, 7011, provided that /_+ = CL, and has been shown to have
applications in the biophysical sciences and the study of macromolecular
systems [69].
In (71, the inertia terms are neglected, based on the assumption that
effects of Re are minimal as compared to the dominant viscous shear terms.
Although Brinkman’s formulation of (7) is h euristic, other investigators have
attempted to give theoretical justification of the model equation [9, 23, 34,
581 and to emphasize the high porosity associated with the medium where
this equation is valid [40, 481. Usefulness and validity of the Brinkman
equation have been discussed by many authors [32, 38, 44, 46, 47, 631, while
its range of validity has been stressed by Nield [39, 401 and Joseph et al. [26],
among others. Nield [40] indicates that in most types of naturally occurring
porous media the porosity r~ < 0.6, and in this range of porosity the Brinkman
equation ceases to be valid.
It is noted that (7) reduces to the inertia-free Navier-Stokes equations for
larger values of permeability k and reduces to Darcy’s law for small values of
k. An alternative form of (7) was offered by Mandl (see [43] for reference)
and takes the form
(10)
A Review of Flow through Porous Channels 209
where C, is the form drag coefficient [26, 41, 49, 641. The value of C, has
been reported to approach asymptotically the value of 0.55 when the pore
Reynolds number Re, > 10, [49, 641.
Equation (11) has received popularity due to the belief that it describes
flow phenomena through naturally occuring porous media [4I]. In addition, it
has been employed in the study of convection [2, 3, 411. Experiments in
support of representing inertial effects by a drag term that is quadratic in the
velocity have been conducted by Beavers et al. [l], Ward [64], and Macdonald
et al. [35]. It should be noted that derivation of the Darcy-Forchheimer
model through the Slattery-Whittaker averaging theorem is given by
Rudraiah et al. [51]. More details on the applicability, validity, and literature
on the Darcy-Forchheimer equation is available in [26].
(13)
An equation similar to (13) was derived by Vafai and Tien [63] using the
local averaging technique and has received popularity in convection prob-
lems. In cases where the flow is that of a fluid possessing low dynamic
viscosity in a medium with high permeability, Vafai and Tien [63] indicate
that the macroscopic inertial term, (v . V)?, is indeed significant. In this case,
(13) is modified into the following form, which is referred to as the Darcy-
Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkman equation,
1. When the boundary and inertial effects are neglected, the flow is
governed by Darcy’s law.
2. When the inertia is accounted for, the flow is governed by the Darcy-
Lapwood or the Darcy-Forchheimer models.
3. When the boundary effects are accounted for, through the viscous
shear term, the flow is governed by the Brinkman equation.
4. When the boundary and inertial effects are both accounted for, the flow
is governed by the Darcy-Lapwood-Brinkman, the Darcy-Forchheimer-
Brinkman, or the Darcy-Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkman models.
A Review of Flow through Porous Channels 211
All of the above models, together with the Navier-Stokes equations, may
be conveniently grouped into the following single equation, as discussed by
Rudraiah [15], which is termed here Rudraiah’s binary equation:
3. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
The boundary conditions associated with the flow through a given porous
medium depend on the type of the medium and the model employed. For
models that do not account for viscous shear effects, namely Darcy’s law, the
Darcy-Lapwood and the Darcy-Forchheimer models, the normal compo-
nent of velocity is assumed to be continuous on the boundary of the medium.
On the other hand, both of the normal and tangential components of velocity
are assumed to be continuous when dealing with models that account for
viscous shear effects. These models are the Brinkman equation, the Darcy-
Lapwood-Brinkman, the Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman, and the Darcy-
Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkman models.
The above conditions are interpreted as follows. Continuity of the normal
component of velocity for the first group of models reduces to a tangency
condition at the boundary, while continuity of the normal and tangential
212 M. H. HAMDAN
components for the second group is the usual no-slip condition that is
imposed on a solid, impermeable boundary.
1. Analysis of flow entry conditions to a porous pipe and the general entry
to a porous layer is an important aspect of the study and design of filtration
systems.
2. In many pressure-driven industrial designs and operations, such as heat
and mass transfer systems, the flow entry profile influences heat and mass
transfer in a porous structure.
3. In the analysis of flow through porous layers of different permeabilities
or in the flow in free-space over a porous layer, where the flow in the layer
with smaller permeability is driven or influenced by that in the higher
permeability layer, the momentum transfer between the layers is usually
dependent on the fluid velocity profile in the driving layer. Although in this
case the boundary condition along the interface is not the usual no-slip
condition, the concept of a fully-developed flow that is compatible with the
governing equations is directly applicable.
Now, assuming that the channel is bounded from above and below by
solid, impermeable walls, enclosing a porous material having constant perme-
ability, the channel is considered to be of dimensionless depth of unity, with
the depth described by 0 < Y < 1, as shown in Figure 1. For models that are
compatible with the presence of a solid wall, the velocity vanishes along
Y = 0 and along Y = 1. At the entrance to the channel, X = --CO, the flow
far upstream is assumed to be parallel, undisturbed, and due to a driving
A Review of Flow through Porous Channels 213
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Y=O
x=-w
Frc. 1. Representative sketch.
UN = ReC, (16)
s1 = v, - vr ) (18)
U” - V/K = Re C. (20)
a(Y) =
1.4
4m-
Re = 1
-A-
Re = 5
-m-
Re= 10
-o-
Re = 20
0.07
j -e-
k = 0.1
0.06
Eo.0 1
0.05 -A-
k = 0.001
0.04
0
Y-1 Y-O.5 y-0
6)
5. CONCLUSIONS
1Re = 20 )
0.3
0.25
0.2
3 0.15
0.1
0.05
6)
FIG. (a) Inlet velocity for different Re. K = 0.1, C = - 1, C, = 0.01. Darcy-lapwood-
Forchheimer-Brinkman and Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman models. (b) Inlet velocity for dif-
ferent permeability values. Re = 5, C = - 1, C, = 0.01.
ence, of course, is reflected in the magnitude of the inlet velocity and the loss
of linearity of the inlet vorticity profiles, and is ascribed to the presence of the
porous media parameters of permeability K, the drag coefficient, C,, and the
presence of microscopic inertial effects due to the curvilinearity of the flow
path in the porous matrix.
218 M. H. HAMDAN
I+
El
I-
c = -1
c = -5
1.5
-t
k = 0.1
c
k = 0.01
~0.00 1
-
c -0.5 -
k = 0.0001
-1 -
-1.5
-2
-2.5
FIG. 3. (Continued). (c) Inlet vekxity for different pressure gradients. Re = 5, K = 0.1,
C, = 0.01. Darcy-Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkman and Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman mod-
els. (d) Inlet vorticity for different permeability values. Re = 5, C = - 1, Cd = 0.01. Darcy-
Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkmp and Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman models.
A Review of Flow through Porous Channels 219
-8
-10
-12 !:
Y-l y-o.5 Y-O
(4
FIG. 3. (Continued). (e) Inlet vorticity for different Re. K = 0.1, C = - 1, C, = 0.01.
Darcy-Lapwood-Forchheimer-Brinkman and Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkman models.
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