CHAPTER

3
Real Sequences

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Afer studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to
Understand the precise meaning of the term sequence
Determine whether a sequence converges or diverges.
Use properties of monotonic sequences and bounded sequences
Understand the Monotone Convergence Theorem
Know the notion ofsubsequence ofa sequence.
Know the meaning of cluster point ofa sequence
Understand the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem.
Know the Cauchy Convergence Criterion.

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO SEQUENCES

A sequence is a list of numbers, called terms, that are aranged in a definite order, that is, each
number in the list(except the first) follows another number according to some rule. For example,
thelist

IS a sequence. The first term is 1, the second is 1/2, and so on. The rule here is clear. To each
But this is just a function whose domain is the set of
positive integer n, match reciprocal.
its
positive integers. If we denote this function by.f, then

S1) =
1, S2)= 1/2, S3)= 1/3,. Sn) = l/n, . . . .

the term of the

sequence corresponding to the integer n.
1s customary to use x, to designate
u s the sequence can be represented by the ordered array

Or, more briefly, by the notation (x,) or (x,) or ,

More precisely, we define a sequence as folloWs.

 Elements of Ana
Real Seywences
32 3.3
DEFTNITIoN S e n a whoee
domain the set
sis the N of
set N of.
positive
kchon
sembersna
e d
quences by s u h
pa
e o
coI
ce, IfJ:
N R is a s e o u e r
uence
notati
ddceonobom ar function the
en

a e or he
aoenbon f() Jor e vcaled
at snd so oon
cce
soqemoe,
nda the adex. Thus, tumber
of DEFINITION Fibonacel Sequence
fooben
nia deinite order

. .
The Fibonacci sequence (J,) 1s defined recursively as follows
,seed Ce ro e n o e Soguence,
e eire ce
sequence isis deno
denoted, mne 1, h-1, s- .-+1.2 n 23)
T
Note that each term in the Fibonacci sequence past the second is given by the sum of the
a) or } or
two terms. The terms of the Fibonacci sequence are called Fiboaacei previous
) or (x,) r
numbers, and the first few
terms are
sriN1. Rcan start at n =
0 or soma.
Nole Noe aoqenoe does notrve
lo other 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,....
wit hen h e teTms of the sequence become
ne
z Far eple, fa soqucmce begins
Algebra of Sequences
2, 0, 2,....
DAMFLEI () The ters of e sequence ( )=(l + E ) are 0, If) and , ) are sequences of real mumbers, then their

s u m is defined to be the sequence (x, +y,).

(b) The tens ofogaence (i) difference is defined to be the sequence (,-y,).
(ii) product is defined to be the sequence (x, y).

(c) The ters of he eqecace (s) (-))..,

=
ae 0,-1, 2,-3,4,.... Ifc e R, the multiple of the sequence (x,) by c is defined to be the sequence (cx). Further, if
is quotient of (r,) and (=,) is
() asequence of real numbers with z, 0
defined be the
to
for all n e N, then the
(d)The tes of the sequcoce (r.)= sequence ,Z).

DEFLNITION Cetat Seqaeece EXAMPLE 2 If(z,)=(1,3, 5,.. 2n -1,.. ) and (v,)= are two
sequences, then we have
ce Lthes the sequence (x), wherex,-cforis constant
sequence with value throughout Thus,
c
alln N, is called the constant
aits terms
e
sequence if all are equal. 2m-n+1
For examphe, (2, 2, 2,...) is the constant
(x,)+)= n

sequence with value 2 throughout.

Some sequcnces are not defined by an
explicit
To define a
sequence
fomula, but are defined inductively or recursive
recursively, we need to specify the value of x, and give a formuld )-)-(
, m2)n tenms
of , For example, the terms of the sequence defined recursively Dy
()
1nd +3-4, 2(x) (2, 6, 10, 4n-2,

15, 2n*-,
(,)/y,) =, 6,
if all the
Note Notice that we can find the quotient (x,)/(z,) of sequences only terms of ( )
two

be the sequence (z,)= (1+E)") =(0, 2, 0, 2, ..).

are non-zero. Thus, if we consider (z,) to
 Elements of Analy
3.4 and (%,)(5,,
Dut tne quohient (,)/(z,) is not det
defined
Real Sequences

define (,)+(,. (a)-(5,) 3.5

then we can

of dhe lems
of () e a0.
lim x, Le for any
beceuse some &
>0, there exists a natural number N such that
LIMITOF A
SEQUENCE (L-, L+ e) for all n2N
3.2
t o r any
E>0, the
DEFINITHON Umk efa Sequence hel the squence ) converges to he real number of terms of
e-neighborhood V,(L) of Lcontains all but finite
hurnbenss we y
Let (x be a mequcnce of real (x,)
Lad Te 4 Notice that if
sumbar r tends
asn 0 , then tor a x,Lasn> o, then x, , L for ay fixed
gven E 0, there exists a
integer k. Indeed.,
natural number N such that if x,>L
on s) such thas
- LI
here exists a naural number Mm general depending for all n2N
, ar everys>, for all a2N L <e for all

() n+k L as
n+kzN+k=N, (say)
ny thet Ls he lomit of the
sequence n -.
s caee
1S said to diver
ar oher words OOS NOE COnVeT ge
LA SuDoe docs Dot have a bmi, m erge. THEOREM 3.1 Uniqueness of Limits
&, sometimes it
1s mportant to emphasize this and WTite Limit of a sequence, if it exists, is unique.
Noe 1 Notice that since N depends on
Mc) imstead of N.
lim x means that eventualy the tems or the sequence (x) can be
sOLUTION Suppose that L and L' are both limits of a
sequence (x,). Let e> 0 be given. Since
Note 2 The notation L =

(x) converges to L, there exists a natural number

N, such that
made as close to Las we like by taking n suffñiciently large.
A good way to visualize the limit is to plot the points (1,z), 2 , ) , (6, xz),.. - , as in Figure 3.1.
-L| e2
for all n2N,
Again, since {x converges to L, there exists a natural number
The sequcce converges to L it, for every & >0, the plotted points eventually lie between the N, such that
horizontal lines L- c and L+e. -L'l e2 for all n2N^
Let N= max {N1, N,}. Then for all n2 N, we have

- L | < /2 and , - = | < e2

Thus, it follows that
L+
L-L =
|L-x,+X,-L'jS|L-x,|+ix,-=]< e2 + e/2-e for all n 2 N
L- i.e, L-L'| <e for all n2N
Since &>0 is an arbitrary number, we conclude that L =L'.

2 3 456 N Note Notice that the definition of the limit of a sequence is very similar to the definition ofthe limit
FIGURE 3.1 of a function fx) as x approaches o, the only difference between limx, L and
Note 3 For Le R andc>0, recall that the e-neighborhood
of Lis the set
lim f ) = L is that n is required to be an integer. Thus, we have the following theorem.
VL) {r eR:lx-L]<e}
=

Since
- E L-e
<, < L+L+6, function of real variable such that lim f() =
L. If x,} is a
the definition of limit can be rephrased as THEOREM 3.2 Letfo) be a
follows then L.
Sequencesuch that f(n) x, for every positive integer
= n, lim , =
 Elemens Analysis Real Sequences

3.7
3.6 APLE 4 Each of the
following sequences diverg +.

EXAMPLE 3
Show that lim
0. ( (n)(1,2, 3,4,.. ..)
(1,4,9, 16,...)
indeterminate fom of types0L'Hôpital's (1) (n)=
im i s an
SOLUTION Note thet the expression lim
Inn (in (2") = (2,4, 8, 16,....)
to because the functian.
ns
cannot be applied directly 5 ch of the following sequences
However, this rue EXAMPL
diverges to - , .
Rue could be applied.
integers, and hence are not differentiablc. 13..
But () -n) (H,4,-9, -16,....)
here only at the positive
Inmand have beendefined In (i) (-2n) = (-2, -4, -6, -8,....
obtain
we can apply L'Höpital's
Rule to the related function fr)=and (iit) (-2")=(-2,-4,-8, -16,.. .)
.

DEFINITION Oscillatory Sequences

im: lim A sequence which is neither convergent nor properly divergent is said to be an oscillatory
nn
we can conclude
that lim =0. sequence. An oscilatory sequence is said to be:
Therefore, by Theorem 3.2,
() finitely oscillatory if it is bounded.

Properly Divergent Sequences (i) infinitely oscillatory if it is not bounded.

can fail to have a limit. One way
is that the terms of
There are different ways in which a sequence EXAMPLE 6 The following sequences oscillate finitely
or decrease without bound. Such sequences
are called
the sequence increase without bound
9, 1) =
(-1, 1,-1, 1,...)
consider the (n)= (1,4, 16,...),
property divergent sequences. For example, if we sequence
without bound and we (it) (1+ (-1)") =
(0, 2, 0, 2, . .

.)
then we that the terms of this sequence are positive and increase
note

express it by saying that the sequence (n*) diverges

to t o . Similarly, we note that the terms of the EXAMPLE 7 The following sequences oscillate infinitely
and say that
sequence (-n) =(-1,-2,-3,4,) are negative and decrease without bound
we
() (-1)"n) =
(-1, 2,-3, 4, 5,6,... )
the sequence (-m) diverges to -o,

More precisely, we define properly divergent sequences as follows.

Gi23
DEFINITION A sequcace (s,) is said to diverge to +eif, for every real number a(no matter The following examples illustrate how
how arge), there exists a positive inieger N Buch that aparticular limit. In each case, positive
that a sequence has
the definition of limit is applied to prove
to find a positive integer N,
e is given and we are required
a

definition.
afor all a 2 N depending on e, as required by the
fa sequence (r) diverges to +c, we express it by writing
- = 0.
EXAMPLE 8 Show that lim
im +o or
that there exists a natural number N such that
|A sequence given. We must show
(r) is said to diverge to-if, for every real number B(no matter how Snall), SOLUTION Let s >0 be
there exists a positive integar N such that
Efor all n2N
for all n 2N
fa sequence (r) diverges l o , We cxpress it by writing <E for all
n2N
1.e.
- 0r
-00 as 0 if n>
A sequcnce which
diverges to +oD or-0o 18 said to be Note that ifand only
a
properly dívergent sequence.
 Elements of Analys
3.8 Real Sequences 3.9
numberN
such that N > , T
narural
there is a
property, EXAMPLE 11 Show that Jlim, = 1, where , = 1+
By the Archimedesn

N w hve sOLUTION Let > 0 be given. We must show that there exists a positive integer Nsuch that
CoasequColly, lor al - I | e for all n2N
We have
n2N

This proves thet

=0. s-l--r|-1
-1 E i f < t or n>
15 convegent to u e constant term in the Thus,
EXAMPLE9 Sbo that every constant quence n

positive integer N such that N> . Then for all n,

By the Archimedean Property, there exists a

sbow that lim C. Let & 0 be given. Then

SOLUTION Letrcfor all n eN. We wil n2N
we e
n2N=1 and therefore
k-c 0 <E
or all
Ths ( ) coverges o C. k-1
This proves that
Delhi Univ. GE4, 20171
EXAMPLE 10 Show thet lim
=1.
Delhi Univ. GE-4, 20177
sOLUTION Lac>0be given. We must show that there exists a positive integer N such that EXAMPLE 12 Show that limn+1

We must show that there exists a positive integer Nsuch that

for all n2N SOLUTION Let e>0 be given.
<e for all n2N
e find Nby woting backward from the e-inequality : F the left :
To find N, we first simplify the inequality
on

We fint simplify the expression on the left:

for all positive integers n
I+1

Thus, ift
<e or n>
Thus,
the Archimedean Property.).
(such a choice is always possible by
By the Archimedean Property, there exists a Now choose N such that N>
positive integer N such that n
>-1. Then for all ,
have E, and therefore
Then for all n 2 N, we

2N -
This proves that
lim
0.
lim
This proves that n+1
 Elements of Analysis 3.11
A,11-1, 1,
-1,..
3.10 (z,)=(-)9 diverges R e a l S e q u e n c e s

soquence
EXAMPLE 13 Sbow thattbe (4,)
converges to somereal
number L. That is,
numi
15 if 0<r< 1, show that lim 0.
that dhe scquence
E X A M P

appose
SOLUTION
Let
definition ofcoavergence,
we
find
find
that there exists a positive UTION Let e> 0 be given. We must show that there exists a positive integer N such that
n the sOLUT

L Byletings ; |r-01 E whenever n 2 N

lin
<E whenever n2N
NOch
2N i.e. inequality the left
K-IP-L farall We find
Nby simplitying
the on

<E iff n Inr < Ine

W2Nand n
is odd, t h iff n> Ine/Inr (: Inr < 0 for r< 1)
-I-L-H-L=|1 +L N to be a poSitive integer such that N2 Ine/Inr (such a choice is possible byy
Now, if we choose
is cven, then Property), then for all n,
O the otber bnd, if m2 Nand
n
the Archimedean
n2N -01M<t
-1P-L =|l -L|-;
lim r" = 0 for 0<r<1.
This proves that
But the number L cannot lie in both of the intervals and63because they are sequence of real numbers and letx R. If (a,) is a sequence of
diajoit Thus, no such linmit L exists, amd hence the sequence (-1") diverges. (THEOREM 3.3 Let (,) be a e

eN,we
Dositive real numbers with m a, and if for some constant C>0 and some m
EXAMFLE14 Show that lim = 1.
have
- x 1 s Ca, for all n2 m,
SOLUTION We first note that ifn>1, thenm 1. Thus, for n>1 we can write
-1+k, for some k,>0 then m X

n-(1+k
1+C,,+ "C,}+... (Binomial Theorem) Proof Let e> 0 be given. Then since lim a,
=
0, there exists N, such that
21+C n

la,-01< e/C for all n2 N

n-12C- Now, if we let N= max {m, N,, then for all n,

Let e> 0 be
for n>1 it follows that
n2 N n2m and n 2 N

given. By the Archimedean Property, there exists Thus,

N, Let N max {2, N}. Then for all n,
=
a natural number N, such that - x S Ca, <
C(e/C) = e

n 2 N, we have 1,e. -x< e for all n2N

This proves that lim x, X.

Conscquently, if n 2 N, then
EXAMPLE 16 Ifa>0, prove that 1+na)
- 11-k, s
This proves that lim SOLUTION Since a>0, we have
=1.
0 na<1 +na 0 na
<
 Elements of Analysis RealSequences

3.13
3.12 Thus, w e h a v e

follows that
Thua, it
forall a N Iein-11-d, s (c-1) for all n e N
1+ noly Thed
find that («,) =(1/n)
is a sequence of positive real numbers We now applyTheorem 3.3 to conclude that
lim c = 1 when c>1.
Byletting C->0 anda,-we Now supp0se that 0 <c<1.Then c" < 1 and hence 1/cln> 1, and so
0 such that
with limg =

n-1 +h, for sone h,>0

esCa fr all neN 1
we conchude that lis
or cln-14h, (1+6,Y
Thus, from Theorem 3.3, have
By Bermoulli's Inequality,
we

(1+ h," 21+nh, for all n eN

EXAMPLE 17 If0<r<1, show that lim r"
= 0.

sOLUTION This kimit was established earlier in Example 15. We now give an alternative proof
use of Bemouli's Inequality. It is stated again
for ready reference.
(1 1+mh, nh
that makes
If x>-, then (1 +*21 tnx for all n EN
i.e. nh,
Since -1> 0
nc

Thus,if we wrie-1=a, then a >0 and r = By Bemouli's Inequality, we have

forall n eN.
(1+a 2 1 +na Or, 0<h,nc
Thus,
0< +a" 1+na na

0<1-c=1+h, "nc
ie.,
I-01 for all n e N
for all n EN
We now
apply Theorenm 3.3 to conclude that lim = 0.
to conclude that lim (") =1 when 0 <c<1.
EXAMPLE 18 If c>0, show that We now apply Theorem 3.3
lim = 1.
[Delhi Univ. GE4, 2018
SOLUTION For the BXAMPLE 19 Show that ifx. >0for all n EN, then lim x, =0if and only if lim (1/x,)too.
which clearly convergescase c= 1, the sequence (c) is the constant
to I. sequence (1, 1, 1,.
Ifc>1, then c' > 1, so we can write SOLUTION We first assume that lim x, =
0. Let a >0be arbitrary. Then for &= 1/a, there
c 1+
By Bernoulli's Incquality, we haved, for some d>0 exists a positive integer N such that
, - 0 < 1/a for all n 2 N

Hence
(1+dy2l +nd, for all n eN for all n 2 N
c
(1 ,1/a
+d)" 2
1tnd, for all n
eN or, 1/x, > a for all n 2 N
c-1 2 nd, d. s Dince a > 0 is arbitrary, it follows that lim (1/x,)
=
0,
 Elements of Analys
3.14 there exists a positive
exists. R e a lS e g u e n c e s

**. T e n for any &>0, 3.15

Covenely e
p e h in
(1/4)°
integer 2. (a)
3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (b) 2,7,22, 67, 202 (c) 32, 16, 8, 4, 2
(d) 3,4, 6, 10, 18 (e) 2,4,6, 10, 16
Nach thet
l/,>lie for alln2 N
for all n 2 N
0 for all 2 N 1
- 2n
,-0 3. (a) b) x,nh(n + 1)
( c ) , 2" d)x,(-1y /2"
0
3.3 LIMIT THEOREMS
EXERCISE 3.1 tn this section we shall derive some results that greatly simplify the evaluation of many limits. We
hegin by establishing an important property of convergent sequences that will be needed in this

1. The soquence (x,) is defined by the following

fomulas for the nth term. Write the fir five
c and later sections
cs ch cae
DEFINITION Bounded Sequence
(a) (b)x-2+(-1 (c) , =(-1P/n
A sequence (x ot real numbers is said to be
2n (a)bounded above
if there exists a real mumber M such that
, S M for all n. The number M
(-(1a
n+3 is called an upper bound of the sequence.

2. Wrnie the fir five terms of the following recursively defined sequences (b) bounded below if there exists a real number m such that m Sx, for all n. Thenumber mi
called a lower bound of the sequence.
(a) , 3, ,. *2 6) 2, 3r,+l () x, =32, X,+1x,/2
(),3, , . 20t,- 1) (e) x, 2, 4 , X,+2,*X+1 (c) bounded ifit bounded both above and below, ie, ifthere exist real mumbers m and M such
thatm S , S M for all n. Equivalently, the sequence (x) is bounded if thbere exists a real |
z1,. 2, numberM>0 such that |,| S Mfor all n.
3. Find a formula for the mh
temx, of the sequence, assuming that the pattern
terms contimues.
of the first few Note Notice that the sequence (x,) is bounded
a bounded subset of R.
ifand onlyifthe set fr,;ne N} ofits values is
(a) 1,3,5, 7,.... (6) 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5,. ..
(c) 2,4,8, 16,.... EXAMPLE 20
(4) 1/2,-1/4, 1/8, -1/l6,. ...
4. Use the definition of the limit (a) The sequence (1/n) (1, =
1/2, 1/3, 1/4,.. ) is bounded above by M=1. The other choices
of a sequence to establish the
following limits. forMare M=2, M=3, and so on.
(b) lim+5 (6) The sequence (n) =(1,2,3, 4,...) is bounded below by m=
1. The
other choicesfor mare
m =0, m =-1 and so on.
is bounded, m =-1 being a lower bound and
() The sequence (-1y") =

(-1, 1, -1, 1,...)

(d) lim M=1 an upper bound.
bounded
a)The sequence (-1)"n) (-1, 2,-3, 4,-5, 6,..) neither bounded above nor
is =

5. Show that
lim . below.
6. Show that the are not unique. upper bound, If Mis an
Notice that upper and lower bounds of a sequence
Ote
sequence (I + EY) is not bound, and if m is a lower bound, then any
smaller number
convergent. any larger number is also an upper
1s also a lower bound.
L. (a) 2,4, 8, 16, 32 ANSWERS (x,) is necessanly bounded, because the terms get
(d) -1,2,-3,4,-5 (6) 1,3, 1,3,1 we might expect, a convergent sequence theorem.
(c) -1, 1/2, -1/3, 1/4,;-1/5 proved in the following
e) 1/2, 1/5, OSer and closer to the limit. This is
1/10, 1/17, 1/26 ()
1/2, 4/5, 1, 8/7, S/4
 eme
ments of Analy
3.16 a r e Bounded
Real Sequences
Sequences
3.17
3.4
Coavergent
nded. The
1s bounded. converse is not
true. sOLUT TION Since (b,) is bounded, there exists a
THEOREM

seguene of real
umbers positive number M such that
Fver
overge b,I < M for all n e N
of real
numbers. Suppose that lim
thos
(1)
seqnence *,
L. Let
=

Le ( ea conver enl e> 0 be given.

Let6
Since
, *0, there exists a
positive integer
Proe N such that
defimiten of convergence,
we find that there exists a natural
mber N such
that la, 0 t/M for all n2N
Iine la,l <elM for all n2N
2N
.e .(2)
A-L{ «l for all From (1) and (2), it follows that

inplies that for

all m2 N, a,b, - O1 =la,b,l=la,|lb,1< M(e/M) = for all n2
The treagle inequality l,b, O1 -

for all n2N=e

i.e,
-L+L| S -L]+ |L|< 1+|L|
lim (a, b,) 0.
=

m2N Therefore,
1 + |L| for all
Properties of Convergent Sequences
shows that familiar properties for limits of functions of a real variable also
The following theorem
s M for all n eN hold for the limits of sequences.

ed hcaoe (r)is bounded THEOREM 3.6 Limit Laws for Convergemt Sequesces
Tosho that the comverse in not true, let us consider
the sequence
((-1)"), which is bounda
nded Let (r,) and (y.) be sequences of real Dumbers such that lim , x and lim y,
but not covergen
Show that
EXAMPLE 21 Show that the sequence (r) defined by
lm y Sum Raule
(a)lim (+yn)= lim + X+y
=

a ifnis odd
Diference Rule
ifn is even (6) lim - Y ) lim - lim y, =X-y

is Ot convergcnt
Product Rule
SOLUTION We have )lim , ) =liminy*
Constant Multiple Rule
CX cER
()=(0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 6, 0, 8,...) (a)lim (cX,)
n-
C
lim
Clearly, (r) is not bounded. Hence (x) is not convergent, since every convergent sequence find natural number Nsuch that
Deccasarnily bounded. Proof (a) Let s >0 be given. We must a

for all n2N

+y)-+y)| <
KAMPLE 22 Sbow that the sequence
(n), is divergent. SInce
lim , =
x, there exists
a natural number N, such that
for all n2 N
SOLUTON Suppose, on the contrary, that the sequence (
34, it must be bounded. Thus, there
, is convergent. Then by Ineo
exists a natural number N, such that
exists a real number M>0 such that Dilarly, since lim y,
=
y, there
e/2 forall n2N,
In< M for all n eN ,
-

yl <

2 N, we have
But this violates the N,}. Then, for all
n
Archimedean Let N= max {N,, E/2
Property. Hence the sequence ( is and y,- y|
<

divergen x < 2
(Regrouping terms)
hEOREM 3.5
F{6) is abounded sequence and lim a, =
0, show that
0.
1,+y,) -(x+y)
=
I(«,-») *0%-)l
- m
 Elements of Analysis
3.20 Real Sequences
3.21

E - |S
f o r all n
2N, which is a geometric progression with common ratio
1/3.
-- such that
a natural
number
N,
Then there exists
Let6> 0 be given.
forall n2M
2 N, we have
for all m
Thas, if we ake N
max
{M. N}. then lim
is convergent and lim
Hence () x, =

for all m2N

wKAMPLE 25 Lety, vn
ie,
-

(Vn+1-vn) for n e N. Show that the

sequence (y,) converges.
Find its limit

This shows that sOLUTION We have

The proof is now completod by taking (y, ) to be the sequence and using part () Theorem 3.6
to conclude that
(Vn+i+m)
im (,/z) Vn+1+n .
EXAMPLE 23 (a) lim lim 1+ lim= 1+0 1 im = lim

()
m -

l lim 2-lim- =
2-0 =2 Thus, the sequence (y,) converges and lim y, 5
c) lim
lim= 0 0 = 0 EXAMPLE 26 Give an example of two divergent sequences (z,) and (y,) such that :
(a)their sum (,+y) converges,
(lim= 5lim=50 =0 (6) their product (x, y,) converges.
SOLUTION If we let
(lim
a2+7)- lim -16/).3-0.3
~(2/*)+7 0+7 ()= ((-1) =(-1, 1,-1, 1,...)
)=((-1"*l) =(1,-l, 1,-1,.)
EXAMPLE 24
Let,- 1. then
(x,) and (y,) are both divergent sequences,
n
but

converges. Find its limit (0, 0, 0,.. .)which converges to 0.

- forn
for n e N. Show that the sequence
(X (a)theirsum (x, +y,) is the constant sequence
constant sequence(-1, -1,-1,.. .) which converges to -1.
SOLUTION We have 0) their product (x, y) is the
sequences () and V,) such that
EAAMPLE 27 Give an example of two divergent

.. (a) their difference (x,-Y,) converges

(6) their quotient (x, /y,) converges.
 Cede
ents of Analysis
Real Seywemces
32 3.23
SOLUTION Iet
i,-1, 1 , . . )
( o ) i - I -
H. CHEOREM 3.12 If fim , and if r0, then there exists a positive number k and a
However,
Cvege
ucoces

which converges to0 natural number N such that Ir,|> t for all n2 N
('a'
ea (o,
(a, 0.
a 0, which
,....) eo

Tha
ooastntBequee
- 's e whi
rfereace iz, 1, 1 , . w
. Jh i c h converges to1
(e
eoed
2gucce (l.
qcce (l. Proof Since lim
-
, x, for e= 0
there exists a positive integer Nsuch that
() re (5 ofe
real
l numbers and ifr,
n a m e T s and if , 20 for all n eN

i 4 s acoverga
u e e ol forall n2N
THEOREM 3.9
We know that
hon& 2
therefore takino -L in the
<0 Theu1>0.
SnOe him lal-1bs la-bj for all a, b e R
Po posile, lst l neural oumber
N such that
a r euss a
Ghaaol
co v c a e
r a l a2N 1-1 s l-x|< for all n2 N
-L! < n2N
L-(H)z<l+(L) for all -(lx,l- IaD <
for all n 2N

Th penic for all 2N

for all n e N.
dssontradiction o he gven hypothesis that r20 > k for all n2 N, where k= >0.
sequences of real numbers such that
THEOREM 3.10 N) () are convetgent
nd
the above result, have the following corollary.
As an immediate consequence of
we

S
T,far al a e K hcn m lim natural number N such that
Corollary 3.13 f lim x, = x and if x> 0, then there exists a

Preef Smaex, Sy, for al n e N, tharefore if we define z, =y,- thenz, 20 for alln e N. By 0 for all n 2 N.
Theorem 3.6, (=) is a convergcat soquence such that
The Squeeze Theorem
Theorem
The Squeeze Theorem provides another useful tool for evauating limits. The Squeeze
to the
However, since , 20 for all n e N, therefore, by Theorem 3.9, is squeezed between two sequences that converge
says that whenever a sequence (y,)
to the same limit L.
m 2 0 o same limit L, then it must also converge
lim ,20 lim y, 2 lim X,
Theorem for Sequences
In the following theorem, we prove that
THEOREM 3.14 Squeeze M,
if all the terns of
convergent sequence sausiy a
a real numbers such that for some

inoquaity of the form a

Sr, Sb, then the limit of the sequence satisfies the same inequality. Let (x,), O) and (z,) be sequences of n>M
SS , for all
THEOREM 3.11 F(z) sa convergent sequence of real numbers and if a Sx, sb 10r
lim y,= L
a If lim x = lim z, = L, then
EN. then a lm r, S b.
to L, there exists a natural number M, such that
Proof Let e> 0 be given. Since (x,) converges
Proof If we let y, -b for all then
By heorem 3.10, it follows that (y,)
a, is the constant verges
to b. sequence (b, b, b,. .) that
o - L< e forall n2N,
N, such
.

there exists a natural number

the convergence of (z,) to L that
lim , S
lim y, =
b imilarly, it follows from
that
A similar Z-L< foralln2N,
argument can be given lo show that as lim 2 N, we have
I then for all n

we set = max{, N,},

 Elements of Analynis Real Sequences
3.25
3.24 l,-L|<6 EXAMPLE 30 Let (y,) be a sequence defined by
and
k-L/<
- < I , - l< E and-s<-L<e

that

Also, from the given

hypothesis,
Sz-l
it folows
forall 2 M
..

*J for all n e N
=1.
-L S-l have Show that lim ,
al n 2 k, we
et K= max{N,
M, then for
Thus, if we SOLUTION Note that ifp=1,2,..., n, then

< or -L[<t
- -L +p>
L
This proves that lim
EXAMPLE 23 Show that

(a)lim =0 () im0 lim-1)"L=o

between-I and 1, we have
SOLUTION (a) Since the sine function takes on values for all neN ()
i.e
that if p=1,2,... n , then
Also, we note

Because im= 0 we can apply the Squeeze Theorem to conctude that lim
Sin n
0 +p $ +n
+
(6) Since

s for allE N

By the Squceze Theorem, lim=0.

(c Smce

tor all n EN
.2)
By the Squoeze Theorem, lim (-1)"=0. i.e., SV, tor all n eN

EXAMPLE 29 Discuss the comvergence

of the sequence()= Combining (1) and (2), we find that

SOLUTION We have
Sy, <l for all n eN
2 3
because the Dumerator
m--....n 1. Hence it follows from
and lim ,
=
I
of fthe expression inside the bracket is less than or lf we let x
and , = 1, then lim -
=

equal the denomina to

Thus,
0<,
lim y
Because 1/n >0 as no, therefore Squeeze Theorem that
x>0 as mco by the Squeeze Theorem.
 then show thal the
that Analyth
J.M comirrgew
m t.
sequence (|t.. Rel Seqwere

THEOREM J.13
he
wpeni

hm4,,
then
im
lim ,
| Give an 3.27
hm tim
pelhi Uniu GE4,example
Thalm,
vervegrs
a r t vahes
evnime
Red
n e ur.
201 3.16, 1
B s
hr
there ex Thus, by Theorem hm,0 ie, lim
(gven},
therefore
exists natural
a **

0he em
Smce hm 4, number N ruEOREM 3.17 Let (r,) be a
h l e t
emence of real mmbern tht converges to . Then the
2N
mence (,) coverges r. Tha , f t, hen r
- forall
be R Proaf Since () is comvergent,
thar - j a | s
la-b} forall a, it is bounded and so there exists some M> 0 such that
Nowever, wrkmow N Ix,1SM
V n e N. Now

-x< forall m2
-l - - 1,- «,+ }= x,- r,+
a.
Tha provethet
tme, ie. Ix,l Irl need not imply that x x. For
example, consider s (M+x,-z| YnEN ()
The omenc need not he Let &>0 be given. since x , x , there exists a positive integer N such that
dhr sequencr (a ((-1). Then

a 1 for all me N
The (ia dhe omstat sequence (1, I, 1, ..)which converges to 1. But the sequeno. 2)
(((-1)") does not converge to any limit. From (1) and (2), we see that
x-*<e VnzN
The following resut ebows that the converse
of Theorem 3.15 is true provided x =0.
Hence limx = *
THEOREM 3.16 Abeolte Values Theorem
| Far soquenoe (), i hm 0, then lim x, = 0. Note The converse of the above theorem may not be true. For example, if

r o c bave (r)-((-1P) - (-1, 1,-1, 1,...)Then

- , , l»,| for all mn )-(1,1,1, )>1-1
We ere gvo but (x,) does not converge to l.

EXAMPLE 32 Show that ifx 0 , then x , 0 as m>

im 0 lim(-)- lim , = 0
Ths, we can use the SOLUTION Let s>0 be arbitrary. Since x3-0, there exists a positive integer N such that
Squoeze Theorem to conclude that lim x, =
0. -0 n2N
Aternotve Proof The result follows
immediately by observing that 2N
k,-O - ll|-o. El V n2N -0|<& n2N

EXAMPLE31 Evaluate lim lence x,0 as n o.

df it exista.
to x and supPpose that
,
that converges
THEOREM 3.18 Let (x,) be a sequence of real numbers
square roots also converges and
20 for all n e N. Then the sequence( of positive
3
Elements of Ane
Pof By Theorem 3.9, e have r 2 . >o, the gven assertion mako Real Sequences
3.29
coedereo cases:
(r=0 ()>0 .We . l i m a, - a and
lim b,b, then by Theorem 3.6, it follows that
Since ,+0, there exists a natural
Case r-0, ie t>0 be gven umber
numh.
N such lim (,+b,)= lim a, lim b, a+b + =

-0 e for all 2N th
lim
S forall n2N lim (4,-b) a, lim b, =
a-b

s E for alln2N Since lim (-b)a-b, therefore, by Theorem 3.15, we have liml,-b,| =
ja-bl
in
By taking x 4,, y= b, (1), obtain
=
we

- for all n2N

Sacet>0satitay, is implies that ,+0. maxlo, b,)-ta,+b)l-

Case fr>0, he r >0. Now
lim
n
lim (a,+ b,) +
iml, -b

.(1)
-

la + b)+
la -

b| max la, b}
lim y, = min{a, b}
Similarly,
Smce,T2 >0, Equation (1) implies The next result provides a quick and easy Ratio Test for convergence of certain types of sequences.

L
of positive real mumbers such that lim =

THEOREM 3.20 Let (r) be a sequence

2)
Smce z, there exists a natural number N such that lim , 0.
If L<1, then (x) converges and
=

forall n2N
Ths, from inequality (2), it follows that if 2 N, then
n
Proof We first note that 0 for all n. Thus, by Theorem 3.9, it follows that,

number such that L <r<1. Since lim

L, therefore for
L= lim 20. Let r be a
This
implics that , Jr. r - L > 0 , there exists a natural number Nsuch that
if n 2 N, then

As an immediate consequence of the above *n +E = r

theorem, we have the following corolary. L-&<
L

Corollary 3.19 La(r) a sequence of real numbers

be
such that thenx2>*, Therefore, ifn 2 N, weobtain
EXAMPLA 33 Show that if Thus, if n 2N, then
<r.

and (a.) and (b,) are

(y,) defined by x,max(a, - N+1
convergent sequences, then
b,) and y, min{a,, 1Cn the sequences (X
b,} are also convergent. Seque
+ 1 <*,r<X,-1<...
n2N
SOLUTION To prove this result, we Xyr"*I forall
i.e.,
use the fact
that for any two real f o r all n2N
numbers x and
..(1)
min fa, y)-*)-l-v we let C= then we see that
n 2N
.(2) O
< C* forall
 Elements of Analysi R e a lS e q u e n c e s

3.30
by the
Theorem 3.3, it ilows that
follows that 3.31
Since 0<r<1,
therefore
lim=0.
Thus,
m, =
0 EXAMPLE 37 Show that lim 14
defined by T, n/3". Show that lim
n/3". Show lim
x,
the sequence (x,)
=
0.
34 Consider
EXAMPLE
UTION
sOLU
Let x, 1n. Then
(x,) is a
sequence such that
SOLUTION We have
lim x, = 0.
Thus, by Cauchy's
First Theorem
on Limits, we have

lim +2* .+,

=0 i.e.,
n
0, iie., lim (n/3") 0.
=
=

3.20 that lim x,

Thus, it follows from Theorem
EXAMPLE 38 Show that lim
defined by x,
=
23m/32. Show that lim
x,
(,) be the sequence 0.
=

EXAMPLE 35 Let
sOLUTION Let ,37-2 Then () is a
sequence such that lim s,
SOLUTION We have = 0. Thus, by the
Cauchy's First Theorem on Limits, we have

lim 2 Ta =0 ie
1e,

0. EXAMPLE 39 Show that lim

Thus, it follows from Theorem 3.20 that lim (2"/3) =

soLUTION Letz * Then

EXAMPLE36 Le (z,) be the soqucnce defined by x, Show that (7,) converges and
0 .

SOLUTION We have

Therefore, by Cauchy's First Theorem on Limits, we have

n+)!
(n+ n! (+1(n+1" n! +2t:TL = |

im
ie lim +2 +n
Thus, it follows from Theorem 3.20 that
the sequence
We now state
(proof omited) the following
(r) converges and im x, =0. o
V+1 Vy+2 .
Limits theorem known as the
Cauchy s First Theoren 3"...+ 1.

THEOREM 3.21 Cauchy's First Theorem EXAMPLE40 Showthat lim 1+2"+

On Limits is a sequence such
that
lim x, lim n = 1. Therefore,
f()s a sequence such that lim , L, OLUTION Letx =nln, Then (x)
have
hen lim *2* y the Cauchy's First Theorem on Limits, we
L
 Elements of Anahyi Real Sequences
3.35
3.34
3.23, we have Eatablish either the convergence or the divergence of the sequence
Thus, by Convllary the following formulas (x,), where x, is given by
hm( , - 2 7 o a
27.
() 2 n+2 (c), = ) n +2
n+l

Prove that if ANSWERS

EXAMPLE 44

INR+2).. (m*)" 2. (a) 9 6) o

(c) 0 2
to 4e. 5. (a) Convergent (b) Convergent (c) Convergent () Divergent
then (4,) converges

m+2)(*, then note that () Also, 3.4 MONOTONE SEQUENCES

sOLUTION Ifwelet ,
So far we have determined the convergence of a sequence by finding its limit. There are many
(+2N+3).. (n+m)2n +D2n+2) the value of the limit is not known, but it is still important to know
(+1)*
instances, however, in which
+2Xn+3)..(n+m)(2n+ 1)2n+2) whether a sequence converges. In this section we shall establish results that can be used to
(n+1(n+2).. (n+n) deternine whether a sequence converges without determining the limit. We begin with some
(n+1)* preliminary definition.

DEFINITION Monotone Sequences

(n+1 (1+1/n) (1+1/n)" Let (x,) be a
of real numbers. We say that (,) is
sequence

im (2+1/nX2+2/n)
1/ (a) increasing if x, Sx,+1 for all N. That is, SSzS...
n E

() That is, < <3<..

(1+1/n)"J (6) strictly increasing ifx, <,+1 for all N. n e

Thus, by Corollary 3.23, we have

c) decreasing ifx, 2x,+1 for all N. That is, 2 2 2 . . .
n e

for all a e N. is, , > > 1 > . .

That
lim ) =
lim z, (4) strictly decreasing ifx,>x1
or decreasing.
(e) monotone if it is either increasing
either strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
EXERCISE3.2 )strictdy monotone if it is

1. is increasing
Apply Theorem 3.20 to the following sequences, where a, b satisfy 0 a<1,b> < EXAMPLE 45 (a) The sequence (1, 2,3, .
., n,..)
(a) ( ) (b) (b°/2") () (n/b") () (3- n is increasing
2. Find the limits
of the following sequences The sequence ... .
2",. .) is ncreasing

im
0) n+1) (c)lim+2) 2n+1 e)The sequence (2, 22, 23,...,
3. Show that
if (x.) and
(din+5) ()Thesequence is decreasing.
V,) is convergent.
(y,) are sequences such that (x) and then
(x, +y,) are conv5
is decreasing.
4. Show that if (r) and (y,) are
sequences such that (x)
e)The sequence is both inereasing and decreasingg
converges, then ,) converges. converges to x * .)
a The sequence (2, 2,..., 2,. i.e., it is neither
.

not monotone
-IX*,..)is
1, -1,
ne sequence (1, -1, 1, -1,
. . ,

increasing nor decreasing

 Elements of Analyi
convergent. For exam
For
example, the Real Sequences
3.37
336 not be

know that a
bounded sequence
may
Similarly, a monotone sequend sequen
May
L- S for all n 2N .(1)
but it is not convergent
We
but it is not con L
(,)((-1)")
is bounded

the sequence
(,)()
15 monotone
ent. Howeve Also, sup{x, *ne N} sL for all ne N 2)
be convergent. This
comvergent Forexanple,
bounded and
monotone,
then t must

undwn in Combining (1)

and (2), we find that
is both 1heorem. Intuitively, you can
ifa sequence Comergence and wh L-e< , <L+t for all n 2 N
called Monotone all n, then
x, s M for
theorem, the
following
Figure 3.2. If(r,) is
increasing and terms are forcet -LI for all 2N
is true by looking at not greater than M.
that is
bunch up near
some limiting value L Since 6>0 is arbitrary, it follows that (x,) converges to L.
to

Ih Let (y,) be a bounded decreasing sequence. It is easy to see that the sequence (x,) defined by
- , for all n e N 13 a bounded increasing sequence. Thus, by part(a) of this theorem, the
and
y=M sequence (,) converges,
lim sup{-y,:ne N}-nfy,:ne N
but, lim X,=- lim yn
lim y, =- lim x, = inf{y, :n E N.

Remark It may be remarked that a convergent sequence need not be monotone. For example,

FIGURE 3.2 the sequence ((-1* n) converges and is bounded, but it is not monotone.
THEOREM 3.24 Monotene Convergence Theorem Corollary 3.25 An increasing sequence which is not bounded from above diverges to +a
A monokonc sequcnoe of real mumbes is convergent if and only if it is bounded. Further
(a) Proof Suppose (x,) is an increasing sequence which is not boundedfrom above. Let a beany
fix isa boundod increasing sequence, then
number
positive the sequence (x) is not bounded from above, there
(no matter how large). Since
li ,-L whareL=sup{,nE N exists at least one natural number N such that
(b) ifo) sa boundod decreasing
sequence, then
The fact that (x) is increasing implies that
where
m=inf{y, :n N e
for all n2N
Proof Let (z) be a monotone for all n 2N
and convergent sequence. We know that
is bounded. So (x) is bounded. every convergent sequence Thus, the sequence (x,) diverges to +o.
Conversely, let (x) be a bounded monotone that is not bounded from below
(a) We first treat the case sequence. Then (x) is either
increasing or decreasin Asimilar argument be given to show that a decreasing sequence
can

where (x) is diverges to -o,

exists a
above. Hence,
bounded
real number Msuch that x, S M for all and increasing. Since (x,) is boundea, ere
whereas an unbounded
by the Completeness n
N. Thus, the set S=
e Note Notice that a bounded sequence either converges or oscillates finitely,
Property of R, S has a
{x,:n e N} is boun Sequence either diverges to +oo or to - o or oscillates infinitely.
L supir:ne N} in supremum R. Let
We will show that
lim s, =L Lete>0 EXAMPLE 46 Show that lim = 0.
and hence there be given. Then L-e is not n
exists an upper bound of set S,
a
natural number N
such that
, then it can be easily seen that the sequence (x,) is bounded and
But the L-N OLUTION Ifwe let x,=
real number x
sequence (x) is ecreasing. Thus, by the Monotone Convergence
Theorem, it converges to some
increasing, so
i.e.,
SX, for all n2N lim
lim X =x or n**ynn
 Flements oAnah
Real Sryweeer
3.39
o m above. That is, there is no constant M mich that r, 5 M for all n. To this end, we will
ler
c o n s i c l e
0me selected terms of the given sequence, namely. t, y Note inat
are the terms of the forin . These terms satisfy the inequalities
where
w thar the spaemre (4A
ENAMPE4
eN.
:l)-».}

rall ne N
-
rall ne N M. But for this n,
positive integer n such that
T s r i a i measing We mext show that (x) is bounded from above. We hae IfMis any constant, we can find a
>M
constant M is greater than or cqual to every tem of the given sequence. Thus
This shows that no

s the sequence (r,) is not bounded, and hence by Theorem 3.24, it is divergent

its limit lies

EXAMPLE 49 Show that the sequence (e,), where e,= 1 i s convergent and
Delhi Un GE4, 20181
between 2 and 3.

L
- 2
Proof We claim that the sequence (e) is increasing
i s an increasing sequence. By
and bounded above
Binomial Theorem, we have
by 3. We first show that

for all ne N
Hienccsoace ()
Ceavergcce Theorc
s bondod from above
by 2. Thus, it follows from the MonotoI -) )
e eqpence(
BAMLE i s convergent.
So
tesoqacace (r), wha
= I+1+

sOLITION -)-)
Saces,
Thcoe 3A, wea prove the e see that (,) is an Thus Similarly, we have
divergence of (r) by increasing seq ce.

demonstrating that this Se iS no I + 1 +

 Elements of Analyn Real Sequences
3.41
3.40 ve shown
shown tthat the sequence (e) is increasing and bounded above by 3. It follows from the
have
We
Monotone Convergence 1heorem that
ne Conver (e,) coverges to a limit that is at most 3. Further, we see

that

2 Se for all neN 2s lim

for e, contains (n
+ 1)terms, while that for e, ontains ((n
contains
+2)
Obeerve that the expression
n21,
tems. huss, the sequence (e,) converges to a real number that lies betwen 2 and 3.

Moreover, since
for any The Euler NumberT
DEFINITION
+ 1ny") is defined to be the number Thus,
The limit of the sequence ((1 e.

ie. e

Sermilarly1-< 1-1<I n+1 and so on The value of e 18

approximately 2.7182.

In other words, each term in e, is less than or equal to the comesponding term in e, + 1, and e

have EXAMPLE 50 fa,1 , show that (a,) converges to e.

has one more positive tem. Thus, we

for all n

and so (e) Is an mcreasing sequcence. =

lim Therefore,
sOLUTION By definition, e
We now show that (e,) is bounded above by 3. Note that ifp = 1, 2, . . n, then

I+1+ im nFn
n
|)|-1J.ml)
e ( l +0) =e

lim 4, e .
Hence,

EXAMPLE 51 Prove that lim

SOLUTION We have
aGP with a=1, r= 1/2 .(1)

pa orall peN) NOW, if we let n/2

=
m, then n
> o
iff m o .
Thus, Eq. (1) yelds

- defined inductively can be

that is
sequence
convergent examples.
value of the
limit of a in the following
i.e., oetimes the This is
illustrated

Thus, (e) is
, 3 for all ne N deter
mined by using the
relation.
inductive
bounded from above 3.
by
 Elements oAnali
fvlkows:

(g)sdefinedas
R e a l Seqwences
342 Asqr
3.43
52
EAMPLE

-
r m2l
,
its imit.
and find 4L 2+3
Shrw
coverges
s ncreasing and bounded ah.
.
o
L-
that the sequence
(4,)
SOLUTION
Wwill show evAMPLE 53 Let, 2 and ,* 2 x for all n 2 1. Show that the sequence (x) is
h 4 , 2for alre N. induction. E
Also, find its limit.
W aert above a s e r i e n by
the principle ofmathematical 1, we have convergent.
We w prewee

have sOLUTION We have x =

v2 and z =
v2+/2.
is t e for n= 1. For m=2, we
Hence eascrtin
Since 2 + 2 </2+2 =2
2 therefore,
-2 1 , <2 (1)
Th, he asertion is also trae for a

that the asserton is true for some ke N. That is, We claim that the sequence (,) is increasing and bounded above by 2. We first show, by induction
Now assme

42 that
x<2 for all n e N 2)
Then

4
, 2
- This fact has been
Suppose that the
verified for n =1, 2.

inequality (2) 1s true for n= k, ie., x, < 2 for some k e N. Then

Thus, by he principle of madhematical induction, it follows that < v2+2 2

12+
=

2 for alil N Therefore, by induction, we have

Thus, x<2 implies that x+12.
We ncxt claim that 2 for all n e N
for all ne N.
has been
t has We now show, by induction, that r, <r1
for all n e N. The truth of this assertionWhence
already becn seen that r, Thus for some k; then 2 +*2+*+ p
it
verified for n =
1. Now suppose that x +1
follows that

12+ 2+.1 =.2 <

Thus, the assertion is true for m= 1. Now we assume that the validity of <+2 Hence, by induction,
Thus the validity of the inequality x,<x,, implies
% 1 for some ke N it follows x, <x,+1 for all n e N
then above by 2. Thus, it follows
2,+3< 2,.+3 have shown that the sequence (r,) is increasing and bounded
We Theorem, that the sequence ()
is convergent. If(x,) converges
rom the Monotone Convergence on both sides of the equation
Thus, taking limit
L , t h e n the sequence (x,)
also converges to L.

a+ 2+
Thus, the assertion is also true for n= k+ 1. 2+ lim,
= v2+L
he assertion follows. Thus, Hence, by the principle of we obtain L =lim *a+1
we have
proved that the sequence
bove by 2. It follows from the Monotone mathematical duction,
sing andinuu (L+ 1)XL -2)
=
0
(x) is increasing bounded
L - L - 2 =0
or

elie. L m Then the sequence Convergence Theorem that (x) converges.a e et its limit
=
L2 =2+ L or

L 2
(x, ) also converges to L. L =-1 or
all satisty 1 SX,, so we must have
des of ,. Thus, taking ilimit both on
of the sequence (x,)
we have eliminate L =
-1, because the terms

IsL. Thus L-2.

 Elements of Analysit R e a lS e q u e n c e s

v 2 , for n e N his assertion has been verified forn=1. Now 3.45

3.44
(z,)
defined
by1,+1
converges
Delhi Uniu GE4,
The truth o f u

YY 1 for some ke N suppose

the sequence t
that
EXAMPLE «
Show that
2017
to 2
-1, 2
sOLUTIONWe have above by 2. We first show. bu 1
Then

We claim that the sequence

(x,) is increesing
and bounded
on It follows that

that
<2 for all n e N

Now suppose
that
22
This fact bas been
verified for n= 1, 2. > ys+1 implies that y,.2 Therefore, by Induction, we
Thus,
<2 for some &e N have
nYnt1 for all n eN
thea 2 < va=2 We now show, by Induction, that y,>1 for allneN.
Induction, we have
Tbeas, 2 implies that <2.Hence, by Since,1 , the assertion 1s true tor n 1. Now suppose that y,> 1 for some k e N.
2 for all n e N

We now show, by induction, that Le1 1 >0,

whence it follows that
Then y
for all nEN
Now suppose that <*+1 for
Ph+1-1 = 2 - 1- o
k:
The truth of this assertion bas been verified for n=1. some

than 2241 whencei folowsthat , + z Thus, **1 mplies that ++r Therefore, by Induction, y,>1for all neN.
Hence, by induction, we have We have shown thatthesequence (y,) is decreasing and bounded below by 1. It follows from the
Monotone Convergence Theorem that (y,) converges. Let
for all nEN
We have sbown that the sequence (r,) is increasing and bounded above by 2. Thus, it follows lim_ yn =L lim yn+1 =L
+ 1

from the Monoone Covergence Theorcm, that the sequence

(x,) is convergent
Because y, >1 for allneN, we must have L= lim y, 21.
Let m , =L

Now Thus, taking limit on both sides of the equation ya1 2- yields
2, =2
lim 1 2 lim
or -2L L=0 orL=2 12-2L +1 =0 (L-1? =0 L-1=0 or L=1.
L =2-
We eliminae L = 0, because the terms of the
L2 1. Thus, L = 2. sequence (x) all satisfy 1 S x,, so we must
nav Hence lim y =1.
EXAMPLE 5 Let (y,) be a EXAMPLE 56 A sequence (s,) is defined as follows :
sequence defined as follows:
neN

Sbow that
- 2- for all n eN
() is bounded and monotone. Find the Show that (s,) is bounded and monotone. Find the limt.
limit
SOLUTION We have SOL 2. From the equation s,+1
5 We first show that s222 for n 2
We show, by
Induction, that y, > follows that (1)
y,+1 for ke N.
s-21,+2=0
 Thus
Elements of Analhn
3.6
Sces,
aisfies
Te
teqdratc
discriminant
oquabon (1,

ofEq,(1)
M haAS a real root,

is:
its
discriminant mus Real Sequences
3.47
v e

D 4.-8
4-820

.22 far 21 action,

Therefore, by Inducti >. < y3 for alln
eN. We have shown
that the y) is sequen
2 for 22 aereasing and bounded above by 3, Ih follows from the
Monotone Convergence Theorem that
for n 2 2 To see this,
let us consider Let
s , 25. ) converges. lim y, =
L, then we also have lim
y,. L. Note that Lz1, because
o s =

.21 for all n e N. From the equation y,. we have 2-3*y

Hence,25,, ir 22 Ts bythe Monoiaoe Coavergence Theorem, it follows Taking the limit as n oyields
that the 212 -3+D ? =3
q c e i ) ceverges I f e t s = then we also have s lim s,1. Reca or L- 3 (: L2 1)
l : Because lim y, = 3 .
Thus,
s2 22* e s 2 2. Applying the limit theorems for
sequences
t 58 Letb>a>0,
obe
EXAMPLE and (y,) be asequence defined inductivelyby
a , Yn+1 a+1 for n E N

=2 rS 2 ( s> 0) Show that (o) is increasing and bounded above by b. Find the limit.
Hoe
2 sOLUTION We show, by Induction, that

AMLE 57 +1 for all neN (1)

Laasequcace () be defined inductively by We have

2 =ab +a-2 a0 0 ( a>0 and b> a)

S
s bomdod and
nEN -ia+i (:>0,
=

a+1
y>0
monotoe. Find ihe linit N. Then
Thus, the assertion (1) is true for n
=
1. Now suppose that y<y1 for some k e

SOLLTION Weve l ab+y<ab2+1

o,by ab (: a>0)
boca vensici for a= L. Nohdecion, fhat y, <y, for all e N. The truth of this a+l a+l
sppose dhat y< y+ ,for some k . , n
a*
e N. 1neu Ye+1 + 2
it follows that
3- +i. + Hence, by Induction,
-- Y+ implies that y,.,
<
y
T < N
or, +1 +2 a+1 for all ne

We a t+z Therefore, by Induction, it follows that ya

We Dow show, by Induction, that
(2)
oby dchom, y, <b for all n e N
=1, becase y=1 <
,
v3. Now
<
J3 for all a Ee S assertion is obviously true form= 1, because y,
=
a<b (gven). Now suppose that y, <b for
N. The assesertion is obviously true for
suppose that y <3
some k e N. Then
b(a + 1)
for some k e ab+ b
-

N. hen b2
ab + <
 ements o Analysi,
R e a lS e q u e n c e s

348 3.49
( at1>0)
ert show, by Induction, that x, < 2 for all n e
a rtion is true for n , 2. NoW suppose that x, <
85sertie
N. Since x, = 1 <2 and
2 for some k e N. Then
x
=
5/3<2, the

(: Terms on both sides are positive)

3+2x 425,- 2-
2+x 2+ ( : , > 0 for all n)
+12
<b for all R E N it follows that
x, < 2 for all n e N.
it follows that y, fol Thus, by Induction,
Hence, by Induction, and bounded above by b. It

We bave shown
that the sequence ()
Theorem that the
sequence
is increasmg
(,) converges. Let
from t We have shown that the sequence ( ) is increasing and bounded above by 2. Thus, by the
Monotone Convergence Theorenm, 1t follows that the sequence (x) is convergent. Let
Monotone Convergence
=L lim x, = L, then we also have im x,1 = L
then we also bave lim +1
im y,
=
L,
therefore we must bave
L>0,. Moreover, since Recause x,21 for all n, therefore we note that L 2 1. Applying the limit theorems of sequences to
N,
Since y, >a> 0 for all
n e

the equation ,+12+1, we get

3+2x,
a+1

the limit L mut satisfy the equation L2

2+L 2L + -3 +2 » -3 - L- 5 (: L>0)
Thus, lim, = 3.
EXAMPLE 60 Prove that the sequence (x) defined by the recursive formula:
(a+1)2-ab + 12 al? = ab or I=b * L=b (: L>0)
Thus, b.
7, = 7+, forall n EN
converges to the positive root of r - x -7-0.
EXAMPLE 5 Let (r) be a soquence defined by
sOLUTION We havex 7,
-
x= 7+4 v7+ =

1 24 for all nEN .

2
Sbow that (r) s coavergent and find its for all N. The truth of the assertion has been verified
limit We show, by Induction, that », <x,+1
n e

k N. Then
forn=1. Now suppose
thatx, < 1 for some e

Thus, We show, by Induction, that x 7+ 7 +X*1 7+ 7+1 or +1<+2

been verifñod for n= <x, for all n e N. The truth of this has it follows that x, + 1 for al
1. Now
suppose that x, <x+ for some k e
assertion
hus, +1 implies that 1 + 2 Hence, by Induction,
N. Then neN.
allne N. This fact is obviously true for =1, because
1+2 24 2+h1 we next show, by Induction, that x, <7 for
n

77
+31+ +2
1-6-3x-4h*1-2 *+1 Now suppose that x, < 7 for some k e N. Then
(2+X2+*+1)
ie.. (2+2+%+)
1*2 <0 +1*2
<0
<It +1 and , >0
n)
nus, by Induction, it follows thatx, <7 for
and
all

bounded
n e N.
above by 7. Hence, by the Monotone
Thns, e have shown that (x_) is increasing
+1 mplies that Convergence Theorem, it must converge.
+r Hence, by Induction, we n eN
have + 1 for all
x, *a+1
 3.50 Elements oAnah Real Sequences
, then we also bave im 3.51
Let lim ,
=

ncreasung, we see
tnalr,2 5 for all
for all
ad(z,)is monotonicaly n
and
.

Sincex,

I= lim , 2 70.Taking limit as n o on both sides of the equation conseque

+ (n+)0 for all ne N
find that
74 r=7+I or -x-7=0 1.e. YYn 1 for all neN
Thus the sequence (y,) is increasing
Thus, the imit r is the positcive root of the quadratic equation r-r-7=0 To show that the sequence (,) is bounded, we first note that for any n E N.
EXAMPLE61 Esablish the convergence ofthe sequence (,), where n! n(n-1n-2)...3:2-1 2
2-2-2 ....2 2* =

eN (-Iem

soLUTION We cleim thet the sequcnce (y,) is

ie., n!22-1
increasing and bounded above by 1
Thus,
weve

1
,12a+ 2+2+1 2+12n+2)0 for all ne N
Thus for all n EN
. 1 for all i.e., Y 2
Heace, the sequcnce mEN
() is increasingg Thus the sequence (y,) is bounded above.
Gs boded ebove by 1: Since the sequence (y,) is increasing and bounded, it follows from the Monotone Convergence
Theorem that it converges.
To sbow that
o) is boundod, we note that if p 1, Limit Superior and Limit Inferior
2,...,
=

n,
then+D a n d whence
Let (x,) be a bounded sequence of real numbers. For each n, let

ie. E, =
{z,,+p..j
=
{:k2n}
of R, inf E, and sup E,
Hence the
sequcoce y)
Y<I
is
for all m N e Then F, is a bounded subset of R. Thus, by the Completeness Property
We have bounded above by 1.
shown that the
exist in R. Let

Monotone Convergence sequence (y ) is a

-
inf E, nt and b.supE, sup
Theorem, the increasing and bounded above by
by 1. Thus, by
the
EXAMPLE 62 Show that the sequence (y) converges. It can be easily seen that

sequence (y), where aS a 1 s b., s b for all keN is decreasing

ofreal numbers (b,)
and a

These inequalities show that (4.) is an increasing sequence

k N.
note that for cach
e
is couvergent. of real numbers. Further, we
equence

SOLUTION We will sbow is bounded above by b, and the

decreasing sequence (b.)
eore,the increasing sequence (a,)
To sbow that that the Theorem, the sequence (a,)
Monotone Convergence
(y) is sequence (y) is
increasing, consider isbounded below by . Thus, by theand the sequence (,) converges to the infimum b= infb
fb
bounded and
increasing conver t o the supremum a supa,
That ls,