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10 Giant Ancestors of Modern Animals

 Charles

 February 22, 2017

 Earth , Listicles

When it comes to sheer size, the sauropod dinosaurs were easily the most impressive
animals that ever roamed the land. However, entirely different classes of animals, such
as mammals, reptiles and even insects and millipedes, have produced some
extraordinarily large variants over the course of natural history. In this week’s listicle,
we’ll be exploring some of the most extreme ancestors of modern animals. These
creatures continue their lineage to this day, albeit in diminutive forms.
#1. Paraceratherium

Spencer Wright

Paraceratherium was a type of hornless rhinoceros that lived between 34 and 23 million
years ago across Eurasia. It was one of the largest land mammals in the world during its
existence, boasting a weight of up to 20 tonnes and a height almost three times greater
than a modern rhinoceros. Far larger than any elephant, the herbivorous beast was likely
a herd animal and roamed the dunes and forests of what is now Central Asia and
Siberia. Paraceratherium was a type of hyracodont, a now extinct perissodactyl, the
family that includes horses, rhinos and tapirs.

#2. Castoroides

Charles R. Knight

An extinct family of giant beavers, castoroides grew to more than six feet long and
weighed at least as much as an adult human. These giant beavers may have even
coexisted with humans in what is now North America to where they were native. They
only disappear from the fossil record about 11,000 years ago. Castoroides was the
largest known rodent that ever existed. While superficially similar in appearance to
modern beavers, it had a smaller brain-to-body ratio and a different dental arrangement
that likely made them less able to build beaver dams.

#3. Megatherium

Nobu Tamura

Megatherium means ‘giant beast’, which is quite a suitable name given that they were
among the largest terrestrial mammals of all time. These elephant-sized creatures were
the ancestors of modern ground sloths. They lived until as recently as 10,000 years ago
when climate change following the end of the last ice age, combined with human
encroachment, likely played a central role in their extinction. Megatherium were almost
certainly herbivorous like modern sloths. They lived throughout South America and were
likely hunted by humans.

#4. Deinosuchus

Nobu Tamura
Living between 80 and 73 million years ago, deinosuchus was a contemporary of the
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs. A member of the highly successful crocodilian order, which
survived the extinction of the dinosaurs, deinosuchus was very similar in appearance to
its closest modern relative, the American alligator. However, with a body length of 35
feet (10.6 metres), deinosuchus was even more terrifying than its modern relative.
Deinosuchus, aptly meaning ‘terrible crocodile,’ had one of the strongest bite forces of
any animal, and may have even preyed on large dinosaurs.

#5. Carbonemys

AuntSpray

An ancestor of modern turtles, carbonemys was the largest turtle to ever exist. It lived
approximately 60 million years ago during the early Palaeocene epoch in South
America. Carbonemys evolved around five million years after the extinction of the
dinosaurs. The species was discovered relatively recently in 2005 when an enormous
shell measuring 5”8’ (172 cm) was found in a coal mine in Columbia. That specimen
remains the only one ever found to date, indicating that carbonemys lived in a rather
small geographic and temporal range.

#6. Titanoboa

No
bu Tamura

A contemporary of the carbonemys, the titanoboa was the largest snake ever known.
This terrifying creature was longer and heavier than any other snake, and it lived for
around 10 million years after the extinction of the dinosaurs. A member of the boidae
family of non-venomous snakes, the titanoboa likely fed almost exclusively on fish,
thriving in the lush tropical climate of South America. More than 28 fossils of the 40-
foot-long (12 metres) snake have been discovered, giving palaeontologists extensive
insights into the climate and geography of the time.
#7. Gigantopithecus

Concavenator

Primates have a long history dating back to the demise of the dinosaurs 66 million
years ago. Nonetheless, early ones were usually tiny and barely resembled anything like
a modern ape. However, gigantopithecus was undoubtedly an exception. The aptly
named ‘giant ape’ lived in what is now southeast Asia, and it grew to a height of up to 10
feet (3 metres) and weighed over 1,000 pounds (454 kg). The species exhibited
enormous sexual dimorphism too, with females being around half the size.
Gigantopithecus lived from around nine-million years to 100,000 years ago.
#8. Megalodon

No
bu Tamura

Move along Jaws. Megalodon was a prehistoric shark that made even notorious apex
predators like the modern great white shark look like small fish. Megalodon dominated
the oceans between 23 and 2.6 million years ago, and it reached lengths of 60 feet (18.3
metres), making it almost three times larger than the biggest of today’s sharks.
Dwarfing even the great white shark, the megalodon closely resembled it in terms of
appearance, but it would have preyed on much larger animals. After all, it’s teeth are
significantly larger than human hands.
#9. Meganeura

The Wookies

It wasn’t only the ancestors of reptiles, mammals and fish that grew to enormous sizes.
Meganeura was the largest insect ever known to exist. With a wingspan of 25 inches
(64 cm), this ancient predecessor to the dragonfly had a body the size of a domestic cat
and lived 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The enormous size of
meganeura, among other large insects at the time, has baffled the science world ever
since its discovery in 1880. However, it is now believed that much higher oxygen levels
of the time allowed for the gigantification of insects.
#10. Phorusrhacid

Nobu Tamura

Also known as terror birds, phorusrhacids were a group of extremely large and fast
flightless birds. These ferocious apex predators were armed with sharp beaks and
claws that allowed them to literally rip their prey apart, making them much more
terrifying than the angriest ostrich ever. Adult birds also grew to 10 feet (3 metres) in
height. They lived throughout the Palaeocene and Pleistocene eras until around 1.8
million years ago across the Americas. The only relatives they leave behind are the
South American seriemas, a group of small and utterly inoffensive birds.
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

Palaeogene Earth – The Rise of Mammals

February 17, 2017

In "Earth"

Neogene Earth – Human Ancestors

February 24, 2017

In "Earth"
10 Extinct Mammals You’ve Probably Never Heard Of
November 13, 2016

In "Earth"
Cataloguing the History of Life on Earth – How the Age of Fossils Is Determined
Neogene Earth – Human Ancestors

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Welcome to Earthly Universe, an online magazine featuring articles about the natural
sciences ranging from the wonders of the cosmos to the secrets of the ancient Earth.
Update 21/03/2020: After a long hiatus, I finally have a little more time available to write
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