Introduction

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is used in a variety of ways. It has been used as a pigment in paints, coatings,
sunscreens, ointments, and toothpaste since its commercial manufacturing in the early twentieth
century. TiO2 is a "quality-of-life" product whose demand is influenced by gross domestic product in
different parts of the world. Titanium dioxide pigments are inorganic chemical materials that are used to
add whiteness, brightness, and opacity to a variety of applications and end markets. The whitening and
calming characteristics of TiO2 make it a valuable pigment (commonly referred to as hiding power). TiO2
has a higher refractive index than any other commercially available white pigment, allowing it to provide
more hiding power. Titanium dioxide is extracted from a range of ores containing ilmenite, rutile,
anatase, and leucoxene that are mined from worldwide deposits. Commercial manufacture of this
pigment began in the early twentieth century, when scientists were looking for ways to convert ilmenite
into iron or titanium-iron alloys. In 1918, Norway, the United States, and Germany began commercial
production of TiO2. Rutile, Anatase, and Brookite are the three crystalline forms of titanium dioxide (see
Figures 1 and 2). Pigmentary characteristics are only found in anatase and rutile forms. Rutile, on the
other hand, is more thermally stable than anatase. The majority of titanium dioxide pigments, whether
rutile or anatase, are made using a chloride or sulfate procedure from titanium mineral concentrates [1-
3]. NS- TiO2 has a wide range of uses since the advent of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a rapidly
developing and cutting-edge technology that has had an impact on many sectors of research and
development, including biology, chemistry, materials science, medicine, and physics. Nanoscience and
Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Materials nanotechnology were born with the invention of
nanotechnology. Nanoscale materials such as NS- TiO2 have gotten a lot of attention. Because the
typical dimension of NS- TiO2 is smaller than 100nm, it is suitable for a wide range of applications. When
compared to other nanomaterials, NS- TiO2 is recognized to feature such golden properties as
abundance and possibly low cost. Spheroidal Nano crystallite and nanoparticles, as well as elongated
nanotubes, Nano sheets, and Nano fibers, are all examples of NS- TiO2 materials [4-7].The area of
nanotechnology has sparked a lot of attention, owing to the fact that nanoscaled materials contain a lot
of unique and intrinsic features. New phase transition behavior, unexpected thermal and mechanical
properties, fascinating surface activity and reactivity (catalysis), and uncommon optical, electrical, and
magnetic properties are among the size-dependent attributes [8-131]. The mobility of electrons and
holes in semiconductor nanomaterials is principally governed by quantum confinement, which is one of
nanomaterial's distinctive features. The transport properties of phonons and photons in nanomaterials
are primarily influenced by their Nano size and geometry. As the size of a material shrinks, the specific
surface area and surface-to-volume ratio increase considerably. Many TiO2-based devices benefit from
the high surface area provided by tiny particle size. It permits the device's reaction/interaction with the
interacting media, which takes place primarily on the surface or at the interface. As a result, the size of
TiO2 building units has a significant impact on the performance of TiO2-based devices [14, 15]. A variety
of reviews and papers have been published on various aspects of titanium dioxide, such as its
characteristics, preparation, modification, and application [16-22]. The salient properties of the
irradiated TO; surface were briefly reviewed by Fox and Dulay [23], who also provided an outline of
typical photocatalytic reactions found on heterogeneous semiconductor dispersions. They also
described tests that helped them figure out how photocatalysis works. Some of the working principles of
heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalysis were investigated by Yates et al. [24]. The electronic excitation
processes in the TiO2 molecule were studied. The catalyzed or sensitized photoreactions were
addressed in terms of the electronic interactions between the adsorbate molecule and the catalyst
substrate. The research team also compiled a summary of TiO2 thermal and photocatalytic experiments,
focusing on common properties and essential principles of TiO2-based photocatalytic processes. Yates
and Thompson described the surface science of photoactivation of TiO2 as a new photochemical process
in a recent review article [25]. Hoffmann et al. [26] formulated a complete study of semiconductor
photo catalysis' environmental applications. Hoffmann and colleagues gave an overview of some of the
basic concepts regulating semiconductor photocatalysis, as well as a review of the literature on TiO2's
possible uses in environmental control technologies. Fujishima et al. published two review articles on
photocatalysis, hydrophilicity [4], and the commercialization of TiO2-based products, each of which
highlights numerous aspects for future TiO2 photocatalysis development [5]. Blake compiled a
bibliography of published research on heterogeneous photocatalytic removal of organic and inorganic
chemicals in air and water [27]. Walsh et al. [28] detailed the methods of synthesis, probable crystal
structures, and mechanisms of formation of TiO2 and titanates nanotubes in another review study. The
fabrication, properties, and solar energy applications of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays made by
anodic oxidation of titanium in fluoride-based electrolytes were reviewed by Grimes et al. [29]. Diebold
[30] presented an overview of TiO2 surface science, including a discussion of its bulk structure and bulk
flaws. The development of various metals and metal oxides on TiO2 was also studied in this review.
Furthermore, recent work in understanding the surface structure of metals in the situation of strong-
metal support interaction was summarized. We offer a comprehensive overview of the production,
characteristics, and applications of nanostructured titanium dioxide in this book (NS- TiO2). The
structural, X-ray diffraction, and photo-induced characteristics of NS-TiO2 are first described. Sol-gel and
hydrothermal techniques are provided as generic methodologies for the fabrication of NS- TiO2. Design
of dye-sensitized solar cells, hydrogen production and storage, design of antibacterial and self-cleaning
agents, electrocatalysis, design of rechargeable batteries, Nano-cancer prevention strategies,
photocatalytic applications of pure NS-TiO2, production of TiO2-based nanoclays, and design of modified
NS- TiO2 are discussed in the fourth section of this report. In the final section, we discuss how TiO2
nanomaterials can be immobilized on a variety of substrates, including glass, ceramic, stone, cement,
zeolites, metallic and metal oxide materials, and polymer substrates.